DOCSLIB.ORG

Read an Extract

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Read an Extract Chapter 4 North Ame CAN I STROKE rica HIM? BETTER NOT Horses Asia The hands and legs of the DO YOU LIKE ANIMALS? DO YOU convict were tied to four hor- HAVE PETS AT HOME? AND DO ope ses, each of which was com- YOU KNOW HOW ALL KINDS OF ur E manded to run in a different CREATURES WERE USED IN THE direction. The only possible PAST – THOUSANDS, SOMETIMES ONLY HUNDREDS OF YEARS AGO? outcome was the tearing of a ric the convict’s body into four Af pieces, known as quartering. South a Americ Dogs Bees To be thrown to the dogs was an igno- Beehive-thieves were Au minious punishment. And it was not left at the mercy of the strálie difficult to put into practice, as there bees' stings. were plenty of hungry dogs. Ashur- banipal, King of Assyria, was a ruler who liked to feed his dogs in this way. Rats The executioner placed a bucket containing a rat Elephants on the convict's belly. The executioner heated up There were two options. With the first, the elephants the bucket. The rat went crazy and did everything Ants stamped the convict to pulp; with the second, the it could to escape the bucket. In the end, its only elephants were specially trained to perform very An army of migratory ants can gnaw way out led into the poor convict’s belly, which effective acts of sadism. In Sri Lanka, an island that anything down to the bone, so a poor it bit into. In China, the heat was applied to the lies to the south of India, it was the custom for an criminal in chains poses no problem buttocks. It’s not hard to guess the way out in this elephant to toss the convict up in the air, catching for them. case. Or should that be the way in? him on its tusks as he fell. • 14 • • 15 • Chapter 5 Them es isto stid cl ri es A THE ELEGANCE OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS We think of the Ancient Greeks as wise Draco’s Code is the oldest known legal code philosophers, sensitive artists and fathers in Europe. It sentenced the perpetrators of of democracy. But not all was rosy in quite commonplace crimes to death, yet it their garden: life in antiquity, too, could made a new distinction between murder and be harsh. There was noise and commotion. involuntary manslaughter. There was unrest and defiance. There was crime and punishment. Do you happen to Fortunately, Draconian laws were not long in know how things were managed in Athens effect before they were abolished for being before democracy was born there? If you too harsh. What followed was the birth of have heard the word ‘draconian’, you will much-extolled Athenian democracy. But that, know that nothing good is meant by it… too, was not without its flaws. Bringer of the law Draco was an Athenian lawgiver in the 7th Graeco-Persian attracted the most could begin saying his good- century BCE. His laws were so strict that he byes – he was about to be sent into exile for ten shard paradox could have given Hammurabi a run for his years. Regrettably, ostracism was often abused money. It is said that they were written not in The military commander Aristides was in the political struggle as an instrument for ink but in human blood. a victim of ostracism. He was expelled from getting rid of opponents. The historian Thucydi- Athens after his conflict with Themistocles, des, for instance, was a victim of such treatment. another fine warrior. But Aristides was Shards of justice recalled to Athens to fight against the What’s your poison? Persians, whom the Athenians then defeated with Aristides and Themistocles fighting ‘Trial by shard’, better known as ostracism, side by side. A few years later, the situation was introduced around 500 BCE, as protec- One of the most common methods of execu- was reversed: the popularity of Themistocles tion against tyrants (so-called autocrats) who tion in Athens was forced poisoning. It would declined sharply, resulting in his ostracism. But Draco himself didn’t think up the laws. represented a threat to Athenian democracy. later reach other parts of Greece and even Unlike Aristides, Themistocles never retur- He simply wrote down the rules people were Every citizen was given a pottery shard, known the territory of today’s Spain and France. The ned; ironically, he settled in Persia for the used to. In this way, no one could claim that as an ostrakon, on which he would write his first poison used was a decoction of hemlock. rest of his life. they didn’t know the law, nor could anyone name for the purposes of a vote. If at least Later, a more reliable mixture of poppy and take advantage of the ignorance of others. 