Seven Days Before the Crucifixion

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Seven Days Before the Crucifixion THE LAST WEEK OF OUR LORD’S MINISTRY WITH TEXTS AND ARTICLES FOR EACH DAY’S READING 7 days before Passover. Traveling toward Jerusalem. Matt. 20:17-28; Luke 18:35-43; 19:1-10; R. 3362 (Z ’04-138); R. 3847 (Z ’06-278). 6 days before Passover. Jesus came to Bethany and in the evening Mary anointed our Lord. John 12:1-8; Mark 14:3-9; Matt. Matthew 26:6-12. R. 2447 (Z ’99-76); R. 3534 (Z ’05-103). 5 days before Passover. They strewed palm branches; He rode into Jerusalem. Matt. 21:1-16; 23:37-39; Psa. 8:2; Luke 19:40. R. 3537 (Z ’05-108); R. 2745 (Z’00-380); R. 3850 (Z ’06-281). 4 days before Passover. Cursing of fig tree; cleansing of Temple; He taught the people there. Matt. 21:17-32; Mark 11:12-19; John 2:13-22. R. 5503 (Z ’14-219); R. 5920 (Z ’16-204); R. 4122 (Z ’08-25). 3 days before Passover. Teaching in Temple; challenged with questions; tried to catch Him in His words. Many parables given on this day. Matt. 22:15-46; 23:14-39; 25:1-13. R. 3852, (Z ’06-284); R. 1982 (Z ’96-115); R. 2746, c. 2, p. 2-3 (Many of His parables given) = (Z ’00-382, c. 1, p. 1). 2 days before Passover. There is no record of the events of this day; it was probably spent in retirement at Bethany. R. 3542, c. 1, p. 7 (Z ’05-118); R. 3000 (Z ’02-131) = EXCELLENT for season. 1 day before Passover. The disciples made ready for the Passover which was to be after 6:00 that evening. Matt. 26:17-20; Luke 22:7-71; John 13:5, 14-15. R. 3542 (Z’05-118); R. 3551 (Z ’05-136); R. 4167 (Z ’08-139); R. 3885 (Z ’06-356); R. 2467 (Z ’99-115); R. 2469 (Z ’99-119); R. 2773 (Z ’01-77); R. 1801 (Z ’95-95); R. 5331 (Z ’13-311); R. 3879 (Z ’06-333); R. 3363 (Z ’04-140). The day of the crucifixion. Bro. Russell suggests that we keep very close to our Lord during this day — remembering what He endured and entering into it as fully as possible. Matt. 27:1-51. R. 3895 (Z ’06-363); R. 3369 (Z ’04*155); R. 3366 (Z ’04-149); R. 2315 (Z ’98-171); R. 2473 (Z ’99-12); R. 1815 (Z ’95-122); R. 3560 (Z ’05-152); R. 1366- 1368: “An Ancient and Interesting Document.” (Z ’99-39, 40, 51). The Resurrection. Matt. 28:1-10. R. 3903 (Z ’06-380); R. 2476 (Z ’99-132); R. 2800 (Z ’01-134); R. 1823 (Z ’95-135); R. 5415 (Z ’14-74). Chapter 1: Seven Days before the Crucifixion: Matthew 20: 17-28 20:17 And Jesus going up to Jerusalem took the twelve disciples apart in the way, and said unto them, 20:18 Behold, we go up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, 20:19 And shall deliver him to the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify [him]: and the third day he shall rise again. 20:20 Then came to him the mother of Zebedee's children with her sons, worshipping [him], and desiring a certain thing of him. 20:21 And he said unto her, What wilt thou? She saith unto him, Grant that these my two sons may sit, the one on thy right hand, and the other on the left, in thy kingdom. 20:22 But Jesus answered and said, Ye know not what ye ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with? They say unto him, We are able. 20:23 And he saith unto them, Ye shall drink indeed of my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with: but to sit on my right hand, and on my left, is not mine to give, but [it shall be given to them] for whom it is prepared of my Father. 20:24 And when the ten heard [it], they were moved with indignation against the two brethren. 20:25 But Jesus called them [unto him], and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them, and they that are great exercise authority upon them. 20:26 But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister; 20:27 And whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant: 20:28 Even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many. Luke 18:35-43 18:35 And it came to pass, that as he was come nigh unto Jericho, a certain blind man sat by the way side begging: 18:36 And hearing the multitude pass by, he asked what it meant. 