Appendix A: Army Units

The translations do not follow the usage of any particular English- speaking army. Cavalry terms are in brackets (Table A.1). The cavalry regiment had the administrative standing of a cuerpo (self- administering unit), but was actually a battalion-sized unit. In the artil- lery, the company is called battery and an artillery battalion is a grupo. The infantry regiment was a cuerpo and a tactical unit (usually with three battalions in wartime). Two regiments formed a brigade. However, since the nineteenth century, the Spanish regiments rarely fought as tac- tical units. Instead, their battalions were distributed among other feld commands, although battalions of the same regiment could be grouped together. This was also the case in the Civil War. In fact, the Nationalist infantry’s organization resembled the British regimental system, since the pre-war regiments (and even separate battalions) left in the rear cadres which operated as depot units responsible for the organization and train- ing of many of the new wartime battalions, which remained affliated to their parent units. In the Republican army, each mixed brigade was the parent unit of its organic infantry battalions. The infantry had other regiment-sized tactical units. The light infantry (cazadores) and mountain infantry separate battalions were grouped in half-brigades (two or three battalions each). And during the Civil War, the Nationalist army grouped their divisions’ infantry in tactical units of three or four battalions, which were indistinctly named regiment, half- brigade or agrupación.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 339 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3 340 Appendix A: Army Units

Table A.1 Spanish army units and their translation

Spanish army Translation

Regimiento Regiment Batallón (Regimiento/Grupo) Battalion (Regiment/Group) Compañía (Escuadrón) Company (Squadron) Sección Platoon (Troop) Pelotón Section Escuadra Squad

A special case was the Moroccan troops. In the Spanish army’s reg- ulares, both the infantry battalion and the group of cavalry squadrons were called tabor, and infantry and cavalry tabores were grouped into mixed regimental groups (grupos de fuerzas regulares indígenas) for administrative purposes until the end of the Civil War. The mehal-las were also regimental groups of tabores, although their establishments were lower than those of the regulares units. Appendix B: Army Officer Ranks

The translations do not follow the usage of any particular English- speaking army. The offcer rank code of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is used as comparative reference for foreign equivalents (Table B.1). The rank of capitán general is the highest one in the Spanish army, but became more of an extraordinary reward for a very distinguished career after 1900, in the style of marechal de France after 1870 (although this actually is a state dignity, rather than a military rank). This rank must not be confused with the position of territorial captain general, who was the general offcer commanding one of the major military regions or dis- tricts (a new OF-9 rank of general de ejército—‘army general’—was intro- duced in 1999 for the offcer appointed chief of the army general staff or chief of the defence staff). Before 1918 the ranks of alférez (which can be literally translated as ‘ensign’) and teniente were called respectively segundo teniente (second lieutenant) and primer teniente (frst lieutenant). During the Civil War, the Republican army adopted a single general offcer rank, simply called ‘general’, from early 1937 to late 1938, and then reintroduced the ranks of brigadier general, major general and lieu- tenant general. It also substituted the term mayor for that of comandante (in the Spanish army, a mayor was the offcer in charge of the adminis- trative and fnancial affairs of a cuerpo; in a regiment, he usually had the rank of comandante).

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 341 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3 342 APPENDIX B: ARMY OFFICER RANKS

Table B.1 Spanish army ranks and their translation

Spanish army NATO rank code Translation

Capitán General OF-10 Captain General OF-9 Teniente General OF-8 Lieutenant General General de División OF-7 Major General General de Brigada OF-6 Brigadier General Coronel OF-5 Colonel Teniente Coronel OF-4 Lieutenant Colonel Comandante OF-3 Major Capitán OF-2 Captain Primer Teniente/Teniente OF-1 First Lieutenant Segundo Teniente/Alférez Second Lieutenant Appendix C: Basic Specifications of Tanks, 1921–1939

See Table C.1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 343 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3 344 Appendix C: Basic Specifications of Tanks, 1921–1939

