Maurice Sartre: The Middle East under Rome. Translated by Catherine Porter and Elizabeth Rawlings with Jeannine Routier-Pucci, Cambridge, Mass. / London: Harvard University Press 2005, XV + 665 S., ISBN 0-674-01683-1, GBP 25.95.

Preface to the English-Language Edition xi Acknowledgments xiii Translators' Note xv

Introduction I

1 The Hellenistic Legacy 5 The Creation of New States 12 Syria between Parthians, Romans, and Armenians 25

2 The End of Seleucid Syria and the First Roman Rule (69-31 B.C.E.) 31 The Beginnings of Roman Intervention 32 Pompey and Syria 37 Syria at the Time of the Roman Civil War 44

3 From Augustus to Trajan: Creating a Province 54 The Provincia and Its Governors 55 The Defenses of Imperial Syria in the First Century 60 The Client States in the First Century C.E. 70

4 The Crises in Judaea from Herod to Bar Kokhba 88 Herod the Great 89 Herod's Heirs 93 The Era of Prefects and Procurators 103 The Revolt of 66-70 and Its Consequences 117 From the Fall of the Temple to Bar Kokhba 127

5 From Trajan to the Severi: Conquests and Reorganizations 132 New Provinces, New Divisions 133 Defense of the Country and Roman Campaigns 136

6 Civic Life and Urban Development during the Early Empire I51 The Spread of the Polis and the Creation of Colonies 152 The Structure and Organization of Municipal Life 156 City Profiles 188

7 Rural Life in the Early Empire 206 Land Tenure and Land Use 207 Agricultural Practices and Production 217 Villages and Village Communities 224 Nomads 233

8 The Urban Economy in Roman Syria 240 Artisans 241 Money and Customs Duties 249 Roads and Ports 258 Local and Foreign Trade 260

9 Hellenization and Indigenous Cultures 274 Syrian Hellenism 275 Indigenous Cultures 291

10 Pagans, Jews, and Christians in Roman Syria in the Second and Third Centuries 297 Gods and Pagan Sanctuaries 299 Rabbinical Judaism 319 The Beginnings of Christianization 335

11 A Time of Trials 343 Edessa, Hatra, and Dura-Europos 344 Palmyra 350 Phylarchs and Nomad Chiefs 358

Conclusion 364

Abbreviations 371 Notes 375 Works Cited 557 Index 649