Q NRDC-GR LOAC Armed Forces As Well As Representa- Syndicate Work and Cooperaton

“Inspiring Jointness”

Q s NRDC-GR July 2016 - January 2017 / Issue 08 erald Joint Monument Inauguration (page 63)

THE MAGAZINE OF NATO RAPID DEPLOYABLE CORPS - GREECE July July 16 2014 - January / issue 17/ Issue 03 08 overview EDITORIAL BOARD Public Afairs Ofce EDITORIAL Chief PAO/PAA OF-5 (HAF) Stavros SIDIROPOULOS Chief PA Plans and Analysis OF-5 (HAF) Konstantnos ARAMPANTZIS Chief Media OPS/Deputy Chief PAO/PAA OF-3 (HEA) Elias NIKEZIS Dear Readers, Chief Social Media OF-1 (HEA) Sotrios ROUMELIOTIS Chief Producton OR-9 (HEA) Georgios THEODOROU Photographer OR-6 (HEA) Alexandros ATSKAKANIS How tme fies, July 2016 looks like yesterday when our last Communicaton Informaton magazine No7 has been published. A New Year arrived with new Tel.: +30 2310 882452 / IVSN 451-2452 email: [email protected], email: [email protected] intentons, new goals and new beginnings. HERALD Magazine www.nrdc.gr Twiter: @NRDC-GR Facebook: NATO Rapid Deployeable Corps - Greece will contnue to keep the memories and introduce successes and YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com/user/nrdcgreece challenges stay behind like a trail of the past looking forward to editorial the path of the future. Chief of Hellenic Natonal Defense Genaral Staf Address p.01 NRDC-GR HQs Commander’s address p.02 NRDC-GR HQs Deputy Commander’s Adress p.03 The last semester of 2016, dominatng by great achieve- special guests ments, completes a challenging year that underscores the great Strategic communication (Stratcom): eforts by all the Headquarters’ staf members that day by day Influence Other Than War p.04 built a fruitul and promising relatonship with local, natonal and articles multnatonal civilian and military enttes. Cyber Security as Part of the Contemporary Security Environment p.07 NRDC-GR LOAC SEMINAR 2016 Public Afairs ambiton to keep its online presence and vis- “Operatonalizing the Law of Armed Conficts” p.11 Legal Advisors in a Demanding and ibility reached unprecedented views of the NRDC-GR website Changing Operatonal Environments p.13 and Social Media accounts (NRDC-GR YouTube channel, Twiter Readiness Acton Plan- A legal overview p.14 The Growing Nuclear Club Challenging NATO Planners p.15 and the recent created HQ’s Facebook account), paving a way for seminars - conferences more openness and transparency. 5th GRF(L) HQ’s Chiefs of Staf Conference Hosted By NRDC-GR p.19 Herald magazine is one of the most successful media plat- “Financial Controllers’ Conference 2016” p.20 5th LANDCOM J6 Conference and CIS Interoperability forms. It represents an open window to the world, via address- Seminar Hosted by NRDC-GR HQ p.22 Evaluaton Planning and Management Board (EPMB I/16) p.23 ing views and beliefs of subject mater experts and special guest, NRDC-GR Plenary Conference 2016 p.24 NRDC-GR AOCC Seminar “IKAROS” p.25 in military, historical, scientfc, cultural and other issues of a NRDC-GR J3 Air Seminar “PEGASOS 2016” p.26 global interest. NRDC-GR Hosted the 2nd Bi Annual Internatonal AOCC Conference 2016 p.27 NRDC-GR Spokespersons and Key Leaders Media I would like to express our greatest thanks and appreciaton Engagement Training p.28 NRDC-GR Commander Atended LC3 Conference to all contributng guests and staf for their artcles, news and in Strasburg p.30 Civil & Military Meetng in NRDC-GR HQ p.31 event coverage, and much more. Views expressed in this mag- NRDC-GR and MPSOTC LOAC SEMINAR 2016 azine belong to the authors and do not represent any ofcial “Operatonalizing the Law of Armed Conficts: The tactcal perspectve” p.33 opinions of NRDC-GR or NATO. Advanced FAST – FAS & Dynamic Targetng Training Course in NRDC-GR p.38 NRDC-GR Joint Logistc Support Group Seminar 2016 p.39 The year is new, the hopes are new, the aspiratons are new Exercise Planning Course for Jordanian Armed Forces p.40 NRDC-GR and University of Macedonia Memorandum but our wishes for happiness and prosperity remains the same of Cooperaton p.41 NRDC-GR Afliaton Conference 2017 p.43 from you and your families. NRDC-GR Intelligence Seminar “Sikinos 2017” p.45 community relations Best Wishes NRDC-GR Celebrates the French Natonal Day p.47 NRDC-GR Celebrates the Romanian Flag Day p.48 1st Hellenic Army Commander Visits NRDC-GR p.49 USA Military Ataché Visits NRDC-GR HQ p.50 Polish Flag Joining Ceremony to NRDC- GR HQ p.51 Stavros SIDIROPOULOS COS KFOR and KFOR COM JLSG Visit NRDC-GR HQ p.53 OF-5 (H AF) Commander of NATO Headquarters Allied Land Command (LANDCOM) Visits NRDC-GR HQ p.54 Chief Chief PAO/PAA 11th Anniversary of NRDC – GR JHQ Establishment Day p.55 NRDC-GR/PAO NRDC-GR Celebrates the German Flag Day p.57 NRDC-GR Celebrates The Spanish Natonal Day p.58 Chief of Hellenic Natonal Defense General Staf Visits NRDC-GR HQ p.59 Commander NRDC-GR Visits Afliated Unit in Romania p.60 NRDC-GR HQ Celebrated the Albanian Natonal Day p.61 Commander KFOR Visits NRDC-GR HQ p.62 NRDC-GR Joint Monument Inauguraton p.63 July July 16 2014 - January / issue 17/ Issue 03 08 EDITORIAL Chief of Hellenic National Defense Genaral Staff Admiral Evaggelos APOSTOLAKIS

mission in place. This year, we will contnue our ef- forts to showcase NRDC-GR as a pioneer HQ with a leading role within the Alli- ance. Stafed by highly skilled personnel, adequately trained, NRDC-GR is able to respond efectvely across the full range of potental military operatons and is fully connected in accordance with NATO standards. This capacity will extend even more with the admission of USA, UK and Germany as full members. At this point I would like to empha- size on mult-natonality which is the key Greece, as a member of NATO, EU, the Tactcal level within a joint, interagen- element for the success of NRDC-GR. A OSCE and a number of regional inita- cy, intergovernmental and multnatonal multplier that represents in the best way, tves, undertakes in the context of its context. Under this framework the tran- our common eforts to defend our core Natonal Defence Policy objectves, com- siton of NRDC-GR to JHQ is vital for the values and our collectve commitment to bined eforts in the area of military diplo- NATO structure and our Natonal Defense the Alliance’s three core tasks which are macy. The target is to support not only Policy. collectve defense, crisis management the natonal interests and to upgrade the As a result, Greece has taken the and cooperatve security through part- security environment in the Eastern Med- politcal decision to ofer the NRDC-GR nerships. Bringing our joint staf together, iterranean but also to ensure the Hellenic as a JHQ for the command and control we enforce the adaptaton of NATO new Armed Forces’ interoperability with the of Small Joint Operatons from July 1st, concepts and doctrines from top to down NATO and EU member states. 2018 into the Long Term Rotaton Plan and vice versa. The ever-changing global security (LTRP). It will give us the opportunity of Looking in the future, I am proud to environment requires modern Armed advanced training and educaton. Our say that NRDC-GR will contnue to main- Forces with enhanced Land, Air and partcipaton to the LTPR will ensure tain and develop its readiness and capa- Maritme power. It is crucial for us to in- greater fexibility and the ability of our bilites within the contemporary opera- tegrate all aspects of a “Comprehensive forces to deploy quickly and efectvely tonal environment. Approach” from the Strategic down to when and where there is an approved 01 EDITORIAL Commander NRDC - GR HQs Lieutenant General Dimitrios BIKOS

I am honored to welcome our diferent Natons working together in the diference, and we have the best. readers to this editon of NRDC-GR Her- multnatonal formatons with great suc- Our mutual success will depend on great ald as your new commander. Our unit, cess. NRDC-GR worked and contnuous to thinking, cooperaton, and teamwork. Ex- NRDC-GR is a multnatonal Graduated work hard to achieve interoperability and panding the joint mindset to encompass Readiness Forces for Land (GRF-L). As a expertse through exercises and certfca- multnatonal perspectves builds the HQs it was established on the solid base tons. Exercises stress procedures, team- trust and shared understanding among of one of the oldest and most glorious work across Natonal frameworks, and all and addresses the challenges of joint formatons of the Hellenic Army. It plays help us to identfy interoperability gaps. operatons with a more efectve combi- a vital role as a NATO member as contn- Our HQs successfully conducted a myr- naton of cross-domain synergy. uously focus its eforts on carrying out iad of tasks and are working full ‘speed I look forward to our future, con- and sustaining core warfghtng functons ahead’ in a very intricate and metculous tnuing together to meet any challenges, in order to steadily enable the Alliance passion to overcome all obstacles in or- and bring NRDC-GR to the next level of by being ready to rapidly deploy and re- der to be ready for the Joint Task Force readiness. My intent is directly related spond to an unforeseen or developing HQs (JTF) evaluaton and certfcaton. to the NRDC-GR’s mission and role con- crisis, either Artcle 5 or NA5CRO. This is an excitng tme to be di- cerning its contributon to the defense The security of the Alliance is rectly involved in laying the framework of the Alliance. I want us to maintain our relied on the readiness of the forces. I for what NRDC-GR is to become as a JTF- rapid deployment capability in the frame believe the core of our forces is our peo- HQs. The achievements of NRDC-GR are a of NATO commitment. I truly appreciate ple; the human factor is of strategic im- direct result of the organizaton’s eforts, each of your eforts within the joint doc- portance as our most valuable resource. personnel, framework natons, dedica- trinal NATO framework employed every Military personnel from all branches and ton and professionalism. People make day to accomplish your missions. 02 EDITORIAL Deputy Commander NRDC - GR HQs Major General Dimitar Krumov ILIEV

ÇĢĠĀо seemɐ like it was yesterdayḷ when I introduced myself to LTGEN Alkiviadis STE-FANIS. I took over the position of DCOM NRDC-GR without even having the opportunity to meet and exchange a few words with my predecessor MGEN Plamen LILOV. More oftn than not, the military routine places us in such situations. Of course, every thing that I needed to read and learn first was waiting for me in the office, shipshape and well-arranged. And what is more, the biggest exercise of the Corps, GORDIAN KNOT - 2016, was just around the corner. Performing the dutes of DCOM in a Corps within NATO Force Structure (NFS), I consider both a challenge and a great re- each other, complementng each other, and during the recently conducted Afliated sponsibility. It is a challenge because this trustng each other. Units Commander’s Conference. During level of control does not exist in my home I am sometmes inclined to think that the frequent visits paid by both Greek and country and the only source of experience we, the men and women in uniforms, are Allied officials, that spirit of unity andcoo- the Bulgarian servicemen can rely on is not fully aware how precious this team spir- peraon has also been stressed upon, and NATO structures. It is a responsibility be- it is and what a powerful weapon that can it has even been pointed out that the cause the Corps, though established in be. There are no big and small natons’ rep- NRDC-GR military can set an example by 2001, has already gained prestge and re- resentatves in the NRDC-GR. There exists a showing t otn how we can work spect among the Graduate Response Forc- military organism consistng of people unit- together in international environment. es Land Community. My sense of respon- ed by common goals and tasks, and strong- Dear reader, I would like to share the sibility has been further increased when I ly determined to represent themselves, following highlights in terms of the eventful got to know my colleagues beter. Both the their service and branch, their armies and military dynamics which I have witnessed servicemen I daily interact with as well as home countries in the best possible man- since my appointment as a DCOM NRDC- the command group possess substantal ner. And what is more, this phenomenon is GR: internatonal experience and are genuine not something which is typical only for the professionals. As far as the Commander, The Greek country and society can be NRDC-GR HQ. It is widespread through the LTG Stefanis is concerned; he is a leader proud of their military personnel and the units provided by the Republic as well, that every naton could be proud of. It came fact that they have managed to create and thus enabling the proper functioning of the as no surprise to any of us when he was ap- further develop a Corps within NATO NRDC-GR within all affiliated, national and pointed to the highly responsible positon forces structure. We all know that this is a international units. that he presently holds. highly demanding and responsible activity. During the past period, the COM The thing which I find amazing in The colleagues should never forget NRDC-GR visited the units outside Greece NATO structures is in fact the team spi- what our most powerful weapon is – our and I visited those provided by the Greek rit and the institutional memory which is team spirit and dedication. naton for training and exercises. It was being accumulated, preserved and eager- o all readers: NRDC GR is training with great satsfacton that we both found ly multplied. It is so inspiring to see col- and is prepared to command NATO forces out this spirit of responsibility and shared leagues from diferent natons, searching to defend peace and security in accordance commitment to the NRDC-GR tasks. This the soluton to the problems shoulder by with our common values and ideals, whe- frst impression has been later confrmed shoulder, supportng each other, replacing rever the Alliance deems it necessary. 0303 special guests Strategic communication (Stratcom): Influence Other Than War

Ms Fotni BELLOU is Assistant Pro- fessor of Internatonal Relatons in the Department of Internatonal and Euro- pean Studies at the University of Mac- edonia in Thessaloniki. She holds a BA in Politcal Science and Public Administraton (University of Athens), an MA in Internatonal Rela- tons (University of Kent at Canterbury), and a Ph.D in War Studies (King’s College London). She also teaches in the Interdepartmental Joint MA progamme on ‘Internatonal Relatons and Security’ with the Su- preme Joint War College in Thessaloniki and she is visitng Instructor to the Mul- tnatonal Training Centre for Peace Support Operatons at Kilkis, Greece. She is Special Advisor to the NRDC-GR in Thessaloniki on civil-mil cooperaton and gender aspects and is Ms Fotni Bellou a member of its civilian cell. From 2000 Assistant Professor of Internatonal Relatons, University of Macedonia, to 2004 she was Research Fellow with Thessaloniki, Greece. the Hellenic Foundaton for European trategic communicaton has concept in diferent areas of human ac- and Foreign Policy, ELIAMEP and Man- S gained immense ground in recent years. tvity and it is scientfcally examined by aging Editor of the Journal of Southeast The growing interest by key internatonal various academic disciplines related not European and Black Sea Studies, (Tay- agents in afectng perceptons and infu- only to the communicaton science but lor & Francis). From October 2004 encing mindsets, has rendered strategic also to politcs including internatonal re- through June 2007 she was Head of the communicaton a compound concept of latons. Department of Internatonal and Euro- vital importance in contemporary stra- Stratcom as a practce has also atract- pean Relatons, in the Research Centre tegic thinking. Stratcom encompasses ed the atenton of a number of states for Gender Equality (KETHI), Ministry of an agent’s entre optmizaton of means and internatonal organizatons including Interior. She has published on transat- and ways, deeds and words, able to (re) NATO, the EU as well as the United Na- lantc relatons, European and interna- generate the perceptons and presumed tons. For it refers not only to the com- tonal security, aspects of confict reso- narratves of targeted audiences in a municaton policies assumed by govern- luton and internatonal relatons and fashion that serves an agent’s partcu- ments or organizatons in the context of of internatonal politcs on Southeaster lar objectve. It is used extensively as a their Public Afairs policy. Importantly, it Europe.