Table C.1 Basic specifcations of tanks, 1921–1939

Model Weight Max. speed Armament Max. armour Crew (tonnes) (km/h) (mm)

Schneider 13.5 6.7 1 x 75 mm 11.4 7 CA 1 gun 2 x machine gun Renault FT 6.7 7.7 1 x machine 16 2 gun Trubia, Serie A 8.1 30 3 x machine 20 3 gun or 1 x 40 mm gun 2 x machine gun CV 3/35 3.2 42 2 x machine 15 2 gun PzKpfw IB 5.8 40 2 x machine 13 2 gun T-26 Model 9.4 31 1 x 45 mm 15 3 1933 gun 1 x machine gun BT-5 11.9 52a 1 x 45 mm 15 3 gun 1 x machine gun aOn tracks; its maximum speed on wheels was 72 km/h Sources Javier de Mazarrasa, Blindados en España. 1ª Parte: la Guerra Civil 1936–1939 (Valladolid: Quirón, 1991), pp. 17, 22; Artemio Mortera Pérez, Los carros de combate ‘Trubia’ (1925–1939) (Valladolid: Quiron, 1993), p. 29; F. Cappellano and P.P. Battistelli: Italian Light Tanks 1919–45 (Oxford: Osprey, 2014), p. 46; Bryan Perrett, German Light Panzers 1932–42 (Oxford: Osprey, 1998), p. 48; Steven J. Zaloga, T-26Light Tank. Backbone of the Red Army (Oxford: Osprey, 2014), p. 20; Steven J. Zaloga, BT Fast Tank: The Red Army’s Cavalry Tank 1931–45 (Oxford: Osprey, 2016), p. 26 Glossary

Africanista in the Spanish military environment of the 1909–1939 period, an offcer who volunteered for frontline service in Morocco, especially in forces like the Regulares (q.v.) and the Legión (q.v.), with the purpose of speeding up his career through battlefeld achievements. Agrupación (i) a task force or temporary grouping whose strength could go from a battalion-sized detachment to a feld army-sized command; (ii) the name of some regiment or brigade-sized units. Bandera (i) an alternative term for a company in a Spanish tercio (q.v.) of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; (ii) an infantry or tank battal- ion of the Spanish Legion; (iii) an infantry battalion recruited from vol- unteers from Falange (a Spanish fascist political party) in the Civil War. Cazador (literally, ‘hunter’) a light infantryman or a light cavalry trooper. Cuerpo (i) a self-administering unit (it was usually the regiment, but smaller units down to company size could also be cuerpos, as well as some artillery and engineer corps territorial commands); (ii) a term for the branches of the army which had been originally set up as single regiments (e.g., the artillery corps) or were not a tactical arm. Estado Mayor the body of offcers performing staff duties at the head- quarters of a major unit or an equivalent military command; the army’s General Staff was called Estado Mayor Central, which must not be confused with the Estado Mayor General (the general offcer list).

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 345 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3 346 Glossary

Grupo (i) an artillery battalion; (ii) in the cavalry, either a tactical sub- unit (stronger than a squadron) of a regiment or a self-administering grouping of squadrons (usually smaller than a regiment); (iii) a self- administering grouping of companies in the engineer and service sup- port corps. Legión (i) a volunteer fghting force of the Spanish army, recruited from Spaniards and foreigners, and founded as Tercio (q.v.) de Extranjeros in 1920; (ii) a regimental group of banderas (q.v.) of El Tercio (q.v.) from 1934 to 1937. Regulares regular infantry and cavalry troops recruited mostly from Moroccan native volunteers (specialist sub-units were manned by Spaniards) and led by Spanish offcers. Tercio (i) the term for the Spanish infantry regiment of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; (ii) the frst name of the Spanish Legión (q.v.), founded as Tercio de Extranjeros and later retitled El Tercio, until 1937; (iii) the name of some regiment or brigade-sized units; (iv) an infantry battalion recruited from requetés (ultraconservative monarchist Carlist militiamen) in the Civil War. Index

