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A Historical Profile of Valamo Monastery's Agricultural Practices Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 A historical profile of Valamo Monastery's agricultural practices, with implications for agricultural and extension education Andrei Vladimirovich Khomoutov Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Education Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Khomoutov, Andrei Vladimirovich, "A historical profile of Valamo Monastery's agricultural practices, with implications for agricultural and extension education " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12390. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12390 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may t)e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broicen or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to toe removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" t)iack and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directiy to order. Bell & Howell information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI A historical profile of Valamo Monastery's agricultural practices, with implications for agricultural and extension education by Andrei Vladimirovich Khomoutov A dissertation submitted to the graduate Acuity in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major. Agricultural Education (Agricultural Extension Education) Major Professor. Robert A. Martin Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 Copyright ® Andrei Vladimirovich Khomoutov, 2000. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 9992452 — (g) UMI UMI Microform 9992452 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Andrei Vladimirovich Khomoutov has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Program Signature was redacted for privacy. For the G/amuafa College iii DEDICATION To Russia and all Russians: In an alien country, in a foreign and old home, There is a portrait on the wall of her, who died on her bed of miseries. Who has gone through the tortures that cannot be described. But at this portrait, she has been shown as she was before. She is here very rich and very young. She has her magnificent green clothing (This way she has always been drawn). Your face to me is like a holy icon! Oh murdered Russia, let me santify thy name! I say and raise my hand to touch your dress in silence And then I cross myself with it Teffie, New York, 1953 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES xiv ABSTRACT xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Agriculture as a Key Issue in Society 1 Background of the Study 5 Problem of the Study 7 Purpose and Objectives of the Study 10 Research Questions 10 Need for the Study 10 Implications and Educational Significance 11 Operational Definitions 12 Organization of the Study 24 CHAPTER 2; LITERATURE REVIEW 26 Theoretical Basis of the Study 26 Monastic Agriculture as a Form of Sustainable Agriculture Development and Education 27 on the Islands of Valamo CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 40 Method of the Study 40 Procedures of the Study 46 Types and Sources of Data Available for Specified Periods of Valamo's History, with a 52 Brief Description of their Value and Accessibility Methods of Data Collection 71 Appropriateness of my background for the type of research conducted, 78 from a methodological standpoint The collection of historical information 81 Analysis of Data 91 Historical analogy 92 Evaluating sources 93 Advantages 93 Disadvantages 93 Limitations 94 Limitations of the Study 96 Assumptions 98 Conclusions 99 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 100 Introduction 100 The Nature of Extension 102 Background for the examination and discussion of agriculture extension 102 Method for analysis of Valamo's compared to the Russian system of agriculture 103 education What is the connection between the terms informal agricultural education and 104 extension? V The phenomenon of Valamo: spiritual, social, agricultural and environmental 105 Social aspects of the historical agricultural system phenomenon on 106 Valamo Broader technological (or economic) component of Valamo's 109 agricultural system during the first period Uniqueness of the historical phenomenon of a Russian informal system 119 of education Informal ways of horizontal distribution of agricultural information during the 136 first historical time period and the carriers of such information Environmental aspects of the historical phenomenon of Valamo 145 Types of agricultural land utilization on Valamo during the first historical period 208 An Overview of Valamo Monastery's Agriculture during the First Historical Period 240 Rye, oats and bariey 241 Seeded hay and natural meadows 242 Syskysalmi farm 246 Cattle 247 Dairy economy 247 Pasturing plan 252 Gardens 253 Medicinal garden 254 Fishing and the fishery 255 Forestry economy 257 Evaluation of Valamo's Agriculture prior to Worid War II by Finnish Extension Specialists 258 Special suggestion of Finnish extension agents regarding the animal poultry 260 and poultry breeding Recommendations of Finnish extension agents regarding agricultural machinery 262 on Valamo Elements of an Informal Agricultural Education System on Valamo during the Existence 262 of the Monastery prior to Worid War 11: Clarification of the Historical Periods under Study Types of informal agricultural education in Valamo prior to World War (I 263 and prior to the revolution in Russia in 1917 Connections between different ways of informal agricultural education on 269 Valamo; Was there a system? Changes needed for Russian agricultural education today 278 The Role of Monasteries as a Prospective Nucleus of a Russian Extension System 282 Emerging Elements of a Monastery-Based Extension System in Lake Ladoga (Karelia) 283 Regions and the Transfer of Agricultural Technologies in Time Conclusion 287 CHAPTER 5; DISCUSSION 288 Educational Systems and Present Day Human Upbringing Influences Freethinking 289 and Survival of Church Influence Russian Native Educational Culture and the Role of Church Educational Traditions 294 in Russia of the 20*^ Century and Today, with some Parallels to the Catholic Church in Western Society Reasons for Russian prosperity before 1917 303 Reasons for Russia's decline after 1917 and to the present 304 Contemporary Russia 304 Contemporary Russian agriculture 304 Monasteries as the Backbone of Russian Society and Generators of Knowledge 304 Rationale for Monastery-based Extension 307 vi Learner-Orientation in Education and a Marxist Educational Heritage; Can they t}e 314 Combined? Why Valamo Monastery was selected for the study 317 The Nature of this Research 324 The Adoption of New Technologies in Russia 327 CHAPTER 6; CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 331 The Original Problem that Initiated the Research for this Dissertation 331 The original program design 331 Implications of the Valamo Project Development in the Future 335 Agricultural Technology Transfer and Two Schemes for Informal Dissemination of 335 Agricultural Information Establishment of a Model Agricultural Education and Demonstration Center on 340 Valamo Archipelago in Russia that Employs Diversity and Openness Purpose 341 Objectives 341 The Process 342 Phase One - Year 1 342 Phase Two — Years 2 and 3 343 Major Stakeholders of Future Agricultural Restoration and Extension Development on 347 Archipelago Explanation of the Researcher's Outlook of the Problem of Valamo's Agricultural 349 Technologies Transfer as Part of the Social Regeneration Issue Summary and Conclusions 353 Recommendations 356 Recommendations for future research 356 Implications and Significance to Agricultural Education 357 APPENDIX A; SUPPORT DOCUMENTS 360 APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 367
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