18:37 And they told him, that Jesus of Nazareth passeth by. 18:38 And he cried, saying, Jesus, [thou] son of David, have mercy on me. 18:39 And they which went before rebuked him, that he should hold his peace: but he cried so much the more, [Thou] son of David, have mercy on me. 18:40 And Jesus stood, and commanded him to be brought unto him: and when he was come near, he asked him, 18:41 Saying, What wilt thou that I shall do unto thee? And he said, Lord, that I may receive my sight. 18:42 And Jesus said unto him, Receive thy sight: thy faith hath saved thee. 18:43 And immediately he received his sight, and followed him, glorifying God: and all the people, when they saw [it], gave praise unto God. Luke 19: 1-10 19:1 And [Jesus] entered and passed through Jericho. 19:2 And, behold, [there was] a man named Zacchaeus, which was the chief among the publicans, and he was rich. 19:3 And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature. 19:4 And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycamore tree to see him: for he was to pass that [way]. 19:5 And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must abide at thy house. 19:6 And he made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully. 19:7 And when they saw [it], they all murmured, saying, That he was gone to be guest with a man that is a sinner. 19:8 And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore [him] fourfold. 19:9 And Jesus said unto him, This day is salvation come to this house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham. 19:10 For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost. Z ’03, 138 –141; Reprint 3362 ONLY THE HUMBLE SHALL BE EXALTED. --MARK 10:35-45.--MAY 22.-- Golden Text: "For even the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister." EVERAL weeks intervened between the in the Kingdom, one on his right hand and one on incidents of the last lesson and the present one. his left, the two positions of chiefest favor. SIn that time the Lord had crossed over Jordan Our Lord did not reprove them, for doubtless he in answer to the request of Mary and Martha read in their hearts a great love and loyalty toward that he should come and heal their brother Lazarus, himself; and the desire for the positions indicated who was sick. Jesus arrived intentionally too late for not merely the desire for the honors and authority this, but awakened Lazarus from sleep, and thereby implied, but specially because this would bring them aroused a great storm of opposition, especially closer to himself. Had the Lord seen in their hearts amongst the scribes and Pharisees, who sought to an evil form of ambition, undoubtedly he would put him to death. Knowing that his time was not yet have reproved it on the spot. His answer, however, come, he retired into a mountain of northern Judea, was so framed as to impress these brothers and all of but at the time of this lesson he with his twelve his followers since with what is implied in joint- apostles was en route for Jerusalem. He had just heirship with the Lord in the Kingdom. Very explained to them more particularly the ignominy, forceful is the expression, "Ye know not what ye shame and death which he would experience, and ask. Are ye able to drink of the cup that I drink of, repeated his assurance of his resurrection. The rich and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized young ruler had just visited him, and gone away with?" sorrowful upon learning the terms of discipleship. The cup signifies experiences--as, for instance, Jesus had just said, How hardly shall they who have when our Lord said, "The cup which my Father hath riches enter into the Kingdom; the apostles had given me, shall I not drink it?" (John 18:11.) Our inquired what they should have since they had left Lord wished his disciples to see clearly that the all, and Jesus assured them that they should have a Father had poured for him a special cup of hundred fold more in this present time, with experiences, and had required of him special baptism persecution, and in the world to come everlasting into death, as conditions precedent to his glory and life.