A Alfonso XIII, 18, 147, 152, 266 Abd el-Krim, 144, 145, 213, 275 Alléhaut, Emile, 272 Academia General Militar (Saragossa) Alonso Vega, Camilo, 165 behaviour of graduates in 1936, 174 Aranda, Antonio, 256 bill to reopen, 180 Ardant du Picq, Charles, 76, 106 closure, 176, 192 Artillery (tactical arm) entrance requirements, 162 employment in Morocco, 18, 40, 88 and German offcer training, 170 Nationalist combined bombard- guidelines, 170, 330 ment, 219, 221 indoctrination in, 174 Republican improved use, 191 judgements on, 174 Republican misuse, 283, 312, 315 origins, 106, 161 Artillery Board, 112 removal of textbooks, 169, 330 Artillery corps, 3, 14, 42, 43, 45, 114, staff, 330 115, 146, 191, 242, 245, 268, style of education, 167 276, 279, 281, 329, 332, 345. Academia General Militar (Toledo), See also Learned corps (cuerpos 32 facultativos) Academy of Artillery (Segovia), 37, Artillery Experiments Commission, 3, 43, 177 114, 115, 118, 124, 126 Academy of Infantry (Toledo), 19, 34, Asensio Torrado, José, 190 37, 116 Asturias, armed uprising in (1934), Africanists, 142, 144, 145, 148, 165, 282, 312 168 Avilés, Juan, 83, 90, 91 Aguilera, Francisco, 18, 143 Azaña, Manuel, 147–150, 152, 167, Air support, 221, 223, 225 176, 181, 183, 188 Alfonso XII, 2, 6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 347 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3 348 Index

B Churchill, Winston, 267 Banús, Carlos, 70, 106, 117, 124, 125 Cierva, Juan de la, 143 Beigbeder, Federico, 282, 283 Clausewitz, Carl von, 106, 130 Beigbeder, Juan, 286 Complement List, 15, 164, 179, 189 Belda, Luis, 179 Conscription, 15, 20, 21, 107, Benavides, Nicolás, 56, 57 109–111, 180 Benzo, Eduardo, 173 Cordón, Antonio, 18, 34, 37, 43, Berenguer, Dámaso, 146, 211, 317 177, 187 Bermúdez de Castro, Luis, 88, 120, Cuba, war of (1895–1898), 2, 5, 7 166 Blake, Joaquín, 48 Blanco, Ramón, 72 D Bloch, Ivan, 78, 106 Dato, Eduardo, 11, 266 Brull, José, 116 Dávila, Fidel, 255, 256, 314, 315 Burguete Lana, Ricardo, 62, 98, 129, Defence Boards, 12, 56, 143–145 137 Díaz de Villegas, José, 270 Burguete Lana, Manuel, 75, 99 División Bushido, 110 in the Nationalist army, 189, 220, 252–254, 256, 310 in the Republican army, 165, 173, C 174, 189, 190, 221, 303, 329, Calero Ortega, Juan, 131 339 Calvo Sotelo, José, 151 organization of, 7, 50, 114, 115, Camon, Hubert, 272 165, 171, 185, 191, 214, 218, Campins Aura, Miguel, 61, 194 226, 239–241, 245, 246, 256, Capaz, Oswaldo Fernando, 317 257, 279, 280 Carlist War, Third (1872–1876), 2, Dolla, Ángel, 76, 94, 105, 123 32, 70 Casa-Canterac, Conde de. See Lossada Canterac, José de E Cassola, Manuel, 3 Echagüe, Ramón, 10, 11, 58 Cavalry corps, 76, 212 Engineer corps, 6, 14, 31, 33, 42, Cavalry (tactical arm), 3, 6, 17, 19–21, 43, 46, 48, 112, 143, 146, 185, 31–33, 44–46, 76–78, 110, 186, 268, 276, 282, 345. See also 116–118, 146, 148, 162, 164, Learned corps (cuerpos faculta- 177, 178, 186, 211 tivos) Cebreiros, Nazario, 9, 46, 54, 55, 59, 173, 177, 181, 186, 187, 243, 280, 283, 284 F Central Firing School (Escuela Central Falange, 174, 345 de Tiro), 45, 114, 115, 127, 269, Fanjul, Joaquín, 186 275, 280 Fascism, 237 Index 349