04 special guests

especially in cases when disruptve messaging or inimical narratves have to be countered. There should be no doubt that nowadays the constructon of compelling messaging has been advanced into becoming a key instrument of power. Narratves are built by states and non state actors aiming to disrupt or even deconstruct conventonal thinking, to generate or also encompasses practces that refect with immense audiences. Against such a difuse uncertainty, and in efect, ma- both the way of which and the level at background, an increasing convicton has nipulate ambiguity as to forge partcular which an internatonal agent aspires to emerged pointng to the understanding convictons inter alia related to populism infuence others’ perceptons. Thus, the that communicaton policies, whatever or even radicalism. nature of communicaton practces can their nature, require fexible methods These are realites that have started vary according to the degree and charac- and sophistcated approaches to remain to receive a growing atenton by gov- ter of infuence certain actors aspire to both proactve and reactve in ataining ernments and organizatons. NATO is not have on the mindsets and ofen on the their strategic objectves. This is because an excepton. Communicaton and mes- behaviour of certain audiences. Varia- state and non state actors are increasing- saging strategies were historically em- tons in Stratcom practces can involve ly weaponizing informaton and propa- bedded in the practce of the Alliance. respectve policies known as Public Di- ganda in order to manipulate large num- Yet, the compound noton of strategic plomacy (PD), Informaton Operatons bers of diferent audiences by employing communicaton has started to be formu- (InfoOps) and Psychological Operatons persuasion and infuence mechanisms, lated primarily following NATOs military (PsyOps), which are increasingly used by mainly through narratve constructon. involvement in Afghanistan. Despite ini- internatonal organizatons and govern- For this reason, both a proactve and a tal shortcomings, NATO progressively ments. reactve stance in Stratcom requires a so- established a compound communicaton Today, state and non state actors em- phistcated communicatve approach in framework, known as Strategic Com- ploy a great magnitude of communica- which a prior efectve situatonal aware- municaton(s), refectng all diferent ton practces to augment their infuence ness is paramount. The atainment of the communicatve actvites the Alliance towards partcular populaton groups. Al- later becomes partcularly challenging though diferent communicaton methods aiming to infuence people’s minds and actons are as old as strategy itself, the current conjuncture in which these communicatve actvites take place is uterly diferent from the past. The internatonal system is currently complex, extensively fuid, technologically advanced to an unprecedented scale and highly contested. Moreover, state and non state actors strive to manage the efectve transmission of real tme informaton and narratves exploitng their immediate capacity to sustain a vigorous transactonal mode of communicaton

05 special guests

Operatons [info Ops], and Psychological Indeed, NATO already agreed with the Operatons (PSYOPS), as appropriate – in EU in July 2016 to further augment their support of Alliance policies, operatons mutual cooperaton on security and de- and actvites, and in order to advance fence issues. The EU currently admits NATOs aims’(PO(2009)0141, 29 Sept. that it is increasingly becoming the vic- 2009). tm of dis-informaton and mis-informa- Accordingly and in view of the current ton by actors such as Russia and the performs according to the degree and situatonal awareness, it becomes evi- Daesh both questoning its status per se scope of the antcipated outcome. Com- dent that two conditons have started to and its internatonal role (European Par- municaton within and outside the Alli- gain atenton as factors contributng to liament Report A8-0290/2016). Recent ance was always considered paramount efectve Stratcom. The frst regards the EU ofcial documents acknowledge the for NATO’s efectve role as an Alliance of need for coherence and consistency in salience of Stratcom in the EU’s entre diferent yet like-minded states. its implementaton. Indeed, coherence internal and external security policies. Thus, one could discern at least three in forming the ratonale of a certain mes- Although respectve policies within the levels at which the Alliance performs saging and consistency in maintaining its EU structures are yet to be fully materi- Strategic Communicatons. The frst lev- commited objectve are crucial. For this alized, the evolving understanding of the el concerns the communicatve interac- reason, a growing number of experts in need to formulate efectve communi- tons amongst the member states and NATO countries advocate the need to catve tools to address “informaton at- the organizaton’s bureaucracy. NATOs consider stratcom as a mindset. That is, tacks” is rendering the EU a potental re- policies and priorites are co-created and Stratcom has to functon as the ratonale sponsive partner to NATO. In light of the communicated not only within NATO fltering decision making at all levels, in- above, one could hardly escape the con- governments but also towards their re- cluding the strategic. Afer all, constant clusion that Stratcom will further evolve spectve natonal audiences. A second strategic directon remains the sine qua as a key strategic tool for states and non level of interacton concerns the commu- non conditon in keeping the messaging state actors seeking infuence within a nicaton policies of the Alliance aiming at coherent at all tmes and consistent to fuid and antagonistc internatonal envi- substantatng and projectng the image the desired objectve to be atained. ronment by capitalizing on its profound of the Organizaton, scopes and pur- The second conditon serving efec- substance, namely to infict changes in poses, to third partes and external au- tve Stratcom is widening the scope of people’s perceptons and also behaviour diences. A third level at which Stratcom its applicaton. For NATO such an under- without having to resort to the use of has been extensively developed within standing points to the need for greater military force. the Alliance focuses on the communi- cooperaton with like-minded organiza- caton mechanisms and tools employed tons and governments. An example in in NATO operatons. This is the level at this case can be the European Union. which much progress has taken place in recent years encompassing new and old practces aiming at infuencing the behaviour of certain audiences depending on the operatonal environment. In such multple environment, it is not surprising that Stratcom is understood within the Alliance as ‘the coordinated and appropriate use of NATO communicatons actvites and capabilites - Public Diplomacy (PD), Public Afairs [PA], Mil- itary Public Afairs [MPA], Informaton 06 articles Cyber Security as Part of the Contemporary Security Environment

Information technologies as part of the global internet family undergo a dynamic and intensive development in the digital and informaton era. Compa- nies and state insttutons rely on the cyberspace for everything – from transac- tons to military operatons. The Computer code blurs the line between the cyber and physical world and connects millions of objects to the Internet or private networks. The Inter- net is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. Today, informaton and communicaton technologies (ICTs) are omnipresent and the trend towards digitzaton is growing. As Internet usage contnues to expand, cyberspace will be increasingly dependent upon every element of our society. analogous to Windows, for example. A ing organisms through communicaton The availability of ICTs and new system crash would cause mass damage and feedback. Pursuant to the cybernetc network-based services ofer a number to the economy and the natonal securi- paradigm, informaton sharing and ma- of advantages for the society in general, ty. Consequently, this paper asserts that nipulaton are used in controlling biolog- especially for the developing countries. cyber atacks can cause potentally grave ical, physical and chemical systems. The ICT applicatons, such as e-government, damage to the natonal security and must cybernetc system is a closed system, ex- e-commerce, e-educaton, e-health and be treated as an act of war. changing neither energy nor mater with e-environment, are seen as enablers for its environment. [14] development as they provide an efcient 1. Basic principles and sources of As there is no generally accepted channel to deliver a wide range of basic cyber warfare. defniton for cyber warfare it is quite services in remote and rural areas. Since liberally used in describing events and What Does ‘Cyber’ Mean? The word the advent of the Internet in the 1990s actons in the digital cyber world. The cyber is generally believed to originate not all users have acted in cyberspace for concept of cyber warfare has become from the Greek verb κυβερεω (kybereo) peaceful purposes. Nowadays the threat extremely popular since 2008, partly su- - to steer, to guide, to control. At the end and impact of an atack in and through cy- perseding the previously used concept of of the 1940s Norbert Wiener, an Amer- berspace has contnuously grown to the informaton warfare which was launched ican mathematcian, began to use the extent that cyberspace has emerged as a in the 1990s. word cybernetcs to describe computer- setng for war on par with land, sea, air, ized control systems. According to Wie- To some experts, cyber warfare is and space, with an increasing potental ner, cybernetcs deals with science that war which is conducted in the virtual do- to damage the natonal security. Cyber- address the control of machines and liv- main. For others, it is the counterpart of space is our natonal operatng system, conventonal ‘kinetc’ warfare. According 07 articles to the Organizaton for Economic Coop- Many countries are defning what mous with informaton operatons (IO), eraton and Development (OECD’s 2001 they mean by cyber world or cyber secu- but it could be a subset of IO. report), cyberwar military doctrines re- rity in their natonal strategy documents. In cyberspace, a cyber atack is the semble those of the so-called conven- The common theme from all of these mechanism that equates to the use of tonal war: retaliaton and deterrence. varying defnitons, however, is that cyber force. Researchers agree with the noton that security is fundamental to both protect- Correspondingly the efects of cyber the defniton of cyberwar should ad- ing government secrets and enabling na- atack can range from mere annoyance dress the aims and motves of war, rather tonal defense, in additon to protectng to physical destructon and death. Cyber than the forms of cyber operatons. They the critcal infrastructures that permeate atacks can target individuals, objects, or believe that war is always widespread and drive the 21st century global econo- entre societes. [5] Somewhere along and encompasses all forms of warfare. my. [14] this spectrum of confict in cyberspace, Hence, cyber warfare is but one form of Cyberspace is a global domain with- cyber atacks cross the threshold and be- waging a war, used alongside kinetc at- in the informaton environment which comes armed atacks or operatons. tacks (OECD 2001). consists of the interdependent network Cyberspace operatons – “the em- Cyber warfare, in its present form, of informaton technology infrastructure, ployment of cyber capabilites where the can be understood to incorporate both including the Internet, the telecommuni- primary purpose is to achieve objectves informaton warfare (IW) and Electronic catons networks, the computer systems, in or through cyberspace. Such opera- warfare (EW), thereby establishing a type and the embedded processors and con- tons include computer network opera- of approach that complies with network trollers. tons and actvites to operate and defend centric warfare. Cyberspace is a man-made domain, the global informaton grid (GIG). Cyber warfare can be divided into and is therefore unlike the natural do- Cyberspace superiority - The oper- strategic and operatonal-tactcal war- mains of air, land and maritme. Actvi- atonal advantage in, through, and from fare, depending on the role assigned to tes in cyberspace can allow freedom of cyberspace to conduct operatons at a cyber operatons in the diferent phases acton for actvites in the other domains given tme and in a given domain without of war. State actors launch ofensive cy- and actvites in other domains can create prohibitve interference. ber operatons in situatons where the efects in and through cyberspace. states are not at war with each other. In The other defniton of cyberspace 3. Potental cyber atacks and vul- this case, cyber-atacks consttute a cyber is: “composed of hundreds of thousands nerabilites to the security sector. confict in a low intensity confict, as was of interconnected computers, servers, the case with Estonia in 2007. [14] routers, switches, and fber optc cables Threats to society’s vital functons Putng these defnitons War and that make our critcal infrastructures may directly or indirectly target natonal Cyber together, we may say that cyber work”. [5] systems and/or citzens from, within or outside the natonal borders. The threat war is a state of usually open, armed From this defniton and its implica- hostle confict between natons, states, tons one could deduce that or partes which is related to or involving cyber war is simply warfare computers or computer networks. in the cyberspace domain, It is clear that every modern con- but this simplifcaton is in- Loukas VOULTSIOS temporary army uses computer technol- sufcient for two reasons. OF-3 (HE A) J2X/CI Control SO ogies in a certain way. Hence, every war ‘Warfare in cyberspace’ NRDC-GR/J2 nowadays could be regarded as a “cyber is too broad a defniton. war”. Dropping a bomb on a tele- communicatons center is not cyber war. Moreover, 2. Cyberspace operatons and cy- cyber war is not synony- berspace infrastructure. 08 articles landscape is a list of threats containing is a fvefold classifcaton based on mo- informaton about threat agents and at- tvatonal factors: cyber actvism, cyber- tack vectors. The threats to society’s vital crime, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism functons can be divided into three ent- and cyber warfare. With such kind of tes which are: physical threats, econom- typology these motves can be reduced ic threats and cyber threats. to their very essence: egoism, anarchy, Physical threats include: natural di- money, destructon and power. This fve- sasters (e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, volca- fold model is derived from Myriam Dunn nic eruptons and foods); environmental Cavelty’s structural model. [14] the Internet, the Alliance is advancing its disasters (e.g. nuclear fallouts, oil spills, According to the ISO 27005 defni- eforts to confront the wide range of cy- toxic chemical discharges); widespread ton, risks emerge from the “potental ber threats targetng NATO’s networks on technical disruptons (especially those in that a given threat will exploit vulnera- a daily basis. The growing sophistcaton ITC systems); conventonal warfare with bilites of an asset or group of assets and of cyber atacks makes the protecton of kinetc weapon systems; terrorist strikes thereby cause harm to the organizaton”. the Alliance’s communicatons and infor- with kinetc weapon systems; civil unrest The risk depends on: the asset covering maton systems (CIS) an urgent task. (violence, sabotage). its business importance, existng vulner- In order to keep abreast with the Economic threats include: deep na- abilites or weaknesses and the level of rapidly changing threat landscape and tonal depression; deep global depres- protecton implemented through con- maintain a robust cyber defence NATO sion; disrupton in natonal or global f- trol; the threat consistng of a threat has adopted a new enhanced policy and nancing markets; sudden global shortage agent who - depending on their capa- its acton plan, which was endorsed by of goods and services. bilites - utlizes an atack vector to com- Allies at the Wales Summit in September promise an asset or a set of assets. The Threats in cyberspace can be classi- 2014. The policy establishes that cyber efectveness of an atack depends on fed in many ways. defence is part of the Alliance’s core task the capability of the threat agent and the The European Network and Informa- of collectve defence, confrms that inter- sophistcaton of the atack; the impact ton Security Agency (ENISA) use a cyber natonal law applies in cyberspace and in- that takes into account the value that the threat model consistng of threats. The tensifes NATO’s cooperaton with indus- asset represents for the business and the threats include diferent forms of atacks try. The top priority is the protecton of consequences when the confdentality, and techniques as well as malware and the communicatons systems owned and integrity, availability or privacy of that physical threats. In the ENISA-model “a operated by the Alliance. [8, 9] asset is compromised though the threat. threat agent is a person or thing that acts (or has the power to act) to cause, carry, 5. Natonal security – Cyber Chal- transmit, or support a threat”. Some of 4. NATO cyber defense policy. lenges. the major threat agents in cyberspace are NATO relies heavily on its informa- The natonal strategy for cyber se- corporatons, cybercriminals, employees, ton and computer systems to conduct curity “Cyber resilient Bulgaria 2020”has hacktvists, naton states, and terrorists operatons and pass sensitve or classi- been accepted with a Ministerial Coun- (ENISA 2012). [14] fed data. Like many banks media or po- cil decision № 583 from 18th July, 2016, Loukas VOULTSIOS litcal insttutons, NATO is experiencing a OF-3One (HE of A)the common threat models (valid to December 2020) and is an ex- J2X/CI Control SO growing intensity and frequency of cyber pression of the collectve engagement NRDC-GR/J2 atacks. Threats range from common, and responsibility of all stakeholders and low-level malware to highly visible deni- the government of the Republic of Bul- al of service atacks or invisible but more garia to ensure a modern framework and serious atempts for cyber espionage. a safe environment for the development Against the background of increas- of the natonal system for cyber security ing dependence on technology and on and the achievement of an open and se- 09 articles cure cyber space. laws, norms, and defnitons provides the opb/str/D-STR-SECU-2015-PDF-E.pdf The vision for achieving “Cyber re- basis for deterrence in this new global, 11. htp://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Stats- silient Bulgaria 2020” outlines the de- warfghtng domain. The Internet is an tcs/Pages/facts/default.aspx. “interconnected global network of 600 velopment stages for the growth of the 12. http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/ million users served by 15 million hosts basic informaton security. The Republic id/1314092. of Bulgaria will be a reliable and resilient connectng nearly 200 countries”. [6] 13. Department of Defense, Defense partner and partcipant in the common Consequently, cyberspace is the world’s Science Board, Task Force Report: Resilient networks, systems and the collectve se- nervous system, the control system of Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber curity of our Euroathlantc partners, with the modern society. Its protecton is an Threat, January 2013. innovatve and advanced technological internatonal existental concern. 14. Mart Lehto, Pekka Neitaanmäki, development meetng the priorites for Department of Mathematcal Informaton the development of the economy and Bibliography and Sources Technology University of Jyväskylä, Finland, society, and possessing the capacity and 1. The Department of Defense Cyber Cyber Security: Analytcs, Technology and Au- capabilites to take part in preventng and Strategy, April 2015. tomaton, 2014. overcoming the developing cyber threats 2. Nathalie Caplan, Cyber War: the and crises. 15. Valeri Rachev, Strategic and Politcal Challenge to Natonal Security, Global Securi- Dimensions of Cyber Security - Lessons from The strategy outlines objectves and ty Studies, University of North Carolina Wilm- Bulgaria, Centre for Security and Defence measures in nine key areas: establish- ington, Winter 2013, Volume 4, Issue 1. Management, www.IT4Sec.org/csdm. ment and development of the natonal 3. Cyberspace Operatons, Air Force system for cyber security and resilience; Doctrine Document 3-12, 15 July 2010. network and informaton security – foundaton for cyber resilience; defense and 4. Kai Denker, Cyber war and Cyber resilience of the digitally dependent crime – Implicatons of a Vague Diference, TU critcal infrastructures; improving the Darmstadt, Apr 8, 2011. interacton and the informaton sharing 5. lieutenant colonel Scot W. Beidle- between state, business and society; de- man, Defning and Deterring Cyber War, velopment and improvement of the regu- U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA latory framework; intensifying the coun- 17013-5050, 2009. teracton to cyber crime; cyber defence 6. Wolfgang Röhrig, Programme Man- and protecton of the natonal security; ager Cyber Defence at EDA and Wg Cdr Rob Ivan N. CHAKAROV increasing the amount of informaton, LTC, PhD, Chief Assistant Professor, Smeaton, Cyber Defence Staf Ofcer at EUMS Communicaton and Informaton knowledge and competencies and de- CIS Directorate Cyber security and cyber de- Systems Department veloping a stmulatng environment for fence in the EU - opportunites, synergies and “Command and Staf” Faculty researches and innovatons in the cyber Rakovski Natonal Defense Academy, challenges, 2015. Sofa, Bulgaria security area; internatonal interacton 7. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cy- – cyber diplomacy and operatve inter- bersecurity/legislaton.html. acton. The executon of objectves and 8. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/na- targets will be developed into a Plan with tohq/topics_78170.htm. a map in accordance with the planned development phases. 9. http://www.nato.int/ nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pd- In conclusion, a cyber atack can f_2013_10/20131022_131022-MediaBack- cause grave damage to the natonal se- grounder_Cyber_Defence_en.pdf. curity and must be treated as an act of war. A robust internatonal regime of 10. htp://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/