Recommended publications
  • Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 55 | Number 2 Article 16 May 1988 Why Did He Die in Three Hours?: Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A. Brucker Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Brucker, Edward A. (1988) "Why Did He Die in Three Hours?: Thoughts on the Crucifixion," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 55: No. 2, Article 16. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol55/iss2/16 Why Did He Die in Three Hours? Thoughts on the Crucifixion Edward A. Brucker, M.D. Doctor Brucker has served as director of laboratories at several hospitals and has, for the past 18 years, been a deputy medical examiner for Pima County in Arizona. He has studied and given lectures on the Shroud of Turinfor the past 27 years. Many problems exist with our understanding of crucifixion looking backward approximately 2,000 years. We know Constantine abolished crucifixions about 337 A. D. so that there is no known personal experience since that time of individuals reporting on crucifixions. Two events which add to our knowledge, however, and give us some insight as to how crucifixion was performed and what happened to the individual would be the Shroud of Turin which is probably the most important, and secondly, in 1968 in a Jewish cemetery - Givat ha M ivtar - in which the bones of a crucified individual, Johanaham, were identified with the nail being transfixed through the ankle bone and with scrape marks being identified on the radius bone. Other than these two events, we are limited to what the ancient historians and writers had to say about crucifixion.
    [Show full text]
  • Tolerant Criminal Law of Rome” in the Light of Legal and Rhetorical Sources
    UWM Studia Prawnoustrojowe 25 189 2014 Artyku³y Przemys³aw Kubiak Katedra Prawa Rzymskiego Wydzia³ Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu £ódzkiego Some remarks on tolerant criminal law of Rome in the light of legal and rhetorical sources Introduction Roman criminal law, as majority of ancient legal systems, is commonly considered cruel and intolerant. Most of these negative views is based on the fact that the Romans created and used a great variety of painful and severe penalties, very often accompanied by different kinds of torture or disgrace1. Although such opinions derive from legal and literary sources, occasionally in their context a very important factor seems to be missing. Sometimes in the process of evaluation of foreign or historical legal systems researchers make a mistake and use modern standards, both legal and moral, and from this point of view they proclaim their statements. This incorrect attitude may lead to ascertainment that no legal system before 20th century should be judged positively in this aspect. However, the goal of this paper is not to change those statements, as they are based on sources, but rather to give examples and to underline some important achievements of Roman crimi- nal law which, sometimes forgotten or disregarded, should be considered in the process of its historical evaluation. 1 The most cruel are definitely aggravated forms of death penalty, such as crucifixion (crux), burning alive (vivi crematio), throwing to wild animals during the games (damnatio ad bestias), throwing to the sea in a sack with ritual animals (poena cullei). These are the most common, but during the history of Roman empire there existed many other severe kinds of capital punishment, see A.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Care of the Crucifixion Victim
    Accident and Emergency Nursing (2002) 10, 235–239 ª 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0965-2302(02)00127-3, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Emergency care of the crucifixion victim Scott L DeBoer, Charles L Maddow ... of all punishments, it is the most cruel and most terrifying Cicero, first century A.D. Of all the terrible ways to die, most people say that death by fire or death by drowning are the worst. If you lived 2000 years ago however, you most certainly would disagree. Throughout world history, one of the most feared deaths was that of crucifixion. This article will guide you through the medical, psychological, and emotional aspects of crucifixion. The death of the man called Jesus Christ will be used to illustrate the use of a punishment that was unequalled in its cruelty and depth of suffering. This article will review not only the injuries associated with crucifixion, as well as current medical archaeological theories relating to the suffering and eventual death on a cross, but Scott L DeBoer also using the introduction case study, the initial assessment and resuscitation of a crucifixion RN,MSN,CEN,CCRN, CFRN Flight Nurse victim will be addressed. Regardless of religious beliefs, this article will give attendees a Educator: UCAN, deeper awareness of ‘‘and they crucified him’’. ª 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights University of Chicago Hospitals, reserved. Owner: Peds-R-Us Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois USA Charles L Maddow ... MD, Senior Medic 101 to County General We are en route it still is being performed as evidenced by the Instructor of with a 33-year old male who was the victim of a current practice in areas of the Philippines, Emergency crucifixion.