Fernández España, Luis, 208, 228 García Rey, Verardo, 85, 100–102 Fernández de Villa-Abrille, José, 209 Gascueña, Epifanio, 46, 66, 94, 104, Fernández Silvestre, Manuel, 144, 317 210, 211, 228, 286, 287, 299, Fernando VII, 13, 48 300 Field fortifcations, 70, 71, 78, 82, 83, General Military Academy (Saragossa). 85, 86, 90, 97, 109, 208, 212, See Academia General Militar 213, 232 (Saragossa) Figueroa, Álvaro de. See Romanones, General Military Academy (Toledo). Count of See Academia General Militar Franco Bahamonde, Francisco (Toledo) chief of general staff, 8, 146, 150, General Staff (Estado Mayor Central) 167, 184, 306 antecedents, 330 commandant of the Saragossa acad- creation, 10 emy, 165 disbandment, 3, 10 operational ideas of, 278 organization, 8, 10, 11 role during the uprising in Asturias, restoration, 10 282 Gil Álvaro, Emilio, 266 views on tanks, 295 Gil Juste [or Yuste], Germán, 77, 78, Franco Salgado-Araujo, Francisco, 80, 86, 87, 99 17, 29, 156, 159, 165–167, 171, Gil Robles, José María, 150, 167, 180, 173, 196, 197, 199, 200, 310, 183, 184, 187, 203, 245, 260 324 Giner de los Ríos, Fernando, 168 Fuller, J.F.C., 272, 273, 282, 306, Goded, Manuel, 186, 214, 229, 230, 333 270, 271, 294 Guarner, Vicente, 270, 271, 276, 294, 297 G Gutiérrez Mellado, Manuel, 167, Galbis, José, 17 173–175, 196, 197, 200, 201 Gallego Ramos, Eduardo, 26, 62, 66, 98, 101, 103, 130, 203 Gándara Marsella, Luis de la, 65, 133, H 198 Hernández Ballester, Antonio, 288, García Albors, Enrique, 273, 274, 300 279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 289, Herrera de la Rosa, Eduardo, 36, 38, 295–300 63, 64, 122, 137, 179, 201 García Benítez, José, 8, 27, 62, 161, Hidalgo de Cisneros, Ignacio, 19, 29 194 Hidalgo, Diego, 149 García Benítez, Juan, 54 García Gómez Caminero. Juan, 212 García Miranda, José, 164, 195, 201, I 202 Infantry corps, 45, 117, 118, 164, García Prieto, Manuel, 143 172, 272, 277 350 Index