10 articles NRDC-GR LOAC SEMINAR 2016 “Operationalizing the Law of Armed Conflicts”

The office of Legal Advisor of a week colleagues from NATO Com- and Maritme law warfare. The objec- NRDC-GR HQ in cooperaton with the mand Structure, from sister HQs and tve was achieved through a series of Multnatonal Peace Support Oper- from newly established NFIUs along academic lectures followed by case atons Training Centre (MPSOTC), with colleagues from the Hellenic studies and mini exercises promotng organized the HQ NRDC-GR LOAC Armed Forces as well as representa- syndicate work and cooperaton. Seminar 2016 under the ttle “Oper- tves from natonal law enforcement Academics from three universites atonalizing the Law of Armed Con- agencies. partcipated in the Seminar, sharing ficts. The tactcal perspectve”, from Our aim and the Seminar’s main academic knowledge and expertse, 22nd to 25th November 2016, in the learning objectve was to provide par- alongside with esteemed colleagues, premises of HQ NRDC-GR. tcipants with a broad knowledge of a legal advisors in diferent HQs across It is for the third consecutve number of critcal legal issues through NATO. I would like to take this oppor- year that the ofce of Legal Advisor the practcal implementaton of Law tunity to wholeheartedly express my of NRDC-GR runs such a type of an of Armed Confict in the felds of Tar- appreciaton and grattude to SHAPE’s event, and alongside my team, I can- getng, use of force in military Ops, Legal Ofce, to USEUCOM as well as not stress how proud I am to host for Rules of Engagement, Cyber-Atacks, to JFCBS and UK Land Warfare Center

11 articles for their close support both in terms of speakers provided and for commu- nicatng this efort throughout the NATO Structure. This is exactly the type of cooperaton needed in order for us to be able come closer for the purpose of promotng legal cooperaton and dia- logue between legal ofces towards a common understanding of our business with NATO and as advisers to our commanders. To that endeavour, the Seminar served as a forum for ex- changing experience and as a hub for legal knowledge development and sharing. Framing the environment in which the Seminar took place, I should refer At the same tme, military legal ad- present and future needs, has estab- both to asymmetric and conventonal visers are being asked to advise their lished a long-standing traditon of or- threats, altogether forming part of a commanders in increasingly complex ganizing annual Seminars and other picture of ongoing or ready-to-break- legal issues, task which presupposes events in order to promote mutual out conficts. The alarming increase a strong commitment to being con- understanding between NATO legal of ofensive cyber actvites, violent stantly ware of legal developments in advisers and the academic communi- extremism and domestc terrorism the internatonal law domain. ty. Unequivocally, it is my Ofce’s and, are threats that challenge our per- Responding to these needs the of course, my own goal to uphold this cepton about internatonal law, its Ofce of Legal Advisor of HQ NRDC- traditon and we thus remain com- applicability and, most importantly, GR, commited in a rules-based inter- mited to organizing events of equal its efectveness. natonal cooperaton and recognizing quality and calibre.

Vasileios KARATZIAS OF-3 (HE A) Senior Legal Advisor NRDC-GR/LEGAD

12 articles Legal Advisors in a Demanding and Changing Operational Environments

The NRDC-GR Law of Armed Confict Seminar brings forward questons relatng to Internatonal Humanitarian Law (IHL) and its challenges during contemporary Armed Conficts, as well ‘new/old’ way of warfare. The seminar generates a joint refecton on those challenges and serves to outline ongoing or prospectve NATO legal advisors’ actons and legal positons. Especially this takes place within at-the-minute-changing operatonal environments. In those, jus ad bellum and jus in bello contnue to play a Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe major role with respect to basic elements relatng to humanitarian actons, human partcularly by ofering legal transparency be subject to court review and the scrutny rights respect and command responsibil- to important external observers. of the public opinion. However, while this ity. These elements imperatvely require a may be seen as a weakness, it becomes the proper coordinaton, interacton and ‘pro- On the other hand, the use of law as a strength of law-abiding actors in the long fessional complicity” among the diferent weapon (lawfare) is not a new modality of run. This is possible by developing com- levels of legal advice provided in NATO and non-kinetc war, but it is today more efect- prehensive legal approach procedures and its consttuents. ive in a world more and more sensitve to by lengthening legal interoperability to all rule-of-law manners. Lawfare can be used its contours and fronters to bring in strong NATO’s actvites are more-than-ever positvely or negatvely. The later has ex- afrmatve lawfare ready to blaze unchar- under a heavy scrutny, which obliges the treme limitatons in terms of tme, space tered territories of ill-trained media, to Organizaton to be extremely scrupulous and applicable procedures, but stll is ef- safeguarding inquiry processes, to be ready when dealing with situatons inherently ac- fectve. For that reason, the legal advisor to provide necessary liaison with courts. companied by high legal risks, mainly relat- from law-abiding actors need to know the Legal advisors at all levels are well advised if ed to responsibility of the Organizaton and applicability of the law will be challenged the train and sharp their legal skills for law- its states and also its ofcials (Command with situatons where they or their decision fare by extensively training for and partci- Responsibility). NATO endeavors for higher makers will face very short-lead tmes for patng in pre-planning. Lawfare is just at the standards. NATO Legal Advisors are not ex- taking crucial politcal decisions and agree- very beginning of its journey to take one of pected to create preventvely legal architec- ing to military plans based on incomplete the central roles in hybrid warfare. Far for tures to disguise wrongdoings. Rather, Legal intelligence and open-source informa- being a ‘killing virus’ for law-abiding organ- Advisors, at all levels of command, have an ton, as well as within an incommensurate izatons and states, it ofers a broad spec- afrmatve obligaton to partcipate in all broadness of the batlespace – tangible and trum for more collaboratve actons at all discussions and phases of a mission, and, as virtual. Lawfare will be then one of the key levels of applicable instruments of power. good brokers, encourage decision-makers, instruments of power and also an element to defeat the adversary’s system in hybrid Civilian Representatves and Commanders By Mr. Andres B. Munoz Mosquera Director threat/war environments. to take wise decisions during all stages of of the Ofce of the ACO Legal Advisor an actvity, mission or operaton. The Legal NATO/Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Advisor’s awareness of all NATO-related Finally, legal advisors at all levels of Europe issues at internatonal and natonal levels command in NATO and states will always be will positvely contribute to the operaton, subject to comply with the rule of law, in order to follow democratc procedures and 13 articles

