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The Economic Development of Sheffield and the Growth of the Town Cl740-Cl820

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The Economic Development of Sheffield and the Growth of the Town Cl740-Cl820 The Economic Development of Sheffield and the Growth of the Town cl740-cl820 Neville Flavell PhD The Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield February 1996 Volume One THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SHEFFIELD AND THE GROWTH OF THE TOWN cl740-c 1820 Neville Flavell February 1996 SUMMARY In the early eighteenth century Sheffield was a modest industrial town with an established reputation for cutlery and hardware. It was, however, far inland, off the main highway network and twenty miles from the nearest navigation. One might say that with those disadvantages its future looked distinctly unpromising. A century later, Sheffield was a maker of plated goods and silverware of international repute, was en route to world supremacy in steel, and had already become the world's greatest producer of cutlery and edge tools. How did it happen? Internal economies of scale vastly outweighed deficiencies. Skills, innovations and discoveries, entrepreneurs, investment, key local resources (water power, coal, wood and iron), and a rapidly growing labour force swelled largely by immigrants from the region were paramount. Each of these, together with external credit, improved transport and ever-widening markets, played a significant part in the town's metamorphosis. Economic and population growth were accompanied by a series of urban developments which first pushed outward the existing boundaries. Considerable infill of gardens and orchards followed, with further peripheral expansion overspilling into adjacent townships. New industrial, commercial and civic building, most of it within the central area, reinforced this second phase. A period of retrenchment coincided with the French and Napoleonic wars, before a renewed surge of construction restored the impetus. For the most part, the great eighteenth century building enablers were the large estate property holders, most importantly the Dukes of Norfolk, who freed land on lease in ample quantity for development purposes. In the nineteenth century, it was mainly the beneficiaries of Norfolk and other estate disposals who did likewise. Sheffield's attorneys, surveyors, craftsmen, speculators and lenders all had an essential role in more than quadrupling the town's housing stock and adding in even greater degree a wide range of non-domestic building. DECLARATION OF PREVIOUS RELATED WORK Between 1983 and 1989 I was involved in two successive research projects, both related to the topic "Water Power" in Chapter 8 of this thesis. The first was my own Study o f the Water Mills o f the River Sheaf Downstream o f Abbeydale Hamlet, presented in 1984 in the form of a dissertation as part requirement for the degree of M.A. in Economic and Social History at the University of Sheffield. The second, in which my role was that of researcher and, later, assistant editor, was a group venture begun as a series of classes in industrial archaeology in the Division of Adult Continuing Education. It culminated in the production of Water Power on the Sheffield Rivers edited by David Crossley et al and published in Sheffield in 1989 under the auspices of the Sheffield Trades Historical Society, now the South Yorkshire Industrial History Society. ! Ill CONTENTS Sum mary page i Declaration ii List of Figures, Maps and Tables vi Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 PART ONE Sheffield's Economic Development Chapter 1 Population of Town and Parish 1736-1821 12 Chapter 2 The Cutlery and Edge Tool Trades 24 Historical Backgound 24; Employment in the Trades 26 Specialisation 28; Customary Practices and Prices 29 Capital Investment and Partnerships 30; Division of Labour 34; Sources of Materials 37 Chapter 3 The Steel Industry 44 Cementation Steel in Sheffield 45 Crucible Steel Development 60 Chapter 4 Silver and Old Sheffield Plate: The New Luxury Industry 73 Fused Plate 74; Silverplaters and Silversmiths 76 The Assay Office 83; Refining 86; Prices and Costs 87; Size and Value of the Trade 88 Chapter 5 The Coal Industry in Sheffield and District 90 Park Colliery 95; John Curr and New Technologies 97; Expansion of the Duke's Collieries 100; Miners and Mining Methods 105; Coal Output 108 s Chapter 6 The Regional Iron Industry 111 Historical Perspective 111; Output of the Fell Partnership 113; Erosion of the Monopoly 116; Coke Firing 118 Chapter 7 Complementary and Supporting Industries 124 Leather 124; Paper 128; Buttons 129; Non-ferrous Metals/Britannia Metal 131; Snuff, Whitelead and Lenses 134; Textiles 136 Chapter 8 Water Power and Steam 140 Topography and Geology 141; Key Periods of Expansion 145; Technological Progress 147; The Emergence of Steam 150 IV Chapter 9 