Infantry (tactical arm), 69, 116–118 López Domínguez, José, 32, 34, 41, Infantry tactical regulations 44, 50, 59 Burguete’s project of new regula- López Muñiz, Román, 215–217, 231, tions, 79, 80 232, 259 1881 regulations, 72, 79, 95 Losada, Antonio, 163 1898 regulations, 72, 79, 95 Lossada Canterac, Conde de Casa- 1908 provisional regulations, 85, Canterac, José de, 138 87, 88, 90, 93, 95, 118, 124, Luque, Agustín, 7, 10–12, 39, 58 331 1913 regulations, 46, 93–95, 128, 331 M 1926 regulations, 216, 275, 277, Machine gun 279 acquisition in 1907, 137 Iranzo, Vicente, 182 American machine guns in Cuba, Isern, Damián, 73, 98, 131 44, 113–116 Izquierdo, Joaquín, 287, 300 battlefeld role, 121 in the campaign of Melilla, 69, 95, 125 J corporate procrastination, 332 Juntas de defensa. See Defence Boards corporate rivalry, 45, 329, 331 Jevenois, Pedro, 115, 116, 118, 119, Cristophe-Montigny, 113 134–136, 268, 293 effectiveness, 16, 59, 76, 83, 93, Jiménez Bonilla, Ramón, 266 123, 127, 219, 224, 257 effects on morale, 111, 283 fghting arms attitudes, 47, 334 K Gatling, 112, 113 Kindelán y Duany, Alfredo, 63, 323 Hotchkiss, 125, 126, 269 integration into tactical units, 118 Maxim-Nordenfelt, 113 L Palkrantz-Nordenfelt, 113 Landesa, Víctor, 281 in the Spanish army before 1900, Largo Caballero, Francisco, 190 133 Learned corps (cuerpos facultativos), weapon of opportunity, 120, 122, 32, 33, 42, 44, 47, 48, 59, 152, 278 164, 168, 172, 173, 177, 185, Maeztu, Ramiro de, 111 186, 329 Maginot, André, 171, 172 Legión, La. See Military units Maistre, Joseph de, 106 Lerroux, Alejandro, 281 Maquieira, Enrique, 211 Liddell Hart, Basil H., 272, 273, 285, Marina, José, 88 295, 296, 300, 325 Márquez, Benito, 143 Linares, Arsenio, 7, 8, 38, 52 Martínez Campos, Arsenio, 2 Index 351

Martínez de Campos, Carlos, 37, 91, opposition to reform of, 242 124, 221, 224, 243, 244 profciency courses before promo- Martín Prat, José, 272 tion, 187 Marvá y Mayer, José, 96, 102, 133, reform of 1904, 54 228 reform of 1927, 175 Masquelet, Carlos, 150 reform of 1931–1932, 161, 193 Mauser rife, 100 Military reform McMahon, N.R., 138 Azaña’s reforms, 149 Mechanization. See Tank Cassola’s projects, 3 Medialdea Muñoz, Federico, 138 Echagüe’s reforms, 11 Military academies, 2, 170. See La Cierva’s reforms, 144 also Academia General Militar López Domínguez’s reforms, 34, (Saragossa), Academia General 41, 50 Militar (Toledo), Academy of Martínez Campos’s reforms, 32, 50 Artillery, Academy of Infantry, Primo de Rivera’s reforms, 145, 146 Military education Military service. See Conscription abridged courses, 40, 41, 60, 329 Military units, 11, 108, 239 defciencies after the 1893 reform, Agrupación de Carros de Combate 42 (Nationalist), 323 entrance requirements, 162 Argel Infantry Regiment 27 failure of 1911–1913 reforms, 42, (Nationalist), 310 60, 329 Army of the Centre (Republican), life in the period 1893–1927, 190, 219 191 VI Army Corps (Nationalist), 252 reform of 1893, 32, 34, 37 VII Army Corps (Nationalist), 262 reform of selection procedures and Army of Manoeuvre (Republican), teaching methods in 1911– 306 1913, 329 Army of the Levant (Republican), Military education, 31–34, 36, 41, 309 42, 47, 59, 161, 163, 168, 175, Army of the North (Nationalist), 177, 188, 190, 192, 329. See also 310, 313 Military academies Army of the South (Nationalist), anticipated innovation, 178 134 before 1893, 68 Castile Army Corps (Nationalist), and corporatism, 31, 59 256 and democratization of the offcer Cazadores de Alcántara Cavalry corps, 181 Regiment 14, 157 NCO applicants, 182 1st Cazadores Brigade, 259 offcer training in the Nationalist 2nd Cazadores Brigade, 244 army, 189 3rd Cazadores Brigade, 259 offcer training in the Republican Corpo Truppe Volontarie, 252, 304 army, 190 1st Division (Nationalist), 315 352 Index