Readiness Action Plan- A legal overview

In September 2014, NATO Member States, at the NATO Wales Summit, approved the Readiness Acton Plan (RAP). Within the North Atlantc Council (NAC), it was decided to develop a plan which included measures to respond to the current security environment changes within the boundaries of Europe refected in Hybrid Warfare acts. The two pillars of this plan are based on Assurance Measures and Adaptaton Meas- ures. The former concept has been por- trayed by increasing NATOs military actv- VJTF success are the HNS Arrangements units valid for current and future NAC ap- ites focused on assurance and deterrence which help to establish a balance between proved NFIUs in any NATO member State´s while the later is based on developing Host Naton´s (HN) internatonal commit- territory. long-term changes on the military postures ment and their natonal laws, while also For the RAP implementaton it is also and capabilites that NATO can ofer. permitng visitng forces to operate in HN necessary to conclude Note of Accession To assist in the achievement of these territory. (NoA) to the existng Standing HNS MOU of two pillars, the RAP legal and logistcs archi- These types of arrangements are con- the natons hostng NFIUs, as well as with tecture that is being developed to counter cluded by Supreme Headquarters Allied those natons that may potentally receive these threats has to respect natonal legis- Powers Europe (SHAPE) and Allied Com- the VJTF. laton and be in line with democratc princi- mand Transformaton (ACT) and are based Since these HNS MOUs are already in ples and internatonal law. on Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) place, another task RAIO works on is to On the one hand, the frst step requires negotated at the strategic level, Technical develop Standing TAs for the VJTF in order providing agreements that refect the ne- Arrangements (TA) dealt with at operaton- to enable these forces efectvely. This re- cessary status and support to the visitng al level and Joint Implementaton Arrange- quires demanding eforts since these TAs forces. This is provided within NATO by ments (JIA) concluded bilaterally between are linked to each HN capabilites. concluding bilateral Supplementary Agree- natons at operatonal or tactcal level. The fnal strand of work that RAIO fo- ments to the multlateral 1952 Paris Proto- Both these bilateral and multlateral cuses on is enabling an efectve and agile col combined with a wide range of Host Na- agreements and arrangements permit border crossing within NATO territory to ton Support (HNS) agreements envisaged NATO Member States to achieve their pol- permit NATO forces to transit in peacetme in NATO´s Host Naton Support policy. itcal obligatons while respectng their na- as well as facilitatng the freedom of move- On the other hand, and in order to sup- tonal legislaton. ment across Europe in accordance with the port RAP´s fagship, the Very High Readi- In order to fulfll the required legal and short notce to move tmelines imposed by ness Joint Task Force (VJTF), the NATO Force logistcs architecture, SHAPE has estab- the RAP. Integraton Units (NFIUs) are being established the RAP Arrangement Implementa- To conclude, the RAP is an adequate lished in the eastern part of the Alliance to ton Ofce (RAIO) composed of legal and and proactve response to efectvely face support the VJTF deployment. These units logistcs subject mater experts to create any hybrid threat. In order for this response have been actvated by the NAC as NATO structures and procedures in order to pro- to materialize by supportng assurance Military Bodies that enjoy Internatonal duce robust deliverables, which will ensure and adaptaton, a complex legal and logis- Military Headquarters status. consolidated assurance and adaptaton tcs architecture must be in place, which is The NFIUs primary functon is to co- measures. RAIOs raison d’être. ordinate the rapid deployment of Allied To deliver full-fedged NFIUs with prop- Forces to the region, support collectve de- er status support, command-and-control, fense planning and assist in the coordina- resources and access to HN advanced plan- By Mr. Ignacio Fonseca (Ignacio. ton of multnatonal training and exercises. ning systems, RAIO has negotated with tar- [email protected] ), Assistant One of the key elements for NFIU and geted natons a multlateral MOU for these Legal Advisor, SHAPE RAIO LEGAD OFFICE 14 articles The Growing Nuclear Club Challenging NATO Planners was a counter force threat, the warning that nuclear weapons would be used against the “strengths” of state power: military forces, leadership, targets rel- evant to military command and control, and so forth. In general, deterrence relied on a mix of counter value and counter force threats to deter the Soviet Union. There are stll many contnuing contro- versies concerning the reliability of deterrence during the cold war. To claim that deterrence theory has worked well because there was no US–Soviet military confict, much less a nuclear war, is to assume a causal relatonship that may or North Korea’s ffh atomic test on 9 Sep- states, but the arsenals of all of these may not exist. Certainly, it was atempted tember 2016, the second in nine months, countries combined were very small to deter Soviet military aggression, but brought the U.N.’s most powerful body compared with those of either of the two whether deterrence actually prevented into emergency session, and was ad- superpowers. During the cold war, both war between the two superpowers is dressed by South Korea’s president as an superpowers built large and diverse nu- unknown and, ultmately, unknowable. act of “fanatc recklessness” and a sign clear arsenals, which included a mix of History, unlike a laboratory experiment, that Kim Jong Un “is spiralling out of con- many diferent types of weapons and cannot be repeated, and there is not trol”. delivery vehicles. At that tme, Policy- “control cold war” to compare to the real This latest nuclear test, which defed makers and Planners struggled with cold war. both tough internatonal sanctons many difcult issues related to the use Deterrence concepts developed during and long-standing diplomatc pressure, of these weapons, but in NATO countries the cold war contnue to be useful when demonstrated once more that Nuclear special atenton was paid to deter the discussing today’s challenges, but it is Weapons have played an important stra- Soviet Union from launching an invasion perhaps too naïve to assume that twenty- tegic role in the internatonal system that of western and central European NATO frst century actors and partcularly, but has changed over the two Nuclear Ages, countries. Thus, one might say that the not only, a “rogue” state such as North and is expected to further develop, as main “theme” of Western nuclear debate Korea will act in a manner consistent with the tme will mature towards the Third during the cold war was the use of nucle- the assumptons of cold war deterrence Nuclear Age. ar weapons to prevent superpower war, theory. The assumptons regarding be- Proceeding in chronological order, the either nuclear or conventonal. At that haviour that underpin the body of deter- First Nuclear Age lasted approximately tme, it was generally believed that Soviet rence theory are not universally applic- from 1945 to the fall of the Soviet Union leaders would not atack NATO countries able, as every politcal culture is unique in 1991 and was dominated by the Soviet if they were convinced that the United (indeed, every leader is unique), and it and American superpowers. Three other States would retaliate by using nuclear should not be expected that states will countries also became declared nucle- weapons against the Soviet Union. This always act in a manner consistent with ar powers during the First Nuclear Age was known as a counter value threat, deterrence theory. Far too ofen, observ- (Great Britain, France, and China), while something that Soviet leaders valued and ers simply assume that leaders will not at least three others (South Africa, Israel, held them hostage of their good behav- undertake partcular actons because it and India) became undeclared nuclear iour. Another sort of deterrence threat would not be in their best interest to do 15 articles so with “best interest” being defned by nuclear weapons decision-making in cer- listc Missile Defences (BMD) that was a the observer. Thus, it is widely assumed tain countries. Moreover, it is impossible mater of heated debate, as opponents that North Korea, for example, will never to know how a country, which does not warned that such defences would de- provide nuclear devices to terrorists or yet have nuclear weapons, will act once stabilize the nuclear balance between the pre-emptvely atack South Korea with it possesses a nuclear arsenal. Nuclear superpowers and, therefore, encourage such weapons. In these extreme exam- Doctrine guides countries in their use of both countries to build more warheads ples, these assumptons are likely to be military power, and in the case of nuclear so as to overwhelm the other side’s BMD. correct, as in Pyongyang it is well known weapons it helps lay out a “road map” as Regardless of whether the claims of BMD that such actons would be extraordinar- to the circumstances in which these de- foes were accurate, the end of the First ily risky. However, even a very high prob- vices might be used. While the cold war Nuclear Age has very much altered the ability that an event will not occur is not superpowers proved to be very reluc- internatonal security environment. It the same as a certainty that it will not tant to use nuclear weapons in combat, was not unreasonable to believe that a occur. Prudent leaders must factor in the there is no guarantee that all states will superpower that already possessed thou- risk of an unlikely event when making de- be similarly reluctant to do so. Indeed, sands of nuclear weapons might build cisions; the mere fact that the use of nu- governments which possess relatvely many thousands more. However, many clear weapons in a given situaton may be weak conventonal forces may see nu- of the small states constructng nuclear imprudent, or even outright foolish, is no clear weapons as ofering an inexpensive arsenals would be fnancially and technic- guarantee that such weapons will remain trump card that they may use against bet- ally incapable of building great numbers unused. This is not good news for the re- ter armed enemies. Over tme, Planners of missiles and warheads. In such a case, liability of deterrence, and it is especially will have a clearer noton on how various the fact that other states deploy BMD is troubling when one considers that North nuclear states will use their arsenals in unlikely to drive vertcal nuclear prolifer- Korea is not the only unpredictable coun- negotatons and conficts. In any case, it aton, which is intended as the increasing try that now own nuclear weapons. is clear that deterrence must be carefully number of nuclear weapons possessed While it is ofen assumed, based on the tailored to the cultural, politcal, military, by one country. experience of the cold war, that nuclear and other characteristcs of the state that In 1971, the United States and Soviet weapons make countries more cautous one is endeavouring to deter. Union agreed to the Ant-Ballistc Mis- and therefore less likely to go to war, there Another critcal factor that infuenced sile (ABM) Treaty. This agreement barred are reasons to doubt that this will be true the strategic utlity of Nuclear Weapons both countries from constructng com- in all cases. It is known very litle about is represented by the deployment of Bal- prehensive natonal missile, and allowing each power to maintain a very strictly limited BMD capability. The Treaty was representatve of a specifc vision of deterrence based on Mutual Assured De- structon (MAD), in which it was assumed that both superpowers would not use nuclear weapons if they believed that, no mater how successful a frst strike might be, it would be impossible to eliminate the ability of the other power to execute a devastatng retaliatory strike. MAD, in short, envisioned deterrence stability as requiring that any nuclear war be uterly devastatng to both sides. At present, however, only the United States and Russia have nuclear arsenals sufcient to allow them to practce MAD reliably. www.metro.co.uk Therefore, looking beyond MAD, it is now 16 articles asked how MAD can best address the po- military force. An important example of nuclear umbrella of other countries. tental threats ofered by smaller nuclear these treates is represented by the Nu- A major vulnerability of the NPT, and simi- powers, or as well as would-be new nuclear Non-Proliferaton Treaty (NPT) that lar universal disarmament agreements, is clear powers that have to take account of was opened for signature in 1968 and that compliance is essentally on a volun- the possibility that the arsenal they build went into force in 1970. NPT is an inter- tary basis, and has very weak provisions may be defeated by a missile defence. natonal agreement that recognizes only in regard to inspecton of suspect sites As a wide variety of countries, including fve states (China, Great Britain, France, and no mechanism for seriously pun- both nuclear and non-nuclear powers, the Soviet Union/Russia, and the United ishing bad actors. The reason for this is have indicated interest in deployment of States) as legitmate nuclear powers. that in order to maximize the number of BMD, it is likely that the number of such All other states that signed the Treaty signatories, such treates basically accept defences will increase, complicatng the agreed to refrain from obtaining nucle- the “lowest common denominator”, as targetng strategy of all nuclear powers, ar weapons. India, Israel, Pakistan never the provisions must be acceptable to as partcularly the ones with modest arsen- signed the NPT, while North Korea was many states, including the would-be bad als. Taking into consideraton that most formerly a signatory but withdrew from actors, which otherwise would refuse to of today’s nuclear powers possess rather the Treaty in 2003. accede to the agreement. This is not to small arsenals, BMD can complicate nu- The overall success of the NPT is debat- say that there weren’t non-proliferaton clear war planning exponentally. When a able, because even though the number victories, as it happened that some states state with a small nuclear arsenal consid- of nuclear powers has not exploded in seeking for nuclear weapons were dis- ers atacking a foe with BMD, the atack- the years since the agreement frst came suaded from acquiring them, though it is er cannot be certain how many, if any, of into efect, it should be noted that the worth notng the North Korea case, since its warheads will break through the de- great majority of countries signing the this country has fnancially profted for fence and strike their targets. Therefore, NPT surely would not, in any case, have ending its nuclear weapons programme, it is likely that the proliferaton of BMD obtained nuclear weapons, as most taking the pay-of and then building nu- in this century will provide many states states are too small and/or too poor to clear weapons nonetheless. a “shield” that they can use to defend aford nuclear arsenals, and many of However, NPT weaknesses should be against the nuclear “sword” wielded by those which could aford to maintain a taken into consideraton along with the their enemies. Moreover, many states nuclear force are inhibited by domestc fact that knowledge about any technol- no doubt will seek to have both a nu- pressures from obtaining one or simply ogy can be expected to be dispersed clear sword and a BMD shield. This has feel that they do not need such weapons over tme and nuclear weapons are an resulted in a complicated environment to ensure their security, believing that old inventon, on which regard the Khan with many potental nuclear deterrence their countries are well-protected by the network provides an example of how relatonships. Assuming that non-proliferaton and counter proliferaton eforts have denied nuclear arsenals to rogue, or potentally rogue states, this could have represented the simple answer to the unfolding uncer- taintes of horizontal proliferaton, which is the increasing number of states possessing nuclear weapons. A distncton between non-proliferaton and counter proliferaton recognises the frst term as the internatonal legal arrangements to ban these devises, while counter proliferaton is used to refer to the enforcement of the internatonal agreements that can involve a variety of measures, including 17 articles difcult it may be to prevent nuclear appears to be litle likelihood that nu- the northern hemisphere. Now, it is far proliferaton in the Second Nuclear Age. clear weapons will cease to be an inter- more likely that the next nuclear war will Khan is regarded as the “father” of the natonal politcal tool, either being elim- involve, at most, a few dozen warheads Pakistani nuclear weapons programme. inated altogether or placed in the hands rather than the tens of thousands that Yet over the course of tme it became in- of an internatonal authority such as the might have been used in a US–Soviet creasingly clear that he was at the cen- Internatonal Atomic Energy Agency. Ac- apocalypse. It may be cold comfort when tre of an internatonal network trading in tually, there has been no compelling evi- one contemplates the horrors that even a nuclear technology. The degree to which dence that progress has been made to- “small” nuclear war would entail, but the Khan acted with ofcial approval remains wards universal nuclear disarmament in reality that there appears to be litle dan- disputed, but it is clear that his operaton recent years. The absolute number of nu- ger of the modern world being wiped out was a very extensive one and provided clear weapons in the world is decreasing in an afernoon is important nonetheless. proliferaton-related informaton to a as the United States and Russia contnue Great concerns of this Second Nuclear number of states. Notably, the Khan ap- to adapt to post-cold war conditons by Age are due to a lack of security con- paratus appears to have provided import- decreasing the overall size of their ar- cerning how many nuclear-armed states ant assistance to the Iranian and North senals, but this is quite diferent from there will be in coming years and how Korean nuclear programmes, but beyond complete disarmament. Neither of these those states will use their arsenals for this, it demonstrated the increasing dif- countries, nor any other declared nucle- politcal gain. Perhaps, even more worry- culty of controlling the spread of nuclear states, have surrendered their nuclear ingly, it is possible that one or more ter- ar knowledge and materials, especially arsenals or indicated a willingness to do rorist groups or other violent non-state when informal criminal networks make it so at any tme in the foreseeable future, actors will obtain nuclear weapons. And difcult to prove that a state intended to though they have all agreed publicly that if there are many good reasons to cele- help others to proliferate. universal disarmament is a laudable goal. brate the end of the First Nuclear Age and Indeed, there are several other reasons Moreover, horizontal proliferaton is stll, the consequent greatly diminished prob- to believe that the spread of nuclear of course, contnuing. Given this reality, ability of a massive nuclear exchange, it weapons is unlikely to be reversed over- it is clear that nuclear weapons will con- is regretably all too possible that, soon- all, and it should be expected that the tnue to have an internatonal politcal er or later, nuclear weapons will be used number of nuclear-armed countries will role. While it is not possible to predict somewhere in the world, marking the contnue to grow. The military utlity and precisely how many states will come to beginning of a Third Nuclear Age and consequent usefulness of these devices possess these devices over the next few that epoch might well be an era of both for deterrence and coercion, as well as decades, it is very likely indeed that the uncontrolled horizontal proliferaton and the prestge associated with possessing a number of nuclear-armed states will in- repeated use of nuclear weapons. nuclear arsenal, are the most important. crease, perhaps dramatcally. As more Nuclear weapons are partcularly valu- states acquire nuclear weapons, and the able to states that, in conventonal terms, nuclear club becomes more diverse ideo- are militarily weak relatve to their foes. logically and culturally, Planners will learn Nuclear possession is also associated more about how deterrence works under with high status in the internatonal com- a variety of conditons involving diferent munity, since most very powerful states actors. Perhaps, Planners will fnd that have nuclear arsenals. Although owning there actually is a strong nuclear taboo nuclear weapons alone does not make a which prevents leaders worldwide from country a great power, there certainly is “pushing the buton”. It is, however, all Vitorio LIPARI a unique status associated with nuclear too plausible that there would be the OF-4 (ITA A) possession, and this surely is one of the breaking of the long nuclear truce. Coordinator NRDC-GR/J5 reasons why some of the lesser powers In many respects, humanity as a whole is went to such extraordinary and expen- far safer than it was during the cold war, sive eforts to circumvent internatonal as a nuclear war could well have meant non-proliferaton regimes. Therefore, it the end of modern civilizaton, at least in 18 seminars - conferences 5th GRF(L) HQ’s Chiefs of Staff Conference Hosted By NRDC-GR