Merchants, Manufacturers and Markets 160 Chapter 10 The Transport Network from 1740 179 Turnpike Roads 182; The Don Navigation 192; The Sheffield Canal 193; Carriers and Coaches 198 Chapter 11 Feeding the Town 207 The New Market 213; Self-help in Food Production 215; The Widening Catchment Area 219; Increases in Retailing 221 Chapter 12 Financing the Expanding Economy 224 Credit 225; Borrowing and Lending 229; Societies 236; Banks 237; Attorneys 238; Shareholding and Partnerships 241 Chapter 13 Banking in Sheffield from the 1730's to 1820 246 Early Bankers 246; Roots of the First Full-time Bankers 249; Sheffield's First Full-time Banking Establishments 252; The Sheffield and Rotherham Bank 258; Sheffield New Bank 264 PART TWO The Growth of the Town Chapter 14 Expansion from 1736 (Gosling) to 1771 (Fairbank) 268 The Town in 1736 268; The Nature of Early Develop­ ment 272; Peripheral Growth 274; House Building: Density and Size 278; Planning 282; Building Materials and Craftsmen 284; Building Speculators 288; The Construction Phase 289; Non-domestic Building 296; Town Services 304; Conclusion 308 Chapter 15 Infill and Outreach - Sheffield 1771 to 1797 310 Domination of the Norfolk Estate 310; Private Leasing 320 Covenants and Planning 325; Building Methods 330; Piece Rates 332; Building Speculators 332; Thomas Samboume 339; Demolition and Renewal: Public > Building 343; Industrial and Commercial Building 350; Town Services 358; Conclusion 359 Chapter 16 Slow down and Revival - Sheffield 1797 to cl 820 362 Building Costs and Housing Inertia 363; Norfolk Estate Sales 367; Thomas Holy's Purchases 372; Other Estate Sales and Leases 374; The Building Speculators 379; Building Financiers 386; House Construction 388; Public Building 389; Industrial Building 394; The Commercial Sector 399; The Streets 404; Water Supply 406; Conclusion 407 Conclusion 410 Appendix 1. Silver Plating at Messrs Goodman & Co 1799 420 V Appendix 2. Friendly Societies 421 3. Field Book Sketch: proposed demolition at Sands Pavors [1818] 432 4. Detail of Sheffield Mill Sites 433 5. References to Women's Industrial or Commercial Activity 435 6. Tontine Inn: list of Fixtures 439 7. Ordnance Survey Contour Map of Sheffield 440 Primary and Contemporary Sources 441 Bibliography 444 Index 449 ! v i FIGURES 0.1 Thomas Oughtibridge’s View of Sheffield c l737 page 9 1.1 Table of House, Family and Population Statistics 1736-1821 15 1.2 Population Graph 1736-1821 (based on Table 1.1) . 19 1.3 Houses/Families Graph 1736-1821 (based on Table 1.1) 19 1.4 Comparative Logarithmic Indexes of Houses 1736-1821 and Norfolk Rentals 1736-1800 19 2.1 Graph of Fathers' Occupations (Cutlers and Metalworkers) from Baptism entries in the Parish Registers 1743-1813 27 3.1 Blister Steel Section 46 3.2 Converting Furnaces in Blind Lane (W. Botham 1802) 57 3.3 A Sheffield Crucible Steel Furnace 63 4.1 Old Sheffield Plate Artefacts 78 4.2 Graph of Assayed Silver 1773-1885 (A.T. Watson) 85 5.1 Horizon-Contour Map of Coal Measures 92 5.2 John Curr's Iron Rails 1797 98 5.3 Colliery Plan for Duke of Norfolk v Staniforth 1801 .102 6.1 Fell Bar Iron Sales from Attercliffe, Wadsley and Roche Abbey Forges 1700-1765 114 6.2 Fell Slit Iron Sales from Rotherham and Attercliffe Slitting Mills 1700-1765 115 8.1 Map of Sheffield Rivers and Regional Geology (D.L. Linton) 141 8.2 Sandstone and Shale Outcrops simplified ! 142 8.3 Mill sites and sandstone bands in the Sheaf Valley at Norton 143 8.4 River Straightening near the White Lead Works cl775 149 10.1 Turnpike Roads in Britain 1740, 1750 and 1770 183 10.2 W. & J. Fairbanks Plan of the intended Sheffield Canal 1815 197 11.1 Gardens on the Western Edge of Sheffield 1808 217 12.1 Graph of Mortgagors of Sheffield Properties 1740-1819 232 12.3 Graph of Mortgagees of Sheffield Properties 1740-1819 233 VII 14.1 Ralph Gosling's Plan of Sheffield 1736 267 14.2 Location of the Major Housing Developments 1736-1771 277 14.3 Nathaniel and Samuel Buck's East Prospect of Sheffield 1745: detail of the town centre 280 14.4 Part of Waterworks survey 1758 307 15.1 William Fairbank's Plan of Sheffield 1771 309 15.2 Town Trustees' and Church Burgesses' Holdings c l780 316 15.3 Radford Street 1790 324 15.4 Elevations in Workhouse Croft/Paradise Street 1778 326 15.5 Elevations in Queen Street 1778 327 15.6 The Parish Church (T. Harris) 1793 showing Badger Frontages on the Glebe 328 15.7 Burgage-like parcel in Fargate 1796 330 15.8 The Tontine Inn (T.P. Willcox) cl830 345 15.9 The New Market 1784 347 15.10 Sheffield Infirmary (J. Rawsthome) 1804 348 16.1 William Fairbank's Plan of Sheffield 1797 361 16.2 Carver Street Chapel (E. Bennett) 1807 .391 16.3 Sheffield Town Hall (N.Whittock) c l830 392 16.4 The Canal Basin 1817 400 16.6 Leather's Plan of Sheffield 1823 409 Appendix 3 Proposed Demolition of part of Sands Pavors [1818] 432 Appendix 7 Ordnance Survey contour Map of Sheffield 440 16.7 W.
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