    [Show full text]
  • Crucifixion in Antiquity: an Inquiry Into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion
    GUNNAR SAMUELSSON Crucifixion in Antiquity Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 310 Mohr Siebeck Gunnar Samuelsson questions the textual basis for our knowledge about the death of Jesus. As a matter of fact, the New Testament texts offer only a brief description of the punishment that has influenced a whole world. ISBN 978-3-16-150694-9 Mohr Siebeck Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2. Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) 310 Gunnar Samuelsson Crucifixion in Antiquity An Inquiry into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion Mohr Siebeck GUNNAR SAMUELSSON, born 1966; 1992 Pastor and Missionary Degree; 1997 B.A. and M.Th. at the University of Gothenburg; 2000 Μ. Α.; 2010 ThD; Senior Lecturer in New Testament Studies at the Department of Literature, History of Ideas and Religion, University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-3-16-150694-9 ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Reihe) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio­ graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ©2011 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Nehren on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nadele in Nehren.
    [Show full text]
  • "In the Matter of a Murdered Person ... " the Qur'an, 2:178
    University of Baltimore Law Forum Volume 6 Article 4 Number 3 March, 1976 3-1976 "In The aM tter of A Murdered Person ... " The Qur'an, 2:178 T. W. Lapin Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/lf Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Lapin, T. W. (1976) ""In The aM tter of A Murdered Person ... " The Qur'an, 2:178," University of Baltimore Law Forum: Vol. 6 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/lf/vol6/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Forum by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "In The Matter of A Murdered Person ... " The Qur'im, 2: 178 by T. W. Lapin At4:30p.m. on the.18thofJune 1975 the head of Prince Faisal ibn Musa'id of Saudi Arabia was severed from his body by two strokes of the executioner's sword. [For a detailed description of the exec;ution see appendix at the end of this article.] Prince Faisal died, on March 25, 1975, as a result of his assassination of his uncle, Faisal ibn' Abd al- 'AZlz, King of Saudi Arabia. In accordance with the 1300 year-old Shari'a, the law of Islam, a murderer was made to account for his crime. Islamic law prescribes the death pen­ alty for four crimes: murder, highway robbery involving homicide (what we would call "felony murder"), adultery by married people, and apostasy from Is­ lam.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Crucifixion
    1. Crucifixion By: Paul T. Fanning, Tyler, Texas1 “We preach Christ, and Christ crucified – to the Jews a stumbling block, and to the Gentiles foolishness.” 1 Corinthians 1:23. While we are studying this topic,2 please ponder one question in the back of your mind: ‘Why did Jesus have to be crucified?’ After all, couldn’t the “plan” have provided for the Messiah pricking His finger with a pin and allowing just one drop of His sacred blood to fall to earth before He died peacefully in His sleep and then risen? After all, He is the Alpha and the Omega, the eternal God of the Universe, and infinitely both holy and good. Wouldn’t just the inconvenience of having to adopt human flesh and nature and spilling just one drop of His sacred blood have been sufficient to cleanse the whole planet of sin? Why did Jesus become a spectacle and give it all? We know He didn’t want to do it.3 1 Paul T. Fanning earned B.A. and J.D. degrees from The University Of Texas At Austin in 1968 and 1972, respectively. He was then encouraged by Dr. David O. Dykes, Pastor of Green Acres Baptist Church, Tyler, Texas, who convinced him that he actually could do “this.” Thereafter, he was privileged to study under two of the outstanding Bible scholars of our time, Thomas S. McCall, Th.D. (September 1, 1936 – ), and Mal Couch, Ph.D., Th.D., (July 12, 1938 – February 12, 2013) who participated in his ordination at Clifton Bible Church, Clifton, Texas, on March 8, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • The Peformative Grotesquerie of the Crucifixion of Jesus
    THE GROTESQUE CROSS: THE PERFORMATIVE GROTESQUERIE OF THE CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS Hephzibah Darshni Dutt A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2015 Committee: Jonathan Chambers, Advisor Charles Kanwischer Graduate Faculty Representative Eileen Cherry Chandler Marcus Sherrell © 2015 Hephzibah Dutt All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Jonathan Chambers, Advisor In this study I argue that the crucifixion of Jesus is a performative event and this event is an exemplar of the Grotesque. To this end, I first conduct a dramatistic analysis of the crucifixion of Jesus, working to explicate its performativity. Viewing this performative event through the lens of the Grotesque, I then discuss its various grotesqueries, to propose the concept of the Grotesque Cross. As such, the term “Grotesque Cross” functions as shorthand for the performative event of the crucifixion of Jesus, as it is characterized by various aspects of the Grotesque. I develop the concept of the Grotesque Cross thematically through focused studies of representations of the crucifixion: the film, Jesus of Montreal (Arcand, 1989), Philip Turner’s play, Christ in the Concrete City, and an autoethnographic examination of Cross-wearing as performance. I examine each representation through the lens of the Grotesque to define various facets of the Grotesque Cross. iv For Drs. Chetty and Rukhsana Dutt, beloved holy monsters & Hannah, Abhishek, and Esther, my fellow aliens v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS St. Cyril of Jerusalem, in instructing catechumens, wrote, “The dragon sits by the side of the road, watching those who pass.