From June 27th to 29th 2016, ΝΑΤΟ Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece (NRDC-GR), hosted the 5th GRF (L) HQ’s Chief of Staf (COS) Conference which was chaired by LANDCOM. Οn behalf of the Commander of NRDC-GR the Deputy Commander welcomed the distnguished visitors in the HQ’s premises. The over- arching theme of the conference was LANDCOM’s role, as the bridge between the ΝΑΤΟ Command Structure (NCS) and command and control capabilites. The ΝΑΤΟ Force Structure (NFC) for Gradu- NFS is composed of allied natonal and ated Readiness Forces Land ,GRF(L)s. multnatonal forces and HQs placed at The focus was to come together and the Alliance’s disposal on a permanent provide perspectve, useful solutons or temporary basis under specifc readi- and constructve feedback on progress ness criteria. These provide a ροοl of and future initatves, fnding solutons, forces in order to allow for a high degree forming a common shared visualizaton. of fexibility to meet the requirements of The goal of the event was to provide conductng and sustaining operatons. ΝΑΤΟ Command Structure, NCS insights and facilitate discussions, as well as to outline the numerous milestones and challenges LANDCOM and GRFL’s face in order to engage in a review of thoughts and ideas at every level to identfy the best ways to face them. The conference was conducted in a very fruitul and constructve atmosphere thus being a unique opportunity for strengthening relatonships and understanding across the Alliance, providing all atendees with a considerable sum of additonal ideal platorm for developing practcal solutons. In the end of the conference LANDCOM Chief of Staf, expressed his appreciaton for the support provided by NRDC-GR for the successful executon of this event. GRFs (L) provide the Alliance with rapidly deployable, mobile, sustainable and fexible multnatonal forces and their 1919 seminars - conferences “Financial Controllers’ Conference 2016”

NRDC-GR hosted the NATO Force Structure (NFS) Graduated Readiness Forces (GRF) Headquarters (HQs) Finan- cial Controllers’ Conference 2016, from 14th to 16th September 2016, in the premises of the Headquarters, located in Thessaloniki, Greece. Apart from the NFS HQs’ FINCONS, representatves from NATO Command Structure (NCS), (SHAPE and JFCNP/KFOR) fnancial community atended the conference. The FINCONS’ Conference 2016 was initally addressed (opening remarks) by the Deputy Commander of NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, NRDC –GR, Major General (BGR A) Dimitar Krumov ILIEV, who underlined that such conferences contribute to the adopton of best common practces of the fnancial management for NFS GRF(L) HQs and serve the Alliance towards a more balanced combinaton of practcal necessites and fnancial resources The purpose of the FINCONS’ Confer- ence, held on an annual basis, is to provide the opportunity to the Financial Ad- visors of the NFS GRF (L) HQs to discuss the outcomes of the preparatory actons and initatves taken during the Budget, Fiscal and P&C Ofcers (BOFOPO) Con- ference and end up with their fnal proposals/recommendatons to the immi- nent Senior Resource Commitee (SRC) Meetng for decision making. Moreover, the Conference serves as a forum for sharing experience, knowledge and innovatve ideas upon maters concerning the NFS HQs fnancial community as a whole. The chairman, NRDC-GR/Financial Controller Col (HE A) Georgios RATSIKAS, 20 seminars - conferences mentoned that both our responsibility and accountability for the resources en- trusted by the partcipatng Natons and our constant efort to achieve the maxi- mum balance of funding and efciency, are deemed principles and values of high importance for the fnancial community, in order to optmize management of f- nancial resources. Chief of Staf ( COS) of NRDC – GR Maj Gen Dimitrios BONORAS proceeded with the closing remarks of the Conference, highlightng the great interest and contributon of all partcipants in analyzing the various aspects of the topics presented, whilst focusing on the future prospects for the fnancial community of the NFS HQs which were introduced with the aim to set the foundaton for the way ahead. NRDC-GR/J8, with its initatves, proposals and arguments, proved that is amongst the key players of the community willing to contribute to the common upgrade of the NFS HQs fnancial procedures and functons, paving the path for the future. In conclusion, FINCONS’ proposals/ recommendatons were successfully f- nalized for the upcoming Senior Resource Commitee (SRC) Meetng, whereby the SRC Natonal Representatves will make the fnal decisions.

2121 seminars - conferences 5th LANDCOM J6 Conference and CIS Interoperability Seminar Hosted by NRDC-GR HQ

N ATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece hosted the 5th LANDCOM J6 Conference and Interoperability Seminar, from 27th to 30th September 2016, in the premises of the Headquarters. Apart from the NATO Force Structure (NFS) and NATO Command Structure (NCS) HQs’ CIS community, representatves from NATO Communicaton Informaton Agency (NCIA), SHAPE, Allied Command Trans- formaton (ACT), EUROCORPS CIS community and other NATO enttes atended the conference. The 5th LANDCOM J6 Conference and Interoperability Seminar, was initally addressed (opening remarks) by the Deputy Chief Of Staf - Support (DCOS SPT), of NRDC–GR, Brigadier General Paschalis DALLAS, who underlined that such conferences which is held twice a year, and for the frst tme outside LANDCOM-Izmir, are playing a key role in the network community. Co-chaired was by LAND- COM ACOS J6, Colonel Michael Martel and NRDC-GR ACOS J6 Colonel Dimitrios maintained. help for their current and future CIS Kesopoulos. The conference conducted in a very planning. The visit concluded with a com- The conference pointed out that it’s fruitul environment with a lot of discus- memoratve photo in the Landmark of important for Graduated Response Forc- sions in the resoluton of the new and NRDC - GR HQ. es Land (GRF(L)) CIS community not only well known CIS challenges and allowed to stay vigilant, to keep abreast with the atendees to exchange views which will CIS developments in NATO and NATO Communicaton Informaton Agency (NCIA), but also to adopt these changes. Federated Mission Network (FMN), is stated as one of the major challenges as it is the way to establish mission networks. Furthermore, CIS is vital for an ef- fectve Command and Control, therefore interoperability has to be achieved and 22 seminars - conferences Evaluation Planning and Management Board (EPMB I/16)

NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece hosted the Evaluaton Planning and Management Board I/16 (EPMB I/16), from 6th to 7th of October 2016, in the premises of the HQ. Deputy Chief of Staf Plans (DCOS PLANS), Brigadier General Vitorio Antonio STELLA (ITA) of NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, welcomed SHAPE delegaton. The meetng was chaired by Su- preme Headquarters Allied Powers Eu- rope (SHAPE) J7 Branch and was atended by all NATO Force Structure (NFS) and NATO Command Structure (NCS) HQs’. During the two days discussions SHAPE J7 and the rest of the HQs worked on fnalizing the Evaluaton designs for the year 2017 and drafed those for the year 2018, including NRDC – GR evaluaton consideratons for Exercise Trident Jaguar 2018 (TRJR18). Moreover SHAPE J7 Branch updated the partcipants on the latest developments in the exercises and evaluaton - certfcatons domains and productve discussions followed. The meetng conducted in a very fruitul environment with a lot of discussions allowing atendees to exchange views which will help for their current and future planning. The visit concluded with a commemoratve photo in the Landmark of NRDC - GR HQ. EPMB I/16 presented a great opportunity for all partcipants to expand their knowledge base and get the experience of the experts on the issue. Through such events NRDC-GR HQ contnues its evoluton process towards the transiton to Join Task Force (JTF) capability, paving a future full of ambiton for further developments and achievements. 2323 seminars - conferences

NRDC-GR Plenary Conference 2016

On Oct 12th 2016, NATO Rapid Deployed Corps – Greece (NRDC – GR), hosted the 12thPlenary Conference at the Headquarters’ premises. Natonal Representatves from the partcipatng Natons and additonal countries atended the conference, while Greece, as a Host Naton, represented by the Hellenic Natonal Defence General Staf (HNDGS) and the Hellenic Army General Staf (HAGS). Commander of NRDC-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS (COM/NRDC - GR) welcomed all the partcipants, highlightng that “changing our mindset from Heavy Land HQ to Joint HQ (JHQ), will lead us to the future and that is a challenge for the Natons in order to bid positons and partcipate in a new multnatonal Joint environment”. Partcipatng Natons representatves confrmed their commitment to support NRDC-GR in all the necessary changes on the way to the transiton of the Head- quarters to Joint HQ, while having a con- sensus in all discussed subjects. In contnuaton, the outcome of the conference was to approve the proposals for the structure format of the HQ and to invite new Natons and additonal members to partcipate in NRDC –GR family. At the end, Lieutenant General Alkivi- adis STEFANIS, pinpointed that “We have to cope with the new challenges that came up, as well as the changes needed for the next steps of the HQ, in order to deal with the evolving NATO transformaton and thanked all Natonal Representatves for the support provided to NRDC-GR”.

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NRDC-GR AOCC Seminar “IKAROS”

From 18th to 20th of October 2016, Seminar IKAROS was organized by NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece/ Air Operatons Coordinaton Centre (NRDC-GR/AOCC), in the HQ’s premises. HQ Branches and External partcipants from DACCC/POGGIO RENATICO and RRC-FR HQ, supported the project, which is held on a biannual basis. The seminar was to familiarize the staf of the HQ NRDC –GR, on maters related to the air force issues, focusing on the transformaton process of NRDC – GR to assume the role of NATO Force Struc- ture Joint HQ. A forum of productve discussion on air maters that efect other branches peace tme and /or exercise/crisis business and sharing experience among atendees was established. Inter alia, DACCC presented ASOC perceived organizaton / functons and way ahead, while AOCC’s diferences were highlighted. It was a highly productve seminar where critcal operatonal relatonships and procedures were clarifed and themes for further expertse exploitaton indentfed. The presence of external colleagues from numerous domains brought to the partcipants a considerable sum of experience, being a precious milestone in the NRDC-GR road map for upgrading its capabilites, as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transformaton to Joint Task Force HQ.

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NRDC-GR J3 Air Seminar “PEGASOS 2016”

On November 7th, “PEGASOS” Seminar was organized by NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece/ J3 Air Branch (NRDC-GR/J3 AIR), in the HQ’s premises. HQ Branches and External partcipants from ΝΑΤΟ Command and Force Struc- ture Headquarters, such as ΝΑΤΟ HQ Al- lied Land Command, NRDC - ESP, RRC-FR and NRDC-ITA partcipated, adding value to the enttled seminar ‘Έxplοitng the 3rd dimension during Joint Operatons”, which is held on a annual basis. The aim of the seminar was to cement the procedures related to airspace control in a high intensity confict environment, moreover to enhance cooperaton and to establish close links among airspace users, along with multnatonal cooperaton and understanding of facts and fgures concerning Airspace Manage- ment parameters ίn a Joint Operatonal Environment. At the end, an overview and an open discussion followed, setng the opportunity for all partcipants to exchange opinions with their counterparts about crucial issues related to the management of the airspace from various perspectves. Addi- tonally, close links among airspace users beneft the partcipaton and enhancing the already close cooperaton established in the previous years. The seminar was conducted in a very fruitul and constructve atmosphere thus being a unique opportunity, by the presence of colleagues belonging to numerous domains, to exchange opinions, knowledge and professional development, providing all atendees with a considerable sum of additonal experience. 26 seminars - conferences NRDC-GR Hosted the 2nd Bi Annual International AOCC Conference 2016

From 9th to 10th of November 2016, NATO Rapid Deployed Corps – Greece (NRDC – GR), hosted the 2nd bi - annual Internatonal Air Operaton Co- ordinaton Center (AOCC) Conference, under auspices of HQ AIRCOM/Air Laison Ofce, at the Headquarters’ premises. Commander of NRDC-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS (COM/NRDC - GR) welcomed all the external partcipants from AOCC’s, LCC Izmir, French JFAC and Air Command of Ramstein. Partcipatng Natons representatves confrmed their commitment to support NRDC-GR in all the necessary changes on the way to the transiton of the Head- quarters to Joint HQ, while having a con- sensus in all discussed subjects. The aim of the Conference was the improvement of Air Land Integraton through closer coordinaton, cooperaton and standardizaton. During the two days presence in the region of Thessaloniki, the partcipants had the chance to pay a visit to the archeological site of Vergina discovering the Great Tumulus, where the chamber tombs of the Macedonian Royal family were concealed for 23 cen- turies.

The 2nd bi - annual Internatonal AOCC Confer- ence was part of NRDC-GR HQ training program conducted in a very friendly and constructve atmosphere providing all atendees with a considerable sum of experience, forwarding the positve attude of all partcipants to the beneft of achieving the multple training objectves.

2727 seminars - conferences NRDC-GR Spokespersons and Key Leaders Media Engagement Training

On 14th of November 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece (NRDC – GR), hosted the Public Afairs Seminar 2016 at the Headquarters’ premises. The subject of the Seminar was “Key Leaders and Spokespersons Media Engagement Training”. Deputy Commander of NRDC-GRC, Major General Dimitar ILIEV (DCOM/ NRDC - GRC) welcomed all the partcipants highlighted this kind of initatves in the frame of the current ever changing global informaton environment and the comprehensive approach. The aim of the seminar was to improve the skills of key leaders and spokespersons personnel, providing the appropriate background in order to enable efectve communicatons during media engagements and a high level relatonship with media representatves during operatons or exercises. Subject Mater Experts from the Hel- lenic Natonal Defense General Staf (HNDGS), Multnatonal Peace Support Operatons Training Centre (MPSOTC) in Kilkis Greece, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and NRDC-GR Public Afairs Ofce were among the speakers. Signifcant part of the seminar included notonal scenarios play, where jour- nalists from the local and natonal media interacted with the military staf in specifc incidents created to simulate diferent types of media engagements within an hypothetcal Joint Operatonal Area. An efectve initatve during the seminar took part which included video tel- econference with the Defence Informa- 28 seminars - conferences

the Supreme War College, post-graduate students from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and representatves from all NRDC-GR HQ branches. The Public Afairs Seminar 2016 that conducted in a very friendly and constructve atmosphere was part of NRDC- GR HQ training program in the frame of its preparaton for the upcoming Natonal and NATO evaluaton in 2017 & 2018 respectvely, and its future role as NATO JTF HQ.

ton School (DINFOS) of United States Department of Defense (US DoD), were several members of this high value training entty in US delivered lectures related to the subject of the seminar. Sharing experiences was the main objectve of this initatve afer which both sides agreed to strengthen such kind of interacton in the future. The high level of presence in the training audience included: members of the Command Group & Military Staf from C’ Corps HQ, NRDC-GR HQ Afliated Units, Ofcers from Air Force units located in the vicinity of Thessaloniki, Ofcers from

2929 seminars - conferences NRDC-GR Commander Attended LC3 Conference in Strasburg

commander of NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps - Greece (NRDC-GR) Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS atended the second LANDCOM Corps Commanders’ Conference (LC3) in 2016, held in Strasburg, France, from 14 to 17 November 2016. Chairman LC3 was LANDCOM Com- mander LTG Darryl A. WILLIAMS. Supreme Allied Commander Europe – SACEUR General Curts M. SCAPARROTTI and the ten Graduated Readiness Forces (Land) Commanders were among the partcipants.