6,000 such votes were cast, the person who other substances was used. • 16 • • 17 • Socrates THE QUESTION IS – IN A BAD WAY, ISN'T HE? HEMLOCK OR POPPY? We can read about how Socrates defended AND I SEE ATLAS IS STILL himself before the Athenian court in Plato's as WALKING AROUND WITH HIS Atl nt treatise The Apology of Socrates. gia HEAD IN THE CLOUDS. the resin and then set alight. Now human torches, S these people must have suffered terrible pain. i sy emlock ph h us red poppy Stoning Ea g P le r o m e t The punishment of stoning was mostly con- h e u Atlas led the Titans in battle against the nected with religion. In ancient times, it was s practised by Jews and Christians; later (in Olympian gods. After the Titans were defea- some places, even today), it was/is used by WOE IS ME! EVERY DAY ted, Atlas was sent by Zeus to the western Muslims. It was also much in favour in an- THE SAME! WELL, PECK IT OUT edge of the world to hold up the sky on his Death of Socrates cient Greece, as a means of revenge on AND GET IT OVER WITH. shoulders forever more. a group or to punish errant soldiers. The best-known case of death by poisoning in antiquity is probably that of the philoso- I TOLD YOU WE Mythological justice time; whenever the rock was about to reach the ne top, it would roll away from Sisyphus and back pher Socrates in 399 BCE. His philosophizing SHOULDN'T HAVE LISTENED sto in the street, which included criticism of the TO THAT ROMAN! down the hill. And so it went on, endlessly. For the ancient Greeks, just (sometimes un- government, was less than popular with Athe- Prometheus was a demigod who created man. just) retribution was so important that they nian politicians. Socrates was put on trial, His offence was to trick Zeus, who hid fire incorporated it into their numerous myths. charged with impiety and corrupting the from humans in retribution. Prometheus then Everyone knows about Sisyphus, Prome- young, and sentenced to death by poisoning. went to Mount Olympus, where he stole fire theus and Atlas the giant. We still don't know exactly what was in the and took it back with him. For this, he was mixture he was forced to drink. bound to a rock in the Caucasus, where each day an eagle would feed on his liver, which What does legend tell us? would then grow back overnight. He was freed Human torches at last by the hero Heracles. As a reminder of It is said that all inhabitants of the Greek According to legend, the famous King Sisy- his punishment, Prometheus kept a ring with city of Messene were stoned to death – for phus was one of the world’s cleverest men. a stone from the rock in the Caucasus. Burning was included in Draco's Code, and it having captured and executed the Greek But when he tried to outwit the gods – inclu- It is worth noting that the gods' strictest pu- continued as a punishment in later times. In general Philopoemen at the behest ding Zeus, the highest of all Greek gods – he nishments favoured eternity over death. For Greece, it sometimes took a particularly nasty of the Romans. got himself into big trouble. His punishment Sisyphus and Atlas, this meant endless work, turn: convicts' outer clothing was soaked in was to roll a huge boulder up a hill for all for Prometheus suffering without end. • 18 • • 19 • Chapter 6 APPARENTLY, THAT Chapter 7 LOAFER SOCRATES IS GOING AROUND TALKATIVE SOCRATES SAYING THAT WE'RE FOOLS! AT THE AGORA … AND YOU, ROMANS? YOU'RE A FOOL. The ancient Romans were perfectionists have been the Romans if they hadn't added BUT I'VE GOOD NEWS FOR YOU. by nature who tried to make the very best something of their own… THOSE WHO RULE YOU ARE STILL of everything. If they saw something they The guilty party was sewn up in a sack, which GREATER FOOLS. liked beyond their empire, they would was then thrown into a river. But he wasn't check it out and make improvements to it. alone in there – he was in the company of This was as much the case in certain fields a dog, a cat, a monkey, a cock and a viper. of art and culture as it was in the area of Just imagine the hellish scene in the sack WHAT ROT WELL, LET'S HEAR HIM crime and punishment. In the latter case, before the convict eventually drowned! HE SPEAKS! SAY IT TO OUR FACES.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Aelius Aristides As Orator-Confessor: Embodied Ethos in Second Century Healing Cults
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2019 Aelius Aristides as Orator-Confessor: Embodied Ethos in Second Century Healing Cults Josie Rose Portz University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Portz, Josie Rose, "Aelius Aristides as Orator-Confessor: Embodied Ethos in Second Century Healing Cults. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5509 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Josie Rose Portz entitled "Aelius Aristides as Orator-Confessor: Embodied Ethos in Second Century Healing Cults." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. Janet Atwill, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Jeffrey Ringer, Tanita Saenkhum Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) AELIUS ARISTIDES AS ORATOR-CONFESSOR: EMBODIED ETHOS IN SECOND CENTURY HEALING CULTS A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Josie Rose Portz August 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my wonderful committee who has supported me these past two years in furthering my education in rhetorical studies, many thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Rule of Law