    [Show full text]
  • Death by Crucifixion and Damnatio Ad Bestias Were Usually Watched by the Public. Why Do You Think This Was? Punishments For
    Roman law: the art of the fair and good? Punishments Romans Romans in f cus Punishment under Roman law was harsh. Often punishments were a way of deterring others from committing the same crime and making a public spectacle out of the criminal. Punishment in Ancient Rome was decided upon by two factors: the social status of the condemned person and the severity of committed offence. Punishments for citizens: - fines - bonds - retaliation - infamy - banishment - property confiscation - death (for committing treason only, and not by crucifixion) Punishments only for non- Above: mosaic showing damnatio ad bestias, from The more severe citizens: the Zliten mosaic, c. 200 AD punishments were - death by crucifixion (Archaeological Museum in usually reserved for - death in the arena by wild Tripoli). For more information criminals of the lower animals, called damnatio see: https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Zliten_mosaic classes. ad bestias Patricide, or killing one’s father, was considered the ultimate crime. As soon as someone was convicted of patricide they would be blindfolded as they were unworthy of the light and taken to the Field of Mars outside Rome. There they were stripped naked and whipped with rods. The convicted criminal would then be sewed up in a sack and thrown out to sea. This was so he would not die on Roman soil and pollute the earth with his evil. Later on a serpent was also sewed up into the sack with him, and still later an ape, a dog and a cockerel were added. Death by crucifixion and damnatio ad bestias were usually watched by the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Code on Sentences of Qisas, Stoning, Crucifixion, Execution, and Flogging [Adopted 19 September 1999]
    Regulatory Code on Sentences of Qisas, Stoning, Crucifixion, Execution, and Flogging [adopted 19 September 1999] Regulatory Code on Sentences of Qisas, Stoning, Crucifixion, Execution, and Flogging pursuant to Article 293 of the Criminal Code of Procedure for Public and Revolutionary Courts on Stoning, Crucifixion, Execution, and Flogging Chapter I: Enforcement of Sentences Resulting in Termination of Human Life Section One Conditions of Enforcement Article 1- Subsequent to finalization of the judgment and its formal communication to the convicted person and the legal counsel representing the convicted person, the court of first instance that issued the sentence is tasked with the responsibility of forwarding a certified copy of the final judgment along with a memorandum containing specific instructions and documents pertaining to the execution of the sentence to the judicial authority in charge of enforcing the sentence. Note: The term “judicial authority in charge of enforcing the sentence” refers to the Division of Enforcement of Criminal Sentences, which functions under the supervision of the prosecutor or his or her deputy. In sectors where there is no prosecutor’s office, the head of the judicial district or his or her deputy acts as the supervisor. Article 2- Subsequent to its finalization by the court of first instance, and after the process of seeking the Guardian of the Muslims’ [the Supreme Leader’s] authorization and its final endorsement by the head of the judiciary, a sentence of qisas-i nafs1 will be enforced in accordance to the wishes of the next-of-kin or extended relatives. Article 3- When a judicial authority, based on legal grounds, appeals the final decision, enforcement of the sentence will be suspended until the issuance of the final and binding sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • “On the Third Day”: the Time Frame of Jesus' Death And
