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Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration Inthailand. Final Report on Karen Focus Group Discussions in Chiang Mai Province Abigaël Pesses

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Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration Inthailand. Final Report on Karen Focus Group Discussions in Chiang Mai Province Abigaël Pesses Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration inThailand. Final Report on Karen Focus Group Discussions in Chiang Mai Province Abigaël Pesses To cite this version: Abigaël Pesses. Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration inThailand. Final Report on Karen Focus Group Discussions in Chiang Mai Province . [Research Report] UNESCO; UNESCO Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration Promotion Project Funded by the United Kingdom Sustainable Development Programme. 2007. hal-01736494 HAL Id: hal-01736494 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01736494 Submitted on 17 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. HIGHLAND BIRTH AND CITIZENSHIP REGISTRATION IN THAILAND FINAL REPORT ON KAREN FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE By Abigaël PESSES Within the framework of the UNESCO Highland Birth and Citizenship Registration Promotion Project Funded by the United Kingdom Sustainable Development Programme April 2007 Acknowledgement I would like to thank the following persons: David Feingold of UNESCO for proposing me to do this research, the members of IMPECT Association who helped me to organise the focu s group s discussion s , especially khun Prasert Trakarnsuphakorn, Sayan Pratchkana and Nawaphon. I also would like to thank Boucham who diffused the radio messages to stateless Karen, Olivier É vrard who helped me to get video material and all the Karen parti cipants to the focus group discussion to whom I dedicate this work. ABSTRACT This investigation on highlander’s access to citizenship was conducted in 2007. It is based on the record of stateless Pwo Karen life stories, interviews of state local administr ative officers, and the study on the historical process of granting legal status to highland ethnic minorities of Thailand. Despite the Thai State policies to integrate the so - called “Hill Tribes” since the seventies, the following governmental pressures t o control illegal migration has undermined the process of granting them Thai citizenship . Although the Karen are classified among the indigenous tribal groups who should access citizenship de facto , the overlapping of multiple regulations, tribal surveys a nd ID cards to establish a clear classification between native ethnic groups , tribal groups of refugees and illegal migrant workers coming from the neighbouring countries , has created a great confusion among both officers and applicants about the rightful legal status they can apply for. By examinating in detail , the itinerary of stateless Karen's engaged in an administrative process of naturalization, this research highlights the various obstacles they face in order to prove their nationality and how the l ack of citizenship impacts their life with regard to mobility, access to health care , education or job opportunities. In the same time, it shows how this social precariousness captive them in a situation of dependenc y toward their relatives and render them more vulnerable to economical exploitation inside the mainstream societ y. KEY WORDS Thailand, c itizenship , Thai citizenship, civil society, Thainess, stateless , alien, Karen , h ill t ribe , chao khao, indigenous, tribal minorities , minorit y , ethnic group, I D card , naturalization , legal status, birth registration, household registration, Nationality act, population survey, Thai legislation, Human trafficking, DNA test , mobility, immigration , national securit y, radio broadcasting . 2 Table des matières Acknowledgement ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 2 Executive summary ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 11 Chapter 1: context and participants ................................ ................................ ............................... 15 1.1 The use of radio to prepare the focus group ................................ ................................ ............. 15 1.2 The scope of study ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 17 1. 3 Focus group questions ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 18 Chapter 2: Life stories ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 22 2.1 Women focus group discussion ................................ ................................ ............................... 22 No household and birth certificates, no citizenship ................................ ................................ .... 22 Account of a DNA procedure ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 24 “I’ve registered as a Burmese migrant” ................................ ................................ ...................... 26 « Green card with a red rim » ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 28 Story of an uphill family ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 29 2.2 Men focus group discussion ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 30 I’ve never been to Chiang Mai ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 30 Wait, wait and wait ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 31 I can’t borrow money ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 32 2.3 Teenager focus Group Discussion ................................ ................................ ............................ 32 My sister was registered in the household certificate of another family ................................ ...... 32 A young man with a birth certificate a nd without citizenship ................................ ..................... 33 A young couple who could not register their marriage ................................ ............................... 33 2.4 Discussion about the creation of a statele ss network ................................ ................................ 34 Chapter 3: Analyse of the interviews ................................ ................................ ............................. 36 3.1 The social profile of the participants and position in the family netw ork ................................ .. 36 3.2 Main obstacles met during the administrative process for granting Thai citizenship ................. 38 3.3 Translation and implementat ion of laws by local officers ................................ ......................... 38 3.4 Main problems encountered by stateless in everyday life ................................ ......................... 41 Chapter 4: legal framework on hi ll tribe status and its political evolution ................................ ... 46 4.1. Chronology ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 46 4.2 Main status and ID card attributed to Hill tribe ................................ ................................ ........ 54 1. Thai citizen ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 54 3. The intermediary “hill tribe status” ................................ ................................ ........................ 54 4. Alien s ( tang daw ) ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 56 Conclusion: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 56 3 Recommendations: ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 57 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 59 APPENDIX ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 60 Appendix A: “chao khao” identity coin, issued in 1969 ................................ ................................ 60 Appendix B: The « blue highlander card », issued in 1991 - 2 ................................ ........................ 61 Appendix B: The « green card with red rim », issued in 1999 ................................ ........................ 62 4 Executive summary On the 18 February 2007, three focus group discussions centred on the relations between the lack of birth and citizenship
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