    History of the Rule of Law 1 CONTEMPORARY FINE ART COLLECTION Since it opened in 1933, the Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center has been home to numerous soaring and spectacular murals, and neoclassical, awe-inspiring architecture. Today, a new generation of art is also on display throughout the building. The Supreme Court of Ohio contemporary fine art collection is a unique display of pieces from renowned Ohio artists, portraying themes exploring the beauty of the law, the diversity of our land and the nobility of Ohio’s most precious resource: its people. HISTORY OF THE RULE OF LAW SERIES The Supreme Court of Ohio Rule of Law Gallery is home to the History of the Rule of Law, a series of six, 4x6’ oil paintings created by artist Ron Anderson that depict the evolution of law in Western civilization. The paintings, located on the 11th Floor of the Moyer Judicial Center, are on permanent loan from the Ohio State Bar Association. THE CODE OF HAMMURABI AND THE RULE OF RAMSES THE GREAT TheTh Code C d of f Hammurabi H bi and d the h Rule R l of f Ramses R the h Great G , 2005,2005 oil il on canvas. The first panel presents Hammurabi (1795-1750 B.C.), the Babylonian king to whom the first written Code of Law is attributed. He appears to be in the process of passing judgment on a situation before him, while a scribe records the proceedings in cuneiform. To the right of the Egyptian column in the center of the panel is a study of the “Land of Khem,” or Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Ig V 1, 16 and the Gerousia of Roman Sparta
    IG V 1, 16 AND THE GEROUSIA OF ROMAN SPARTA (PLATE 46) G Vi 1,16 is embeddedupside down in the apseof the Katholikonin the monasteryof hJI[ the Agioi Saranta,the Forty Martyrsof Sebaste,some nine kilometerseast of Sparta.1Kolbe, the editor of the Laconian section of the corpus, based his edition on tran- scriptionsof the text in the works of antiquariantravelers, among them Col. William Leake and Ludwig Ross. Although the inscription, thanks to a restorationAdolf Wilhelm pro- posed and Kolbe adopted, is directly relevant to the vexatious problem of the size of the Spartan gerousia in the Roman period, no one has examined the stone since the 19th cen- tury.2A new edition based on autopsy is required. p. ante vel p. post A.D. 61 NON-ITOIX. Height 0.205 m. Width 0.277 m. Letter height 0.01 1-0.01 9 m. COL. I [o betva--------office ------------------------------------?IN]I ~[pwvosvJKAavbliov Katoapos----------------------------------]OIO I-----------------------------------------------------]II[--] ?-- 5 [--------------------------------------------------------- ?I] ?I] ?I] COL. II vacat Iro b Aou,oi j cvavo[ov? -?----------------------------------- SOY aL'-rcZoat.vacat [ vacat ] Aztarovtrov -rovi KocaAalov[ --------------------------------------[ rovtrovsyap o Aev 1c8ao[rs0] ------------------------------------? I An earlier version of this article was given as the paper "FortySaints, But How Many Gerontes?"at the 1989 annual meeting of the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America in Boston, Massachusetts. I would like to thank this journal's referees for their useful comments. Works frequently cited are abbreviatedas follows: Cartledgeand = P. Cartledge and A. Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. A Tale of Two Cities, Spawforth London 1989 Oliver = J. H. Oliver, GreekConstitutions of Early Roman Emperorsfrom Inscriptionsand Papy- ri, Philadelphia 1989 Kennell = N.
    [Show full text]
  • Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 55 | Number 2 Article 16 May 1988 Why Did He Die in Three Hours?: Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A. Brucker Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Brucker, Edward A. (1988) "Why Did He Die in Three Hours?: Thoughts on the Crucifixion," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 55: No. 2, Article 16. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol55/iss2/16 Why Did He Die in Three Hours? Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A. Brucker, M.D. Doctor Brucker has served as director of laboratories at several hospitals and has, for the past 18 years, been a deputy medical examiner for Pima County in Arizona. He has studied and given lectures on the Shroud of Turinfor the past 27 years. Many problems exist with our understanding of crucifixion looking backward approximately 2,000 years. We know Constantine abolished crucifixions about 337 A. D. so that there is no known personal experience since that time of individuals reporting on crucifixions. Two events which add to our knowledge, however, and give us some insight as to how crucifixion was performed and what happened to the individual would be the Shroud of Turin which is probably the most important, and secondly, in 1968 in a Jewish cemetery - Givat ha M ivtar - in which the bones of a crucified individual, Johanaham, were identified with the nail being transfixed through the ankle bone and with scrape marks being identified on the radius bone. Other than these two events, we are limited to what the ancient historians and writers had to say about crucifixion.
