Burschenschaften Y Mädchenschaften, Las Hermandades Académicas Chileno-Alemanas Entre 1896 Y 2006: ¿Actores Políticos Transnacionales?

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Burschenschaften Y Mädchenschaften, Las Hermandades Académicas Chileno-Alemanas Entre 1896 Y 2006: ¿Actores Políticos Transnacionales? UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Burschenschaften y Mädchenschaften, las hermandades académicas chileno-alemanas entre 1896 y 2006: ¿actores políticos transnacionales? Burschenschaften and Mädchenschaften, chilean-german academic fraternities between 1896 and 2006: transnational political agents? MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Georg T. A. Krizmanics DIRECTORES Ludolfo Paramio Rodrigo José Antonio Sánchez Román Madrid, 2018 © Georg T. A. Krizmanics, 2017 Burschenschaften y Mädchenschaften, las hermandades académicas chileno-alemanas entre 1896 y 2006: ¿actores políticos transnacionales? Burschenschaften and Mädchenschaften, chilean-german academic fraternities between 1896 and 2006: transnational political agents? Autor: GEORG T. A. KRIZMANICS Director/es: LUDOLFO PARAMIO RODRIGO JOSÉ ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTOIRA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ORTEGA Y GASSET América Latina Contemporánea Tesis Doctoral Burschenschaften y Mädchenschaften, las hermandades académicas chileno-alemanas entre 1896 y 2006: ¿actores políticos transnacionales? Burschenschaften and Mädchenschaften, chilean-german academic fraternities between 1896 and 2006: transnational political agents? Georg T. A. Krizmanics Directores de la Tesis DR. LUDOLFO PARAMIO RODRIGO CSIC DR. JOSÉ ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Madrid, 2017 Para Laura, Oliva y Valentín Agradecimientos La realización de este trabajo no me hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo y la ayuda de muchísimas personas. Algunas de ellas me han acompañado durante todas las fases de este proyecto, algunas “solamente” en parte, pero todas han sido de una manera u otra esenciales. Laura, mi pareja, ha sido un apoyo excepcional en todo momento de este camino. Ella ha leído constantemente mis textos aburridos – ella siempre decía que le gustaban las partes donde hablaba yo – y ha aguantado mi falta de paciencia ante las sugerencias que ella me hacía – “no entiendo lo que no se entiende”. A pesar de ello, siempre volvía sobre mis textos en búsqueda y con expectativa de encontrarse con las partes donde hablaba yo. Si alguien se ha sacrificado por este trabajo ha sido ella. No dudó en pedir una excedencia para acompañarme en mis estancias de investigación, dejando de lado sus propios proyectos profesionales. Aguantó mis estados de ánimo, la incertidumbre e hizo todo lo posible para que la “conciliación” entre trabajo y familia haya sido llevadera. Oliva y Valentín nacieron antes de la finalización de este texto y tenían que prescindir de “papá” más veces de lo aceptable. Por todo ello y mucho más les dedico a Laura, Oliva y Valentín estas páginas. José Antonio Sánchez Román ha sido un director de tesis excepcional. A él le gustan los problemas, pero no se los busca, sino que los plantea y exige de sí mismo y los demás que se planteen bien. Exige constructivamente, sugiere, explica, dedica tiempo. Lee y relee, escucha y reescucha con paciencia y atención. Se fija, no solamente en el marco de un trabajo, sino también en los detalles de su contenido. José Antonio no solamente es un gran profesional, sino también una gran persona. Sus reflexiones son evocadoras, incitan a pensar y a desarrollar ideas. Con él aprendí que tomarse algo en serio también significa reírse de uno mismo y de lo que hacemos. Ludolfo Paramio no solamente ha confiado en todo momento en mis proyectos, sino que además los ha respaldado en un sinfín de trámites. También gracias a su apoyo obtuve una plaza como becario FPU del Ministerio de Educación, sin la que esta investigación no se hubiera podido llevar a cabo. Durante los últimos años siempre me he sentido muy bien acogido académicamente aquí en Madrid y este sentimiento se debe en gran parte a la enorme generosidad de Marisa González de Oleaga. Ella me hacía partícipe de sus proyectos profesionales y sabía animar constantemente mi curiosidad intelectual en el marco de la Comunidad sin unidad, un grupo interdisciplinar y diverso que comparte la inquietud en torno a las varias formas de contar. Junto a Marisa tengo que agradecer a Esther del Campo que, asimismo, en una fase trempana del doctorado me hizo ver la válidez de mi trabajo, lo que me dio la esperanza suficiente y el aliento necesario para encontrar “mi” lugar. Durante mis estancias de investigación en Chile y en Alemania, así como en una serie de congresos y seminarios de investigación tuve el placer de compartir mi interés de investigación con una serie de personas, cuyas reflexiones me ayudaron a madurar y a llevar a buen término este proyecto. Ernesto Bohoslavsky