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Civil & Military Meeting in NRDC-GR HQ

On 23rd of November 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece (NRDC- GRC) hosted the annual Civil and Mili- tary Cooperaton (CIMIC) Meetng in the Headquarters premises. The subject of the meetng was “Civil – Military Interac- ton (CMI) with Civilian Organizatons – Enttes”. Chief of Staf of NRDC-GRC, Major General Dimitrios BONORAS (COS/NRDC- GRC) welcomed all the partcipants highlighted this kind of initatves as a very important step in the frame of the “Com- prehensive Approach” and the current challenging global informaton environment. The aim of the meetng was to promote the cooperaton between all sited as well as to extend this cooperaton in possible felds of common interest between the HQ and the Academic Com- munity, Internatonal Organizatons (IOs), Non-Governmental Organizatons (NGOs), local authorites and other civilian enttes, focused on Joint Operatons. Among the partcipants were representatves from the academic community of Thessaloniki, included University of Macedonia, Aristotle University of Thes- saloniki, Internatonal University of Thes- saloniki, Democritus University of Thrace and Inter Balkan Environment Center accompanied by post-graduate students from all these enttes. Furthermore, IOs, NGOs included representatves from Internatonal Com- mitee of Red Cross (ICRC), United Na- tons High Commissioner for Refugees

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(UNHCR), Doctors of the World, Save the Children, Internatonal Organizaton of Migraton as well as Hellenic Red Cross, Hellenic Rescue Team and Crisis Manage- ment Team. During the meetng diferent areas of organizatonal issues related with CIMIC and CMI as well as the NRDC-GRC main events for the year 2017 presented to the partcipants. Afer an introducton session among all, included their area of responsibility and interest, a discussion followed which concluded with agreed follow on actons in a bilateral basis between the HQ and each one of the partcipated civilian enttes. The very friendly and constructve discussion followed demonstrate in the best way the willingness of both the civilian organizatons and the military, towards a beter understanding and future cooperaton in possible common areas of interest in the frame of comprehensive approach requirements in the nowadays challenging operatonal environment. Conductng in a very fruitul atmosphere the meetng is a positve indicator towards a successful future cooperaton in the CMI open space.

32 seminars - conferences NRDC-GR and MPSOTC LOAC SEMINAR 2016 “Operationalizing the Law of Armed Conflicts: The Tactical Perspective”

The Headquarters NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece (NRDC-GR) of- fce of Legal Advisor (HQ), in cooperaton with the Multnatonal Peace Support Operatons Training Centre (MPSOTC), conducted the annual Law of Armed Con- ficts (LOAC) Seminar under the ttle “Op- Deputy Commander M Gen D. Iliev and Use of Force in the internatonal legal eratonalizing the Law of Armed Conficts: Chief of Staf MGen D. Bonoras welcom- context The tactcal perspectve”. LOAC Seminar ing the partcipants and congratulatng Professor C. Antonopoulos (LLM in 2016 took place from 22nd to 25th No- organizers for their signifcant eforts and Internatonal Law, Cambridge) opened vember at the premises of HQ NRDC-GR. dedicaton. Former C’ Army Corps Com- the Seminar and focused on the interna- With LOAC Seminar 2016, the ofce of mander LtGen A. Stefanis also honoured tonal legal framework applicable on the Legal Advisor of NRDC-GR contnues its the Seminar with his presence and not- use of force. Professor C. Antonopoulos, long-standing traditon of successfully ored that striving for contnuous educaton a distnguished member of the academic ganizing high-quality LOAC conferences. and maintaining an undistorted interest society, has been lecturing in the Dem- Aiming to provide a comprehensive for ongoing developments is a form of ocritus University of Thrace Law School overview of the internatonal legal frame- military discipline and has to be applaud- since 1995. work applicable to military operatons at ed. the tactcal level and more specifcally to approach Internatonal Humanitarian Law through from a tactcal standpoint, the LOAC Seminar 2016 successfully brought together academics, Legal Advi- sors to NATO Command and Force Struc- ture HQs, NATO Centres of Excellence, newly established NFIUs, as well as Legal Advisors posted in the Hellenic and member Natons’ Armed Forces and ofcers from natonal law enforcement agencies. The NRDC-GR HQ Chain of Command, delivered opening remarks, with both Prof. Antonopoulos on the Use of Force 3333 seminars - conferences Operatonal Legal Issues low-up discussion and gave numerous much-needed practcal tps and tools for Having shed some light on issues operatonal Legal Advisors. raised by the audience, Professor Anto- Before closing, the JFCBS Senior LEGAD nopoulos handed over the foor to COL A. urged the importance of LEGADs main- Haverman (Senior Legal Advisor, JFCBS), taining a pro-actve attude throughout who turned the spotlight on operaton- the operatonal process. To do so, LE- al legal issues. In additon to discussing GADs have to engage with planners and important legal questons of that ofen operators from the outset, as early as tend to arise, among others, in Hostage practcally possible, to set the legal mind-

Rescue Operatons and Non-kinetc tar- set and to avoid being a “showstopper”. Operatonal Legal Issues by Col. Haverman getng, Col A. Haverman led a lively fol- Rules of Engagement in Military Oper- atons

MAJ I. Pantzou (Legal Advisor, NRDC- GR HQ) closed the frst day of the LOAC Seminar 2016 by presentng the framework of Rules of Engagement (ROE) at the tactcal level. She illustrated the legal nature and status of ROE as well as their scope of applicaton. She then turned to deal with the role of LEGAD during the ROE drafing, the legal consideratons upon their formulaton, while she examined the relatonship and interplay between ROE and LOAC. Finally, on the basis Maj. Pantzou on Tactcal-level ROE of the use of force concepts analysed she theoretcal background. MAJ J. Backwell engaged with the audience by presentng (Operatonal Law Branch, UK Ministry of a number of hypothetcal case studies/ Defence) kicked of the day by discussing vignetes. Taking into account the details legal consideratons in Lethal Targetng. provided, partcipants were asked to con- In additon to underlining the importance sider on what legal basis the use of force of constantly observing and respectng could be relied upon as well as to identfy the four main LOAC principles (i.e. mili- the most appropriate course of acton. tary necessity, humanity, distncton and proportonality), MAJ Backwell also pre- Lethal Targetng sented a number of challenges faced by LEGADs in connecton with targetng in While Day 1 had a more general yet modern warfare. Importantly, he sug- Maj. Backwell (lef) covered Lethal Targetng stll fundamental focus, Day 2 predom- gested that, from a targetng perspectve, fare inantly comprised aspects of a more LOAC principles could be condensed into specialized nature. Bearing in mind the fve core questons, when determining Day 2 contnued with LtCOL J. Shuey core objectve of the Seminar, all ses- whether to atack. (Ass. LEGAD, Operatonal Law Branch, sions kept the focus on the tactcal per- SHAPE) and Professor Dr. W. Heintschel spectve but also laid out the necessary Legal Issues in Hybrid and Naval War- von Heinegg (Europa-Universität Viadri- 34 seminars - conferences law. ferent models, the law enforcement mod- Analyzing Targeted Killings el and the armed confict model. Both models require certain conditions to ap- ply. In any case it is of utmost importance The last speaker of Day 3 was CPT V. that States: Zalidis (Legal Advisor, Legal Support Di- 1. identify in public the legal basis rectorate, Hellenic Natonal Defence for any targeted killing; General Staf (HNDGS). He moved along 2. specify procedural safeguards to the same lines with MAJ Backwell and ensure in advance that targeted killings ofered a comprehensive legal analysis of are lawful and justifed; and 3. specify the accountability mech- targeted killings. The noton of targeted anisms ensuring wrongful killings are in- killings implicates three legal systems and vestigated, prosecuted and punished. may be justfed on the basis of two dif- Naval Operatons and New Technologies na, Germany). Both highly regarded in their respectve felds, LtCOL Shuey talked about challenges and opportunites in hybrid warfare while the expert from academia delivered presentatons that centred on naval warfare and the impact of new technologies in naval operatons. Dr. Heintschel von Heinegg has been partcularly actve at the academic level but has also been involved in the producton of manuals on internatonal law applicable to naval operatons and cyber warfare. Regarding naval warfare law, the professor discussed inter alia the applica- Cpt. Zalidis elaboratng on Targeted Killings ble legal framework for warships, naval Analyzing Targeted Killings mines, missiles, blockade and zones. In terms of new technologies, Dr. Heintschel Day 4 was devoted to equally chal- von Heinegg focused on consideratons lenging topics, including cyber interven- and complicatons arising from the use of ton in modern warfare and the interna- unmanned vehicles/systems (e.g. drones tonal legal framework on the obligaton and robots) and cyber-atacks and pro- to preserve cultural heritage in theatres vided mindmaps on the applicaton of of military operatons. MAJ J. Green the distnct steps envisaged by targetng (Operatonal Law Atorney, USEUCOM) talked about the use of force and cyber interventon, Professor Heintschel von Heinegg presented the interrelaton of cyber warfare and the LOAC and Profes- sor M. Sarigiannidis gave an overview of the internatonal legal framework on the obligaton to preserve cultural her-

itage in theatres of military operatons. Prof. Sariginanidis raised Cultural Questons about Armed Naval Operatons and New Technologies M. Sarigiannidis, Assistant Professor at Conficts 3535 seminars - conferences the Aristotle University of Thessaloni- ki Law School and part-tme lecturer in other public and private educatonal insttutons, has a partcular interest in the area of internatonal public law and internatonal relatons as well as the United Natons system and Dispute Setlement mechanisms. MAJ Green underlined that countermeasures taken against an ofending state by a naton whose rights have been vio- lated, where neither the provocaton nor the response involves use of armed force, may include cyber countermeasures such Overview of the NATO RAP by Mr. Fonseca as denial of service atack, blocking elec- (Ass. LEGAD, SHAPE RAIO) gave a legal ments and Host Naton Support (HNS) tronic trafc and blocking access. In any overview of the NATO RAP, which was ap- arrangements. He also drew atenton to case, such potental countermeasures proved by the NATO Wales Summit and the fact that the Readiness Acton Plan have to be not only proportonate to the includes measures to respond to the cur- Arrangements Implementaton Ofce wrongful act but also limited to the tme rent security environment changes with- (RAIO) is the coordinatng and imple- of the wrongful cyber operaton. Finally, in the boundaries of Europe refected in mentng authority for both the RAP Legal there are certain notce requirements hybrid warfare. Mr. Fonseca clarifed that and HNS architecture. that also have to be met. RAP legal and logistcs architecture must, by all means, be aligned with democratc The Role of LEGAD in Operatonal The NATO Readiness Acton Plan principles and Internatonal Law but also Planning respect natonal legislaton. He conclud- The closing session in the agenda for ed that readiness and responsiveness for MAJ V. Karatzias (Senior Legal Advisor Day 3 was about the NATO Readiness deploying NATO forces are heavily afect- & Director of the Ofce of Legal Advisor, Acton Plan (RAP). Mr. I. Fonseca Lindez ed by solid and materialised legal instru-

Maj. Karatzias explaining the role of LEGAD NRDC-GR HQ) was the opening speaker it entails. Then, he proceeded to give an ronment for the beneft of the process as of Day 4, the last day of the Seminar. MAJ outline of the key legal factors that need well as how legal cooperaton between Karatzias stressed the importance of the to be taken into account but he also con- diferent OPP levels and actors can be se- LEGAD role in the Operatonal Planning sidered whether, and if so how, LEGADs cured. In terms of key take-away points, Process (OPP) by clarifying what exactly should atempt to shape the legal envi- during the OPP, the LEGAD is specifcally 36 seminars - conferences responsible for: 1. reviewing plans and mission or- ders; 2. evaluatng courses of acton in terms of their relatve strengths, weaknesses and legal consequences; 3. reviewing the ROEs; and 4. ensuring compliance with LOAC.

LOAC – ROE Case Study Exercise

The Seminar’s concluding session was exclusively practcal, as it invited Seminar partcipants to split into groups and work on a hypothetcal LOAC-ROE exercise with cyber and naval elements at the tactcal level. MAJ D. Nauta (Legal Advisor, Allied Joint Force Command (JFC), Brun- sum, the Netherlands) overviewed the progress of teams throughout the day, fa- cilitated the brief-back process and com- mented on the analyses and conclusions of each of the working groups. Afer working groups presented their analyses, MAJ Karatzias wrapped up the Seminar and certfcates of partcipaton were handed out to partcipants.

3737 seminars - conferences Advanced FAST – FAS & Dynamic Targeting Training Course in NRDC-GR

NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, (NRDC-GR) Joint Fires Branch conducted the ‘’Advanced FAST-FAS & Dy- namic Targetng Training Course’’, from 5th to 9th of December 2016, which is held on a biannual basis, in the premises of the Headquarter. Deputy Chief of Staf Operatons (DCOS OPS), Brigadier General Salvador Sanchez TAPIA (ESP) of NRDC-GR, welcomed the partcipants. Subject Mater Experts (SMEs), from JFC NAPLES, NRDC – SPAIN, EUROCORPS, JTFC POLAND, CAOC SPAIN, MNC – NE SZCZECIN, MND –SE BUCHA- REST, were among the partcipants. The aim of the training was twofold. Firstly to provide partcipants with the basic and advanced knowledge and skills about Dynamic Targetng and Time Sensi- tve Targets prosecuton process – how to use FAST applicaton more efciently and secondly, Land perspectve actng as LCC or Corps under LCC and on the Opera- tonal Level actng as a JTF HQ. The seminar was highly productve, due among others to the valuable contributon of the external partcipants and the establishment of a forum for fruitul discussion and sharing of experiences, being a precious milestone in the NRDC- GR road map for upgrading its capabilites and transformaton to Joint HQ.