    [Show full text]
  • Stylometric Classification of Ancient Greek Literary Texts by Genre
    Stylometric Classification of Ancient Greek Literary Texts by Genre Efthimios Tim Gianitsos Thomas J. Bolt Pramit Chaudhuri Department of Computer Science Department of Classics Department of Classics University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Austin Joseph P. Dexter Neukom Institute for Computational Science Dartmouth College Abstract analyses of literary genre have been reported, us- ing both English and non-English corpora such Classification of texts by genre is an impor- as classical Malay poetry, German novels, and tant application of natural language process- Arabic religious texts (Tizhoosh et al., 2008; Ku- ing to literary corpora but remains understud- mar and Minz, 2014; Jamal et al., 2012; Hettinger ied for premodern and non-English traditions. et al., 2015; Al-Yahya, 2018). However, computa- We develop a stylometric feature set for an- cient Greek that enables identification of texts tional prediction of even relatively coarse generic as prose or verse. The set contains over 20 distinctions (such as between prose and poetry) re- primarily syntactic features, which are calcu- mains unexplored for classical Greek literature. lated according to custom, language-specific Encompassing the epic poems of Homer, the heuristics. Using these features, we classify tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, almost all surviving classical Greek literature the historical writings of Herodotus, and the phi- as prose or verse with >97% accuracy and F1 losophy of Plato and Aristotle, the surviving lit- score, and further classify a selection of the verse texts into the traditional genres of epic erature of ancient Greece is foundational for the and drama.
    [Show full text]
  • Lives, Volume Ii : Themistocles and Camillus
    LIVES, VOLUME II : THEMISTOCLES AND CAMILLUS. ARISTIDES AND CATO MAJOR. CIMON AND LUCULLUS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Plutarch | 640 pages | 01 Jul 1989 | HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780674990531 | English | Cambridge, Mass, United States Lives, Volume II : Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus PDF Book Plutarch's many other varied extant works, about 60 in number, are known as Moralia or Moral Essays. Vol 2 by Plutarch , Bernadotte Perrin translator 4. Annotation Plutarch Plutarchus , ca. Contact us. Heath , Hardcover 4. Andreas Hofer. Subscribe to E-News. Most popular have always been the 46 "Parallel Lives," biographies planned to be ethical examples in pairs in each pair, one Greek figure and one similar Roman , though the last four lives are single. Explore Departments. Aristides and Cato Major. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Online book clubs can be a rewarding way to connect with readers, Lindsay Chervinsky discovered, when she was invited to join one to discuss her book, The Cabinet: George Washington and the Creation of an American Institution. He appears as a man of kindly character and independent thought, studious and learned. Plutarch's Lives by Plutarch , Bernadotte Perrin 4. AD , was born at Chaeronea in Boeotia in central Greece, studied philosophy at Athens, and, after coming to Rome as a teacher in philosophy, was given consular rank by the emperor Trajan and a procuratorship in Greece by Hadrian. They are of high literary value, besides being of great use to people interested in philosophy, ethics and religion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307
    Th e Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307 BCE Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock, Brown University Th omas Harrison, Liverpool Willem M. Jongman, Groningen H.S. Versnel, Leiden VOLUME 318 Th e Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317–307 BCE A Philosopher in Politics By Lara O’Sullivan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: Detail of the Parthenon. Photo: Author. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Sullivan, Lara. Th e rule of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 B.C. : a philosopher in politics / by Lara O’Sullivan. p. cm. — (Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity, ISSN 0169-8958 ; v. 318) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17888-5 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Demetrius, of Phaleron, b. ca. 350 B.C. 2. Demetrius, of Phaleron, b. ca. 350 B.C.—Political and social views. 3. Governors—Greece—Athens—Biography. 4. Statesmen—Greece—Athens— Biography. 5. Orators—Greece—Athens—Biography. 6. Philosophers, Ancient— Biography. 7. Athens (Greece)—Politics and government. 8. Philosophy, Ancient. 9. Athens (Greece)—Relations—Macedonia. 10. Macedonia—Relations—Greece— Athens. I. Title. II. Series. DF235.48.D455O87 2009 938’.508092—dc22 [B] 2009033560 ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 978 90 04 17888 5 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Titus Quinctius Flamininus, the Man and His Portrayal by Plutarch