fue uno de los primeros que tuvo la paciencia de escuchar mis ideas todavía confusas e inmaduras y en atenderme con buenos consejos. En Chile me orientaron los intercambios de ideas con Carlos Sanhuenza, Eduardo Devés e Isaac Caro. Inmaculada Simón fue tan amable de invitarme a presentar el proyecto en el seminario del Programa de Doctorado en Historia de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile. En el Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlín fui muy bien acompañado por Sandra Carreras, que en varias ocasiones se intersó detenidamente por el avance de la investigación. Asimismo, estoy en deuda con aquellos que asistieron a las presentaciones en varios foros, para debatir y reflexionar sobre el proyecto. Ello fue posible en el Coloquio del Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlín, el 2. Nachwuchsworkshop Gesellschaft für Univsersitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, el Seminario del Grupo de Investigación en Memoria e historia en el mundo contempóraneo (UNED), el Seminario del Grupo de Investigación en Historia Global y Transnacional (UCM) y el VIII CEISAL. Todas estas presentaciones y el interés que este proyecto causó no hubiera sido posible de la misma manera sin la colaboración de mis objetos de estudio, las Burschenschaften y Mädchenschaften que me facilitaron el acceso a la mayor parte de la documentación en la que se sustenta este trabajo. Una expresión de mi agradecimiento hacia los miembros de estas hermandades se encuentra en el prólogo. Me gustaría cerrar con dar las gracias a mi familia, mi madre Susanna, mi padre László, mi hermana Lucia, mis abuelos Ingrid y Heinz, mis suegros Angelines y Luis Miguel, pero también mis tías, tíos, primos y cuñados. Ellos, así como mis amigos Konstantin Wacker, Manuel Kriener, Maximilian Wienninger, Carlos Ortega, Johanna Neuhauser y Katharina Helm siempre me han reconfortado directamente o indirectamente, se han preocupado por el avance de la tesis y han estado cuando hacía falta. Tabla de contenido Índice de ilustraciones ................................................................................................................ 1 Lista de abreviaturas ................................................................................................................... 2 Resumen en inglés ...................................................................................................................... 5 Resumen en español ................................................................................................................... 7 Prólogo: reflexiones sobre el trabajo de campo ......................................................................... 9 1. Introducción ...................................................................................................................... 15 Descripción de la metodología de trabajo ............................................................................ 25 Estado de la investigación .................................................................................................... 29 2. Precondiciones para la extensión de las Burschenschaften a Chile .................................. 35 Transformaciones del siglo XIX: las migraciones en masa ................................................. 36 El fracaso de la revolución de 1848/49: del 48 alemán al 48 chileno .................................. 38 Las Burschenschaften en la Revolución del 48/49 ........................................................... 48 El impacto del 48 alemán en la emigración a Chile .......................................................... 53 El 48 chileno ..................................................................................................................... 61 Burschenschaften y viajeros chilenos: relatos sobre Chile y Alemania ............................... 63 Chile: un destino de emigración impopular entre los alemanes ......................................... 109 El inmigrante alemán: una especie de araucano para el progreso del país ......................... 111 El colono alemán entre puesto de avanzada en el exterior y ciudadano chileno ............ 120 3. Las Burschenschaften y la idealización de los araucanos ............................................... 125 Las similitudes entre canciones patrióticas chilenas y alemanas ....................................... 125 Las representaciones de araucanos en el Primer Himno Nacional de Chile ................... 133 Los araucanos como los manes del patriotismo criollo ...................................................... 136 La extinción de los araucanos y el nacimiento del roto como ícono nacional ................... 146 Apuntes sobre el uso de los términos “araucano” y “mapuche” ..................................... 154 La identificación de las Burschenschaften con la idealización de los araucanos ............... 155 4. La política, “un tema
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