4th Division (Nationalist), 256, 262 Mola, Emilio, 44, 151, 179, 180, 187, 5th Division (Nationalist), 262, 325 312 51st Division (Nationalist), 262 Monasterio, José, 284 61st Division (Nationalist), 252 Montojo, Vicente, 285 150th Division (Nationalist), 316 Morales, Luis, 191 6th Division (Republican), 252 Morocco, military operations in 11th Division (Republican), 262 (1909–27) 22nd Division (Republican), 251 Alhucemas, amphibious landing in 35th Division (Republican), 248, the bay of (1925), 270 249 Ambar, combat of (1922), 269–270 39th Division (Republican), 251 Annual, disaster of (1921), 317 65th Division (Republican), 251 Barranco del Lobo, combat of El Rey Infantry Regiment 1, 80 (1909), 89–90 Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas, 141 French-Spanish offensive (1926), Horse Artillery Regiment, 18 213 Legion, La, 313 Melilla, campaign of (1909), 88 Legion Tank Battalion (Nationalist), Sbuch Sba, combat of (1922), 269 314 Light Tank Battalion (Nationalist) for Tank Battalion N (Nationalist), 310 Nationalist army Milán Mountain Infantry Regiment background of major unit com- 32, 304 manders, 254 Moroccan Army Corps frepower and battlefeld perfor- (Nationalist), 316 mance, 207 Navarrese Brigades (Nationalist), order of battle, 252 221, 252 performance of feld commanders, 6th Organic Division (Nationalist), 207, 255, 335 252 Navarro, Modesto, 17, 36, 74, 77, 81, Panzergruppe Drohne (Nationalist), 84, 118 310 Noreña, Carlos, 245 and substitute, 15 Núñez de Prado, Miguel, 156 Tank Battalion (Nationalist), 305, 345 Tank Regiment 1, 282 O Tank Regiment 2, 304, 310 Offcer corps Millán Astray, José, 165 after defeat of 1898, 85, 112 Mixed brigada age and health problems, 20 introduction, 250 gambling, 19 precedents, 169 lack of initiative, 37, 73 in the Republican army, 339 neglect of professional profciency, 187 Index 353

opposition to regional nationalism, Regulations for the Tactical 4 Employment of Major Units oversized lists, 14 (1925), 215 patronage and assignments, 18 Republican army pay, 19 background of major unit com- promotion, 43, 141 manders, 254 resistance to military reform, 16 limitations of the offcer corps, 249, return to politics, 4 253 self-recruitment, 13 misuse of frepower, 69 social transformation after 1808, 13 order of battle, 247 supplementary civil jobs, 33 performance of feld commanders, Orgaz, Luis, 189, 314 220 strength and frepower, 77 surprise manoeuvre as operational P alternative, 219 Paid Reserve List. See Reserve List Reserve List, 2, 148, 181 Pardo, Cándido, 284 Restoration regime Peire, Tomás, 181 end of military interventions in Pérez Salas, Jesús, 173 politics, 1 Philippines, war of the (1896–1898), interdependence of the ruling elite 27 and the army, 12 Picasso González, Juan, 67, 156 political-military effects of the Pintos, Guillermo, 89 Disaster of 1898, 3, 329 Ponte y Manso de Zuñiga, Miguel, return of the military to politics, 4 201 Rodríguez del Barrio, Ánge, 120, 218 Primo de Rivera, Fernando, 125, 145, Rodríguez Carril, Vicente, 245 152, 173 Rodríguez Tarduchy, Emilio, 119 Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 174 Rodríguez Urbano, Francisco, 229, Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 145, 162 237 Pronunciamiento, 1, 2 Rojo, Vicente, 41, 163, 169, 170, Pujales, José, 310 257, 274, 306, 308 Romanones, Count of (Álvaro de Figueroa), 11 Q Ruíz Dana, Pedro, 70 Queipo de Llano, Gonzalo, 196 Ruíz-Fornells, Enrique, 108, 214 Ruíz de Toledo, Carlos, 273, 275 Russo-Japanese War, 17, 36, 82–85, R 90, 95, 115, 119, 122, 124, 129, Ramírez Arellano anti-tank gun, 281 331 Regulares. See Military units 354 Index