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NRDC-GR Joint Logistic Support Group Seminar 2016

On 6th and 7th of December 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece (NRDC – GR), hosted the Joint Lo- gistc Support Group (JLSG) Seminar 2016 at the Headquarters’ premises in Thessa- loniki. Chief of Staf (COS) of NRDC-GR, Major General Dimitrios BONORAS, welcomed all the partcipants, highlighted the importance of the JLSG Seminar, since JLSG concept is under revision, all regarding doctrinal point of views, together with the practcal ones, are considered as vital. Logistc support actons should be “by the book”, since logistcs should never be a “show-stopper” for the Operatonal Commander, but at the same tme fexibility is highly required for minimizing the logistc footprint and confrontng every problem that may occur. The purpose of the Seminar was to focus on JLSG responsibilites in operatons, including Recepton Staging and Onward Movement of friendly forces, Logistc Sustainment of an operaton and the Re- deployment Procedures under the spectrum of the upcoming changes to the JLSG documentaton. The experiences, the Lessons Identfed (LI) and the Les- sons Learned (LL), which were provided other HQs, indicated the importance of The JLSG Seminar 2016 that con- by other HQs, as well as the exchange of the JLSG seminar as a forum for sharing ducted in a very friendly and construc- thoughts and consideratons were really experience, knowledge and innovatve tve atmosphere, was part of NRDC-GR crucial in order to get the JLSG commu- ideas upon maters concerning the JLSG HQ training program in the frame of its nity into the loop and help every HQ to community as a whole. Subject Mater preparaton for the upcoming Natonal get properly prepared for the way ahead. Experts (SME) from LANDCOM, NATO and NATO evaluaton in 2017 & 2018 The Chairman of the seminar, Briga- Command Structure/NATO Force Struc- respectvely, and its future role as NATO dier General Kleanthis KARATSIN, in his ture HQs and NATO Force Integraton JTF HQ. closing remarks, stressed out his grat- Unit were among the partcipants. tude for the external partcipaton from 3939 seminars - conferences

Exercise Planning Course for Jordanian Armed Forces

NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, (NRDC-GR) conducted the training “Exercise Planning Course”, in the frame of the Regional Exercise 2017 (REGEX17), which is an annual NATO exercise for Partner Natons under Joint Force Command Naples, from 12th to 16th of December 2016 in the premises of the HQ. The aim of the course was to provide a fundamental knowledge of the NATO exercise planning process, procedures and standards to partcipants from non-NATO Partner Natons, in order to increase understanding and strengthen the co-operaton between NATO and its partners. Additonally, the programme focused on the outcome of the exercise planning syndicates and basic knowledge about Border Security Operatons, C-IED Opera- tons and Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW), assistng the trainees to integrate this knowledge to the exercise planning. Commander NRDC-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS welcomed all the trainees, eight (8) Jordanian Staf Of- fcers, who consttutes the Core Planning Team (CPT) of the exercise REGEX17 and highlighted the importance of the course and the necessity of increasing the bilateral training support in common areas atmosphere brought forward the positve of interest. Also, he expressed his great attude of all partcipants to the beneft appreciaton to the contributng person- of achieving the multple training objec- nel for the successful fnalizaton of the tves in the frame of comprehensive ap- training and his grattude to the Hellenic proach requirements in the challenging Natonal Defence General Staf for the operatonal environment. opportunity to host this course. The friendly and the very constructve 40 seminars - conferences NRDC-GR and University of Macedonia Memorandum of Cooperation

On 19th of December 2016, poses and objectves of the two partes. partcipaton to HQ’s training actvites Commander NATO Rapid Deployable Commander NRDC-GR Lieuten- and enhance our HQ value added, as Corps-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis ant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS on his it provides an excellent internatonal STEFANIS signed a Memorandum of Co- speech, pointed out that he is confdent military working environment and ex- operaton (MOC) between NRDC-GR and that the students will beneft from their pressed his confdence that this MOC the School of Social Sciences, Humani- tes and Arts (SSHA) of the University of Macedonia, which was represented by the Dean-Professor of Internatonal Rela- tons, Ilias KOUSKOUVELIS. The aim of the MOC is to strengthen the tes between NRDC-GR HQ and the academic community thus to encourage productve relatonships and educatonal cooperaton to the beneft of both organizatons, linking on issues and practces that serve and positvely bond the pur-

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is another one step in coming closer with the University of Macedonia and the academic community of the city of Thessaloniki. According a speech delivered by the Dean-Professor, Ilias KOUSKOUVELIS highlighted that the MOC is the outcome of the excellent relatons developed among the two organizatons the previous years and indicates the desire of the two partes to contnue and improve the collaboraton in new areas for the beneft of both NRDC-GR and

University of Macedonia. Signing of the MOC demonstrate in the best way the willingness of both academic and military organizatons, towards a beter understanding and future collaboraton in common areas of interest in the frame of comprehensive approach requirements in the challenging operatonal environment. NRDC-GR HQ through its operatonal, social and internatonal role has “opened the doors” to the local academic community. 42 seminars - conferences

NRDC-GR Affiliation Conference 2017

On 20th of January, 2017, NRDC- GR held the Commanders’ Annual Afli- aton Conference 2017, at Headquarter premises in the city of Thessaloniki. The Conference chaired by the new NRDC-GR COM, Lieutenant General Dimitrios BIKOS, with the presence of all Afliated Formatons and Units Com- manders from Greece and Allied countries including Bulgaria, Italy, Romania and Spain. Furthermore, the Chief of Hellenic Army General Staf (HAGS), Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS, atended the conference and addressed farewell to the Afliated Commanders as the former NRDC-GR COM. Afer the framework Naton’s decision to ofer NRDC – GR HQ as the NATO Force Structure Joint Headquarters (NFS JHQ) for the stand-by period from 1st July 2018 to 30th June 2019, according to the Alliances Long Term Rotaton Plan, the conference was focused on the transformaton process to the Joint Task Force HQ (JTF HQ), which has been already initated. The aim was to enhance afliaton relatonships at Commanders level, exchange informaton and explain the ongoing procedures towards JTF Im- plementaton Plan. Mark Laity, the Chief Strategic Com- municaton (StratCom) in Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), was personally invited by the Chief of HAGS, Lieutenant General Alkiv- iadis STEFANIS, in order to share his expertse and best practces on Strategic Communicaton with HQ personnel and the Commanders of Afliated Forma- tons and Units. His experience covers 4343 seminars - conferences

all levels, from politcal and strategic, tons and training opportunites. Com- to the frontlines of major conficts and manders NRDC-GR intent is to improve peacekeeping missions. Under this the training relatonships by maintain- spectrum, his presence was more than ing regularly updated the Afliated fruitul for the partcipants, in order to Formatons and Units about the Head- contnue to operate through a strategic quarter actvites. In contnuaton, a lens scope. declaraton of an actve support in the The Conference provided a compre- up coming training events was given hensive knowledge about the ongoing by the Afliated Formatons and Unit works on JTF HQ transformaton as Commanders. well as for identfying main expecta-

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NRDC-GR Intelligence Seminar “Sikinos 2017”

NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, (NRDC-GR) J2 Branch conducted Seminar “SIKINOS 2017” on the 26th of January 2017, which is held on an annual basis, in the premises of the Head- quarter in Thessaloniki. Deputy Commander (DCOM) of NRDC-GR, Major General Dimitar ILIEV (BGR A) welcomed all the partcipants, highlighted the importance of the Semi- nar in the frame of the current ever changing global security environment. Subject Mater Experts (SMEs), from the University of Macedonia, such as the Dean-Professor of Internatonal Rela- tons, Ilias KOUSKOUBELIS, Assistant Pro- fessor Fotni BELLOU, lecturer Kalliopi CHAINOGLOU, Senior Advisor from Re- search Insttute of European and Ameri- can Studies (RIEAS) Aya BURWEILA, a coordinator of Internatonal Organiza- ton of Migraton Fani GALATSOPOU- LOU, analysts from the Supreme Head- quarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), NATO Headquarters Allied Land Com- mand (LANDCOM), Hellenic Natonal Defense General Staf (HNDGS) and from Police ant-terrorism sub-division Stergios BAKALOUDIS, were among the distnguished visitors. The aim of the seminar was to elabo- rate thoroughly on the threats, which Southern Part of the Europe is confront- ing, via a number of academic lectures given by the experts on the themes, bringing forward the necessity of a soli- darity response to reach common solutons, thus to increase a shared understanding of the hazards the Alliance will

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came across through M. East and North Africa. At the end, an overview and an open discussion followed, setng the opportunity for all partcipants to exchange opinions with their counterparts. The seminar was conducted in a very fruitul and constructve atmosphere thus being a unique opportunity, by the presence of speakers belonging to numerous domains, to exchange opinions, knowledge and professional development, providing all atendees with a considerable sum of additonal experience, were extremely valuable for all the partcipants and especially for J2 personnel.

46 community relations NRDC-GR Celebrates the French National Day

On July 1st 2016 NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece Headquar- ters (NRDC-GR HQ) celebrated both the French Flag and the French Natonal Day, with a fag raising ceremony in front of the main building of the HQ at “Pedion Areos” camp. The event honored with their presence the Deputy Commander of NRDC-GR, the French consul of Thes- saloniki, the entre staf of the HQ as well as French invitees living in Thessaloniki. According a speech delivered by the French Natonal Representatve in the HQ both symbols come directly from the French Revoluton era. The three colored vertcal strips of the same size fag, blue, red and white, was recognized in seventeen ninety (1790), initally as a Navy combat one, but soon afer, ofcially adopted as the emblem of the whole naton in seventeen ninety four (1794). From the beginning the fags were given to the army units, as military emblems and symbols of their specifc status and responsibilites, as the “French People in Arms”. As for the natonal day the 14th of July celebrates two events: The 14th of July seventeen eighty nine (1789) remem- bers the violent assault by the people of Paris against LA BASTILLE, a castle in Paris that was a royal jail. Its fall has ap- peared as the symbol of the end of the absolutsm, and by extension a celebra- ton of the Republic. One year later, on tves from all over of the country, thus sentatves for this day and pointed that the 14th of July seventeen ninety (1790), representng natonal unity. NRDC-GR is proud having them among the revolutonary regime celebrated NRDC-GR Deputy Commander on its staf and grateful of their signifcant magnifcently and peacefully tme the behalf of the Commander of the HQ contributon to all the last years success- Federaton Day, gathering representa- expressed his congratulaton to all the es. The event concluded with a recepton French contngent and the French repre- took place in the premises of the HQ.

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NRDC-GR Celebrates the Romanian Flag Day

On July 8th, 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece Headquar- ters (NRDC-GR HQ) celebrated the Ro- manian Flag Day, with a fag raising ceremony in front of the main building of the HQ at Pedion Areos camp. The event honored with their presence the Com- mander of NRDC-GR, the Romanian consul of Thessaloniki, the entre staf of the HQ as well as Romanian invitees living in Thessaloniki. According a speech delivered by the Natonal Representatve in the HQ “The Flag Day symbolizes Romania’s independence. Romania’s natonal fag is a tricolor blue, yellow, red, with colors arranged in vertcal bands of equal size. The 3 colors symbolize 3 Romanian provinces – Wal- lachia (yellow), Moldavia (red), and Tran- sylvania (blue). Throughout its existence, the fag has been modifed several tmes. The current order and placement of the colors was fnally adopted in 1866”. Furthermore, “In 1948, the natonal tricolor included a coat of arms, which was changed at least 4 tmes, up untl the Communist regime in Romania ended in 1989, when the plain tricolor fag was reestablished. The Romanian Flag Day proclaimed to be annually celebrated on June 26 by Romanian lawmakers in 1998”. Concluding his speech the Roma- nian Natonal Representatve expressed his warmest wishes for a stronger collaboraton between our countries. Commander of NRDC-GR congratulated the entre Romanian contngent and the Romanian representatves for this day, and expressed his appreciaton for the signifcant contributon of the Roma- nian staf to all the last years’ successes.

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1st Hellenic Army Commander Visits NRDC-GR

NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, welcomed the Commander of 1st Hellenic Army Lieutenant General Ilias LEONTARIS, who paid an ofcial visit in its Headquarters premises, on Mon- day, July 11th, 2016. Following a recepton ceremony, a briefng presented to the General regarding the structure, role and mission of the Headquarters as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transiton to Joint Headquar- ters (Joint Task Force HQ). Lieutenant General Ilias LEONTARIS during the visit expressed his great appreciaton for all personnel eforts driven to the last years’ successes and his confdence that NRDC-GR HQ will be capable of accomplishing any assigned mission in the future.

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USA Military Attaché Visits NRDC-GR HQ

D eputy Commander of NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, NRDC –GR, Major General (BGR A) Dimitar Krumov ILIEV, welcomed the USA Mili- tary Ataché, Colonel Scot MILLER in the Headquarters premises, who paid an ofcial visit on Friday, July 29th 2016. Following an ofce call by Chief of Staf of NRDC Greece, a briefng presented to the USA Military Ataché regarding the structure, role and mission of the Headquarters as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transiton to Joint Headquar- ters (Joint Task Force HQ). A tour followed to the HQ facilites, including the Digital Deployed Printery and Deployed Air Operatons Center, unique capabilites among NATO community

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Polish Flag Joining Ceremony to NRDC- GR HQ

On September 9th, NRDC-GR celebrated the accession of Poland with a Flag Joining Ceremony which took place in the premises of the Headquarters at Pedion Areos Camp in Thessaloniki. To mark this event, the Polish fag was hoisted to join the other 9 fags of NRDC- GR as a new Member of the Joint HQ. The event honored with their presence the Ambassador of Poland in Greece Her “Excellency” Anna BARBAR- ZAK, the Polish Defense Ataché, Colonel Marek DUDA, distnguished guests and the entre staf of the Headquarters. According a speech delivered by “Her

Excellency” Anna BARBARZAK, highlighted that, “Today the Polish Flag here in Thessaloniki expresses our readiness to engage in NATO operatons and realist- cally support NATO actvites with an aim to make it stronger, more capable and ef- fectve in this very demanding mission”. Furthermore she added that “as a relatvely new NATO member state, we are especially proud of that achievement”.

Commander NRDC-GR Lieuten- ant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS on his speech, outlined that “It is my honor and privilege to stand here before you as we all witness another piece of NRDC – GR HQ history in the making, as the Polish Contngent joins the rest of Partner- ing Natons to strengthen the Jointness process of the Headquarters”. Additon- ally he stressed that “NRDC – GR is well known as a highly capable, constantly

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adaptng and reliable Headquarters”. Finally he wished all the best to Poland and the Polish Armed Forces for the support and warm cooperaton that have been provided to NRDC- GR so far. Greece as a Framework Naton is supportng the evoluton and development of NRDC-GR HQ by utlizing and enhancing Allied partcipaton to keep the high- est level of commitment to NATO.

52 community relations COS KFOR and KFOR COM JLSG Visit NRDC-GR HQ

On Sep 19th, 2016, the new Chief of Staf (COS) of Kosovo Force (KFOR) Brigadier General Patricia M. ANSLOW and Commander (COM) of KFOR Joint Logistcs Support Group (JLSG) Colonel Arnold STAUDACHER visited NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Greece Headquarters (NRDC-GR HQ) on the opportunity of their presence in Thessaloniki. The distnguished visitor had an of- fcial call by the Commander of NRDC – GR HQ Lieutenant General Alkividis STEFANIS where they had the opportunity to discuss the current situaton in Kosovo, agreeing for the importance of KFOR mission. A courtesy meetng was followed with the Deputy Commander of NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece, Major General (BGR A) Dimitar Krumov ILIEV along with COS NRDC – GR HQ, Ma- jor General Dimitrios BONORAS, focusing on Kosovo’s challenging environment. During the visit they received a de- tailed brief on the structure, mission and training actvites of NRDC-GR HQ. “Fo- cus on KFOR mission”, Brigadier General Patricia M. ANSLOW was interviewed by NRDC-GR PAO and in a comprehensive approach materialized the last developments in the KFOR towards the future. In a special reference the General outline that “NRDC –GR HQ is a very ready force with much capability, you should be very proud”. Before they departure, COS and JLSG COM of KFOR expressed their appreciaton for the tremendous hospitality. The visit was concluded with a commemoratve family photo in the Landmark of the Headquarters.