    JETS 56/3 (2013) 511–42 “ON THE THIRD DAY”: THE TIME FRAME OF JESUS’ DEATH AND RESURRECTION MARTIN PICKUP* I. INTRODUCTION The three-day time frame of Jesus’ death and resurrection was a part of the earliest Christian preaching. It had a place in the kerygmatic formula that Paul quotes in 1 Cor 15:3–5, a four-line formula that is generally acknowledged to have originated in the very earliest years of the Church.1 For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve.2 * Editor’s note: Martin Pickup unexpectedly passed away shortly after submitting this piece for pub- lication. This article reflects his interest and expertise in the Jewish background to the NT and in the early church’s proclamation of the bodily resurrection of Jesus. His family, friends, and many former students rejoice in the hope Marty defended with such skill in this article. “So also in Christ shall all be made alive” (1 Cor 15:22). 1 Scholars across the theological spectrum acknowledge the earliness of this formula. Most assign it a date of no more than two to five years after Jesus’ crucifixion. See, e.g., K. Lake, The Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (London: Williams and Norgate, 1907) 37–43; J. J. Smith, “Resurrection Faith Today,” TS 30 (1969) 403–4; G.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL ARTICLES the History and Pathology of Crucifixion
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES HISTORY OF MEDICINE The history and pathology of crucifixion F P Retief, L Cilliers In antiquity crucifixion was considered one of the most brutal dehydration causing hypovolaemic shock and pain, but the . and shameful modes of death. Probably originating with the most important factor was progressive asphyxia caused by Assyrians and Babylonians, it was used systematically by the impairment of respiratory movement. Resultant anoxaemia Persians in the 6th century BC. Alexander the Great brought it exaggerated hypovolaemic shock. Death was probably from there to the eastern Mediterranean countries in the 4th commonly precipitated by cardiac arrest, caused by vasovagal century BC, and the Phoenicians introduced it to Rome in the reflexes, initiated inter alia by severe anoxaemia, severe pain, 3rd century BC. It was virtually never used in pre~Hellenic body blows and breaking of the large bones. The attending Greece. The Romans perfected crucifixion for 500 years until Roman guards could only leave the site after the victim had it was abolished by Constantine I in the 4th century AD. died, and were known to precipitate death by means of Crucifixion in Roman times was applied mostly to slaves, deliberate fracturing of the tibia and/or fibula, spear stab disgraced soldiers, Christians and foreigners - only very wounds into the heart, sharp blows to the front of the chest, rarely to Roman citizens. Death, usually after 6 hours - 4 or a smoking fire built at the foot of the cross to asphyxiate days, was due to multifactorial pathology: after-effects of the victim. compulsory scourging and maiming, haemorrhage and S Afr Med J 2003; 93: 938-941.
    [Show full text]
  • The Physical Death of Jesus Christ: the “Swoon Theory” and the Medical Response
    Providence College DigitalCommons@Providence Spring 2015, Faith and Science Liberal Arts Honors Program 5-5-2015 The Physical Death of Jesus Christ: The “Swoon Theory” and the Medical Response Kate Hill Providence College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/faith_science_2015 Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Hill, Kate, "The Physical Death of Jesus Christ: The “Swoon Theory” and the Medical Response" (2015). Spring 2015, Faith and Science. 1. https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/faith_science_2015/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberal Arts Honors Program at DigitalCommons@Providence. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spring 2015, Faith and Science by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Providence. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Physical Death of Jesus Christ: The “Swoon Theory” and the Medical Response Kate Hill HON 481 – 002 Honors Colloquium: Faith and Science Final Paper May 5, 2015 Hill, 1 The Crucifixion and the Resurrection are arguably two of the most important occurrences in the life of Jesus Christ. Although there are many dominations of Christianity in the world today, all Christians hold at least one belief in common: Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died on the cross, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven. There are some skeptics, however, who argue that Jesus never actually died on the cross. Because Jesus’ death and resurrection are part of the foundation of the Christian religion, if this hypothesis were true, it would call the entire Christian system of beliefs into question.
    [Show full text]