    for my father Promotor Prof. dr. Kristoffel Demoen Vakgroep Letterkunde Copromotor dr. Koen De Temmerman Vakgroep Letterkunde Decaan Prof. dr. Freddy Mortier Rector Prof. dr. Paul Van Cauwenberge Illustration on cover: gold stater bearing the image of Flamininus, now on display in the British Museum. On the reverse side: image of Nike and identification of the Roman statesman (“T. Quincti”) © Trustees of the British Museum. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande toestemming van de uitgever. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Peter Newey Titus Quinctius Flamininus, the Man and his Portrayal by Plutarch Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Taal- en Letterkunde 2012 Foreword It was nearly fifty years ago as an undergraduate that, following a course of lectures on Livy XXXIII, I first met Titus Quinctius Flamininus. Fascinated by the inextricable blend of historicity and personality that emerges from Livy‖s text, I immediately directed my attention toward Polybius 18. Plutarch‖s Life of Flamininus was the next logical step. Although I was not destined to pursue an academic career, the deep impression left on me by these authors endured over the following years. Hence, finally, with the leisure and a most gratefully accepted opportunity, my thesis. My thanks are due initially to Dr T.A. Dorey, who inspired and nurtured my interest in ancient historiography during my undergraduate years in the University of Birmingham.
    [Show full text]
  • Tolerant Criminal Law of Rome” in the Light of Legal and Rhetorical Sources
    UWM Studia Prawnoustrojowe 25 189 2014 Artyku³y Przemys³aw Kubiak Katedra Prawa Rzymskiego Wydzia³ Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu £ódzkiego Some remarks on tolerant criminal law of Rome in the light of legal and rhetorical sources Introduction Roman criminal law, as majority of ancient legal systems, is commonly considered cruel and intolerant. Most of these negative views is based on the fact that the Romans created and used a great variety of painful and severe penalties, very often accompanied by different kinds of torture or disgrace1. Although such opinions derive from legal and literary sources, occasionally in their context a very important factor seems to be missing. Sometimes in the process of evaluation of foreign or historical legal systems researchers make a mistake and use modern standards, both legal and moral, and from this point of view they proclaim their statements. This incorrect attitude may lead to ascertainment that no legal system before 20th century should be judged positively in this aspect. However, the goal of this paper is not to change those statements, as they are based on sources, but rather to give examples and to underline some important achievements of Roman crimi- nal law which, sometimes forgotten or disregarded, should be considered in the process of its historical evaluation. 1 The most cruel are definitely aggravated forms of death penalty, such as crucifixion (crux), burning alive (vivi crematio), throwing to wild animals during the games (damnatio ad bestias), throwing to the sea in a sack with ritual animals (poena cullei). These are the most common, but during the history of Roman empire there existed many other severe kinds of capital punishment, see A.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Care of the Crucifixion Victim
    Accident and Emergency Nursing (2002) 10, 235–239 ª 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0965-2302(02)00127-3, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Emergency care of the crucifixion victim Scott L DeBoer, Charles L Maddow ... of all punishments, it is the most cruel and most terrifying Cicero, first century A.D. Of all the terrible ways to die, most people say that death by fire or death by drowning are the worst. If you lived 2000 years ago however, you most certainly would disagree. Throughout world history, one of the most feared deaths was that of crucifixion. This article will guide you through the medical, psychological, and emotional aspects of crucifixion. The death of the man called Jesus Christ will be used to illustrate the use of a punishment that was unequalled in its cruelty and depth of suffering. This article will review not only the injuries associated with crucifixion, as well as current medical archaeological theories relating to the suffering and eventual death on a cross, but Scott L DeBoer also using the introduction case study, the initial assessment and resuscitation of a crucifixion RN,MSN,CEN,CCRN, CFRN Flight Nurse victim will be addressed. Regardless of religious beliefs, this article will give attendees a Educator: UCAN, deeper awareness of ‘‘and they crucified him’’. ª 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights University of Chicago Hospitals, reserved. Owner: Peds-R-Us Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois USA Charles L Maddow ... MD, Senior Medic 101 to County General We are en route it still is being performed as evidenced by the Instructor of with a 33-year old male who was the victim of a current practice in areas of the Philippines, Emergency crucifixion.
    [Show full text]