5353 community relations Commander of NATO Headquarters Allied Land Command (LANDCOM) Visits NRDC-GR HQ

Commander of NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps – Greece, Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS, welcomed in the Headquarters’ premises the Com- mander of NATO Headquarters Allied Land Command, (COM LANDCOM) Lieu- tenant General Darryl A. WILLIAMS, who paid an ofcial visit on Wednesday, 21st 2016. Lieutenant General Darryl A. WIL- LIAMS, afer an ofcial welcome ceremony, had an ofce call with the Command- er of NRDC-GR, where they discussed subjects of common concern and mutual interest. A briefng delivered to the distnguished visitor in the HQ’s main planning conference room “Alexander the Great”, regarding the structure, role and mission of the Headquarters as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transiton to Joint Headquarters (JHQ). Lieutenant General Darryl A. WIL- LIAMS, during the discussion highlighted the signifcant improvement achieved by NRDC–GR concerning the transiton to JHQ, the professionalism, the quality and the commitment of NRDC –GR HQ’s personnel showed to the tasks. successes and his confdence that NRDC- Later on, General WILLIAMS, accom- GR HQ will be capable to accomplish any panied by COM NRDC – GR had a small assigned mission in the future. The visit tour to the HQ facilites, including the concluded with a ceremonial emblem Digital Deployed Printery and Deployed exchange and a commemoratve photo Air Operatons Center, unique capabili- in the Landmark of NRDC – GR HQ. tes among NATO community. COM LANDCOM during the visit expressed his great appreciaton for all personnel eforts driven to the last years’

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11th Anniversary of NRDC – GR JHQ Establishment Day

On September 30th, 2016, in “PEDION AREOS” Camp took place the 11th Anniversary of the NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps – Greece Headquarters Establishment Day. The Ceremony honored with their presence distnguished visitors from the politcal (chancellors’) and military authorites as well as NATO Command and Force Structure HQ’s representatves. Commander of NRDC-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS welcomed all distnguished visitors to “Pedion Areos” Camp, in Thessaloniki, Greece. It was at the end of 2005, when the North Atlantc Council accepted the ofer of Greece for the establishment of a De- ployable Corps size HQ with Low Readi- ness status, named NATO Deployable Corps – Greece, as a part of the general structural changes of the Alliance at that period. Since then, the HQ has achieved tremendous milestones, like CREVAL in 2008 with High Readiness Force (HRF) criteria, the assumpton of LCC role for NRF 2012 and the latest one for the decision of the HQ upgrade as a High Readi- ness (L) NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece was inevitable. Exercise GORDIAN KNOT 2015, which was conducted in June previous year, in accordance with the new NATO standards for training and evaluaton, was the ofcial NATO evaluaton of NRDC – GR, as a High Readiness Corps from Land Command, monitored by Supreme Headquarters Allied Power Europe, with excellent results in all areas. The formal report statement certfed the readiness category of NRDC – GR as “COMBAT READY”. In contnuaton, Greece has ofered 5555 community relations

NRDC –GR HQ to SHAPE in the NATO Long Term Rotaton Plan to lead one of the Joint Task Force mission in 2018 for two years tmeline. As a result, since the 1st of August, NRDC –GR HQ was redenomi- nated as Joint Task Force Headquarters. Gaining a signifcant acknowledgment within the NATO community, NRDC –GR JHQ is paving, with pride, a future full of ambiton for further developments and achievements. The speech of the Day concluded: “NRDC –GR personnel is the real added value of the Joint HQ that is evolving in a modern and complex operatonal environment, infused with faith to mili-

tary virtues, professionalism, optmism, morale and a good dose of smile. NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece Joint HQ, inheritng the history and the tradi- tons of the C’ Corps, declares its readiness and willingness to step forward for the peace and freedom of the Alliance”. At the end of the ceremony a recepton took place in the premises of the HQ, where the Commander of NRDC – GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STE- FANIS along with the youngest, the oldest and a departng member of the Headquarter, blow the candles of the birthday cake.

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NRDC-GR Celebrates the German Flag Day

On October 4th, 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece Head- quarters (NRDC-GR HQ) celebrated the German Flag Day, with a fag raising ceremony in front of the main building of the HQ at Pedion Areos camp. The event honored with their presence the Com- mander of NRDC-GR, the German Gener- al Consul of Thessaloniki, the entre staf of the HQ as well as German invitees living in Thessaloniki. According a speech delivered by the Natonal Representatve in the HQ, “Ger- many’s natonal fag is a tricolor black, red, and yellow. An origin of the colors lies in the wars of liberaton against Na- poleon in 1813- 200 years ago, namely the uniforms of the “Lutzow Frei – Corps”. The volunteers Corps consisted mostly by students who formed against the oc- cupaton of Germany by France. Since the volunteers came under the Prussian Major von Lutzow from all over Germa- ny and brought very diferent uniforms and civilian clothes with them, the only way to produce a common uniform was to color the diferent colored uniforms black. There were golden (brass colored) tonal unity of our country was reserved sentatve expressed his deepest grat- butons added, and fnally red as the conditon for Europe, to grow together in tude to the neighbors, foreign friends color of badges charges and advances. a Union Western, Central, Southern and and partners, without whom Germany This color scheme was also interpreted Eastern European countries.” Concluding could not celebrate the birthday of the from the wars of liberaton, out of the his speech the German Natonal Repre- reunifed Germany and to Greece, as a blackness of servitude (black), through Host Naton, for the comradely coopera- bloody batles (red), to the golden light ton, hospitality and support. of freedom (yellow)”. Commander of NRDC-GR congratulat- Furthermore, “Even the happiest mo- ed the entre German contngent for this ments of post – war German history, day, and expressed his appreciaton for the fall of the Berlin Wall and German the German contributon to all the last reunifcaton, have a European dimen- years’ successes. sion. Without overcoming the division of Europe, the German unit would not have been possible. The restoraton of the na- 5757 community relations

NRDC-GR Celebrates The Spanish National Day

On October 14th, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Greece (NRDC-GR) celebrated the Spanish Natonal Day, with a fag raising ceremony which took place in front of the main building of the Headquarters at Pedion Areos Camp in Thessaloniki. The event honored with their presence the Deputy Commander NRDC-GR Major General Dimitar Krumov ILIEV, the Spanish Consul in Thessaloniki Samuel NAHMIAS and the entre staf of the Headquarters. Brigadier General Salvator Sanchez Tapia, the Senior Natonal Representa- tve of Spain (SNR), addressed the HQ on the meaning of the day. During his speech, he highlighted that, “This natonal holiday commemorates the date, 12th October 1492, when Christopher Columbus opened the American cont- nent to the Spanish culture and the join of Spain being, since then, the proud head of a community of equals united by the solid bonds of history, language, culture and religion”. That year, Spain was born as a moderate state.

Concluding his speech the Spanish Natonal Representatve expressed his grattude for the floxenia, Greek Naton generously dispenses for the Spanish soldiers in NRDC – GR HQ. Deputy Commander of NRDC-GR congratulated the entre Spanish contngent and the Spanish representatves for this day, and expressed his appreciaton for the signifcant contributon of the Spanish staf to all the last years’ successes. Afer this traditonal ceremony a small recepton was held in the HQ. 58 community relations Chief of Hellenic National Defense General Staff Visits NRDC-GR HQ

Commander of NATO Rapid De- ployable Corps – Greece, Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS, welcomed in the Headquarters’ premises the Chief of the Hellenic Defense General Staf (HNDGS), Admiral Evaggelos APOSTOLA- KIS accompanied by the Commander of 1st Hellenic ARMY (HE), Lieutenant Gen- eral Ilias LEONTARIS, who paid an ofcial visit on Thursday, October 27th2016. Both Generals, afer an ofcial welcome ceremony, had an ofce call with the Commander of NRDC-GR, where they discussed subjects of common concern. A briefng delivered to the distnguished visitors in the HQ’s main planning conference room “Alexander the Great”, regarding the structure, role and mission of the Headquarters as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transiton to Joint Headquarters (JHQ). Admiral Evaggelos APOSTOLAKIS expressed his appreciaton for the great job and the signifcant milestones achieved by NRDC–GR concerning the transiton to JHQ, as well as highlighted the professionalism, the quality and the commitment of NRDC –GR HQ’s personnel showed to the tasks. Afer a ceremonial emblem exchange and a commemoratve family photo in the Landmark of NRDC-GR HQ the distnguished visitors had a small tour to the HQ facilites, including the Deploy- able Digital Printery and Deployable Air Operatons Coordinaton Center, unique capabilites among NATO community.

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Commander NRDC-GR Visits Affiliated Unit in Romania

C ommander of NRDC-GR Lieu- tenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS visited the 2nd Mountain Brigade and the 265 Military Police Batalion in Romania, from 1-4 Nov 16. The scope of the visit was to enhance the cooperaton, between NRDC-GR HQ and its Afliated Units, in training and joint operatons issues related to its future role as JTF HQ in 2018. The Greek delegaton had the opportunity to visit the Chief of the Romanian Land Forces Lieutenant General Dmitru SCARLAT and exchange views on common interests/issues.

During the visit Commander of NRDC- GR had the opportunity to atend the ceremony for the 100 Anniversary of the Romanian Mountain Troops Establish- ment and to visit the Multnatonal Divi- sion South-East Headquarters.

Both sides agreed that such events enhance the already excellent cooperaton between the Afliated Romanian Units and NRDC-GR HQ as well as expressed their willingness to increase the level of mutual training in the frame of comprehensive approach. During the visit he had the opportunity to atend the ceremony for the 100 Anniversary of the Romanian Mountain Troops Estab- lishment and to visit Multnatonal Divi- sion South-East.

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NRDC-GR HQ Celebrated the Albanian National Day

On November 25th, 2016, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Greece Head- quarters (NRDC-GR HQ) celebrated the Albanian Natonal Day, with a fag raising ceremony in front of the main building of the HQ at Pedion Areos camp, in Thes- saloniki. The event honored with their presence the Commander of NRDC-GR, the Albanian consul of Thessaloniki, the entre staf of the HQ as well as Albanian invitees living in Thessaloniki. The Albanian Natonal Representa- pitality, warm and friendly environment tve, Lieutenant Colonel Adrian BEQAJ, in and the support for the accomplishment his speech of the day highlighted the im- of his mission. portance of the day for the Albanian his- Deputy Commander of NRDC-GR tory saying: “The declaraton of natonal Major General (BGR A) Dimitar Krumov independence 104 ago is the most im- ILIEV congratulated the Albanian person- portant act in our history, laid down the nel and the Albanian representatves for foundatons of our natonal renaissance this day, and expressed his appreciaton and the creaton of Albanian state”. for the signifcant contributon of the Furthermore, he added that, “The Albanian staf to all the last years’ HQ’s Albanian independence was proclaimed successes. on 28th of November 1912 with two- head black eagle in a red background fag, bringing us closer the dark memories and the bloodshed. This fag is the symbol and the most signifcant expres- sion of the identty of Albanians, when- ever they live”. In contnuing he said “Albania is now a contributng member of NATO and is close to meet the second strategic objectve, to become part of what it belongs geographically, Europe. The Albanian people and the entre politcal leadership are commited and determined to contribute to this goal”. Concluding the Albanian Natonal Representatve expressed his deepest respect to all NRDC-GR Contributng Na- tons, his grattude to Greece for the hos-

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Commander KFOR Visits NRDC-GR HQ

The Commander (COM) of Koso- vo Force (KFOR) Major General Giovanni FUNGO, had an ofcial ofce call with the COM NRDC-GR Lieutenant General Alkiviadis STEFANIS, on November 26th 15:30, 2016, in Pedion Areos Camp, in Thessaloniki. During this meetng they discussed the situaton in KOSOVO and the future challenges of NRDC-GR. The afer next day, on November 28th, 2016, the COM KFOR visited NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Greece Headquarters (NRDC-GR HQ). The distnguished visitor had a courtesy meetng with the Deputy Commander of NRDC-GR Major General Dimitar ILIEV, where they had the opportunity to discuss the current situaton in Kosovo, agreeing for the importance of KFOR mission. A briefng delivered to COM KFOR in the HQ’s main planning conference room “Alexander the Great”, regarding the structure, role and mission of the Head- quarters as well as the upcoming challenges on the way ahead to NRDC-GR transiton to Joint Headquarters (JHQ). Afer a ceremonial emblem exchange and a commemoratve family photo in the Landmark of NRDC-GR HQ Major General Giovanni FUNGO had a small tour to the HQ facilites, including the Deployable Digital Printery and Deploy- ableAirOperationsCoordinationCenter, unique capabilites among NATO community.

62 community relations

NRDC-GR Joint Monument Inauguration

On December 11th, 2016, a partcular importance ceremony took place in the main entrance of NATO Rapid Deployable Corps - Greece (NRDC-GR), where historical exhibits of the three Branches of the Hellenic Armed Forces created a highly aesthetc compositon that symbolizes the new solid foundaton of NRDC-GR as Joint Headquarters (JHQ). In the speech of the day, it was mentoned that: “The new joint task of our Headquarters inaugurates the combined operatonal acton of all armed forces branches under unique command. With- in the frame of this insttutonal evoluton, a representatve monument was pieces, highlighted that this initatve has erected at the entrance of our HQ. Land, its roots long tme ago fnalizing contn- Sea and Air exhibits are harmonized in ues eforts of the past years NRDC-GR order to highlight the innovatng joint Commanders. functon.” The restoraton would not have been The combinaton of the exhibits in- easy to complete, without the valuable, clude a Britsh manufactured 6 inch voluntarily assistance of Historical Mili- towed howitzer, a 1000 kgr anchor and tary Vehicles Club members, to whom an American built light fghter F-5A, much grattude is owned. bears a strong symbolizaton, this of the close and restless cooperaton of the land, sea and airborne forces atached to the HQ, under its new joint identty, resultng to our feeling of high pride, for being members of NRDC-GR. The inauguraton of the monument honored with their presence the Chief of 1st Army Lieutenant General Ilias LEON- TARIS, COM NRDC-GR Lt GEN, Alkiviadis STEFANIS, COM NCNG OF-5, Christos PAVLOUDIS, COM 113 CW, OF-5 Grego- rios THEOCHARIDIS, President of Histori- cal Army Vehicle Club, Mr Georgios ILI- ADIS) and all HQ personnel. We thanked all, civilian and military personnel, who contributed in the car- riage and restoraton of all monumental 6363 online presence

Q s NRDC-GR erald NATO Rapid Deployable Corps GREECE

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NATO Rapid Deployable Corps GREECE