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Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique

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Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Conservation and Restoration programme, Masters, Photograph Specialisation Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Student: Magdalena Pilko Student number: 10666664 Supervisor: Clara von Waldthausen, UvA Amsterdam External advisors: Martin Jürgens, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Dr. Bill Wei, Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency Date: July 2017 Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Acknowledgements I am very grateful to Martin Jürgens, photograph conservator, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, who kindly introduced me to his working methods and most generously provided me with unpublished information and other valuable resources at all times. My course coordinator, Clara von Waldthausen, UvA, I thank for her kind support in many ways, in particular for making materials available as well as for critical reflection and encouragement. I am very grateful to Dr. Bill Wei, RCE, who kindly advised me throughout the process of writing and to Dr. René Peschar, UvA, for his kind contribution of chemical expertise. Furthermore, I would like to thank all UvA R&C Master / PI students of the metal department, who generously shared their workspace and tools, particularly Michaela Groeneveld and Marianne Nuij for their continued practical assistance. I thank Tonny Beentjes, coordinator of the metal department, UvA, who provided me with his personal rectifier and shared his practical knowledge in electrotyping. Thanks are also due to Tamar Davidowitz, metal conservator, UvA/Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, for her practical introduction into electrotyping. I thank Nicholas Burnett, conservator, for his warm reception in Cambridge, not only providing me with a bicycle to commute to and from his laboratory but all of his facilities and by contributing data. I am grateful to Dr. Iris Buisman, University of Cambridge, and Dr. Ineke Joosten, RCE, for their patience in the search for image particles with SEM and to Bas van Velzen, coordinator of paper conservation, UvA, for assisting with the use of the Hirox microscope. Thanks are also due to Anton Orlov, daguerreotypist, San Diego, USA, whom I experienced as a neighbour communicating to me on the making of his daguerreotypes in the most open and comprehensive manner, to Johan de Zoete, graphic craftsman, who provided me with literature and kindly offered further assistance in electrotyping, to Dr. Han Neevel, RCE, for his assistance with the interpretation of XRF and EDS results, to Marinus Ortelee, daguerreotypist, for offering the possibility to make daguerreotypes as well as to Rosina Herrera Garrido, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Prof. Dr. Marc Koper, professor for surface chemistry, Leiden University, Ellen van Bork, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam/UvA and Sanne Berbers, UvA, for their interest in my work. My fellow students, in particular, Kayleigh van der Gulik, I thank for sharing experiences. Last but not least, Im profoundly grateful to my family, Michael, Celia and Leonard who enabled me to do this work. Pilko | UvA | 2017 2 Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Abstract (English) Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique, a thesis by Magdalena Pilko in the context of the conservation and restoration master programme with a specialization in photography at the University of Amsterdam, 2017. In the 19th century the electrotype process was used to reproduce daguerreotypes as copper plate facsimiles. The characteristics of this technique can be studied best by examining the copper copy plate together with its master daguerreotype, but only a very small number of these plate pairs are known today. A reconstruction of the process was therefore attempted to understand whether the results from visual and analytical analysis of historical electrotyped daguerreotypes can be considered as typical characteristics of the process. For this reconstruction, Lerebours instructions from 1843 on electrotyping daguerreotypes, supplemented with information by other authors, were followed as precisely as possible. In addition to a literature study of historical and modern technical sources, three historical objects and reconstructions were photographically documented and examined visually in ambient and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence light, with X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and in the Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Working parameters for electrotyping daguerreotypes could be specified with a current density of approximately 3.46 A/dm2 for approximately 8 hours resulting in an approximately 0.4 mm thick electrodeposit. These parameters were applied to two contemporary and two 19th century daguerreotypes. The initial results with visual examination and instrumental analysis with XRF and SEM-EDS indicates that during the separation of the plates, the top silver-gold layer including the image particles of the daguerreotype transferred from the daguerreotype to the electrotype. From this we may conclude that it is likely that some kind of surface treatment of the daguerreotype took place prior to electrotyping; however, this aspect is not described in the historical instructions considered in this study. This author went beyond Lerebours instructions by applying a beeswax separation layer on one historical and two contemporary daguerreotypes prior to electrotyping them. This layer produced electrotypes that resemble the original historical objects by visual examination and by SEM microscopy. Although further research on the reconstruction is required, the results of this study as well as the modern daguerreotype electrotypes that were produced can be used to aid in the identification of yet unidentified daguerreotype electrotypes and in the study of their mechanisms of aging. Pilko | UvA | 2017 3 Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Abstract (Dutch) Deze scriptie Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique is geschreven door Magdalena Pilko in het kader van de Masteropleiding in Conservering en Restauratie van Cultureel Erfgoed, specialisatie fotorestauratie, aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2017. In de 19e eeuw werden door galvanotechniek reproducties van daguerreotypieën op koperplaten gemaakt. Deze techniek, toegepast op daguerreotypieën, kan het beste bestudeerd worden aan de hand van een koperplaat kopie met zijn master daguerreotypie, maar er zijn maar weinig dergelijke sets van platen bekend. Daarom is er geprobeerd om dit procedé te reconstrueren, om zodoende te begrijpen of kenmerken van geanalyseerde historische galvano-daguerreotypieën met dit procedé geproduceerd zijn. De instructies van Lerebours over galvanoplastische reproducties van daguerreotypieën uit 1843 is aangevuld met informatie door andere auteurs en dat procedé is zo nauwkeurig mogelijk gereconstrueerd. Naast het bestuderen van historische en technische literatuur zijn drie historische objecten en resultaten van de reconstructies fotografisch gedocumenteerd en visueel onderzocht in zichtbaar licht en met ultraviolet (UV) fluorescentie, met X-ray Fluorescentie Spectroscopie (XRF) en met Scanning Electron Microscopie met Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Werkparameters voor galvano-daguerreotypieën konden worden bepaald. Een stroomdichtheid van ongeveer 3,46 A/dm2 gedurende ongeveer acht uur, resultereerde in een ongeveer 0,4 mm dikke elektrodepositie. Deze parameters werden toegepast op twee hedendaagse en twee historische daguerreotypieën. Resultaten daarvan zijn niet vergelijkbaar met de onderzochte historische galvano- daguerreotypieën. Visueel onderzoek en analyse met XRF en SEM-EDS geven aan dat tijdens de scheiding van de platen de bovenste zilver-goud laag inclusief beelddeeltjes van het daguerreotype overgebracht wordt op de galvano-daguerreotypie. Hieruit kunnen wij concluderen dat het waarschijnlijk is dat er een soort behandeling van de daguerreotypie voorafgaand aan het galvaniseren plaatsvond, die niet in de gebruikte historische instructies is beschreven. De auteur heeft Lerebours instructies uitgebreid en een scheidingslaag in de vorm van een bijenwaslaag op een historische en twee hedendaagse daguerreotypieën aangebracht, voorafgaand aan het galvaniseren. Dit heeft het mogelijk gemaakt galvano-daguerreotypieën te maken die volgens visueel en SEM-EDS onderzoek op de onderzochte historische objecten lijken. Hoewel verder reconstructieonderzoek nodig is, kan het resulterende onderzoek evenals de gereconstrueerde galvano- daguerreotypieën gebruikt worden bij de veilige identificatie van nog niet geïdentificeerde galvano- daguerreotypieën en bij de studie naar hun veroudering. Pilko | UvA | 2017 4 Electrotyping Daguerreotypes: Reconstruction of an Early Reproduction Technique Table of contents 1. Introduction to the research project ................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Research objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Literature review ...............................................................................................................................................
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