S Staff college, 9, 10, 32, 50, 52–54, 57, Sánchez Guerra, José, 145 59, 60, 166, 187, 193, 208, 244, Sanjurjo, José, 149, 151, 167 309, 318 Santiago, Luis de, 19, 126 Staff corps, 3, 9, 10, 17, 20, 21, 32, Seeckt, Hans von, 171 44, 48–50, 54–58, 187, 268, 329 Seguí, Juan, 272, 283 Suárez Inclán, Pío, 55 Social Darwinism, 109, 331 Sueiro, Alvaro, 165 Spain terrain constraints on military opera- tions, 6 T terrain constraints on tank forces, Tactics 265, 283 application of European methods in Spanish–American War (1898), 73, Morocco, 214 108, 109 centralization of command, 254 San Juan Hill (Lomas de San Juan) cooperation between artillery and and El Caney, battle of (1898), infantry, 92 72, 73 criticism of former offensive tactics, Santiago de Cuba, 3, 72, 73, 106 75, 78, 90, 122 Spanish army debate on the wars of 1895–1898, commissions of observers in the 73 First World War, 208 effectiveness of infantry fre, 119 contacts with the German army, 231 frepower as foundation of, 77, 79 effects of fnancial constraints, 289 impact of new frearm technology, force structure, 243, 334 69 Spanish Civil War, military operations moral factors, 93 in the (1936-39) numbers and manpower, 123 Aragon, Nationalist offensive in offensive, 75, 78, 90, 121, 123 (1938), 315 role of the bayonet, 209 Aragon, Republican advance in Tactics Commission, 78, 80 (1936), 316 Tagüeña Lacorte, Manuel, 235, 261, Biscay, campaign of (1937), 221 296 Brunete, battle of (1937), 306 Tank Ebro, battle of the (1938), 222 advocacy of mechanization, 333 Guadalajara, battle of (1937), 220 amphibious landings in the bay of Levant, campaign of the (1938), Alhucemas, 270 220 BT-5, 304, 308, 344 Madrid, assault on (1936), 246, 247 Chenillette Saint-Chamond model Santander, campaign of (1937), 312 1921, 270 Saragossa, offensive on (1937), 318 composite units of motor and horse Teruel, battle of (1937–38), 315 troops, 286 CV 3/33 and CV 3/35, 304 Index 355

division between branches, 267, 268 U frst acquisition, 267 Ungría, José, 215 foreign advisers, 246 Unión Militar Española (Spanish infuence of British thinking, 273 Military Union), 150 infuence of French thinking, 272 Ureña, Ladislao, 276 Landesa, 281 Nationalist tanks in the Civil War, 315 V numbers in the Civil War, 272 Villalba, José, 162, 282 offcial doctrine, 277, 279, 317 Vigón, Juan, 220, 234 opposition to mechanization, 45 Panzerkampfwagen I (PzKpfw I), 304 W precedents, 188 War Renault FT, 267, 269, 271, 344 as psychological contest, 106 Republican tanks in the Civil War, War Ministry 310 confict with General Staff, 8 Schneider CA 1, 267, 269, 344 confict with the Saragossa academy, service in Morocco, 345 171, 172 T-26, 304, 344 short terms of ministers, 7 Trubia, 273, 275, 287, 344 Weyler, Valeriano, 3 weapon of opportunity, 278 Thoma, Wilhelm von, 312–314, 316 Torcy, Louis Joseph Gilles de, 85, 90 Y Tovar, Antonio, 91 Yagüe, Juan, 310