Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69689-0 - Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes Edited by Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler Index More information

Index

Abrodictyum 403, 425 A. diaphanum 21 A. firma 206, 207, 215 Acrophorus 439 A. latifolium 237, 376 A. salvinii 202, 206, 380 Acrorumohra 440 A. pedatum 308, 378 A. setosa 208 Acrosorus 444 A. philippense 203 A. spinulosa 115 Acrostichaceae 434 A. reniforme 203 Alsophilaceae 431 Acrostichum 210, 434, 435 A. tenerum 292 Amauropelta 437 A. aureum 210 Aenigmopteris 442 Amazonia 370 A. danaeifolium 203, 204, Afropteris 435 Ampelopteris 437 210 agamospory 307 Amphiblestra 442 A. speciosum 210 Aglaomorpha 212, 444 Amphineuron 437 actin 30 A. cornucopia 268 Anachoropteris clavata see Actiniopteridaceae 434 Aleuritopteris 434 Kaplanopteris clavata Actiniopteris 434 alleles Ananthacorus 227, 434 Actinostachys 427 deleterious 110 Anarthropteris 444 Acystopteris 438 recessive 110 Anchistea 439 Adenoderris 439 allohomoploidy Andes 371 Adenophorus 444 lycophytes and 319 Anemia 9, 135, 138, 140, 142, A. periens 115 secondary speciation 143, 351, 427 Adiantaceae 354, 434, 435 through (see also A. fremontii 352, 353 Adiantoideae 435 speciation, secondary) A. phyllitidis 138, 139, Adiantopsis 434 318--320 150 Adiantopteris 354 tree ferns and 318--319 Anemiaceae 404, 427 Adiantum 161--162, 165, 311, Alloiopteris 341 Anetium 434 434, 435 allopolyploidy Angiopteridaceae 423 plastid genome of 163 secondary speciation Angiopteris 82, 86, 163, 165, A. capillus-veneris 6, 7, 8, 9, through (see also 423 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, speciation, secondary) A. lygodiifolia 76 21, 22, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 320--321 Ankyropteris 349 31, 32, 33, 34--35, 37, 38, Alsophila 405, 431 A. brongniartii 344, 348 120, 162, 176, 187, 203 A. auneae (see also Cyathea Anogramma 434 A. caudatum 21 pubescens) 202 Anopteris 435

468

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Index 469

Antarctica 368 Aspleniaceae 124, 212, 354, A. filix-femina 135, 144, antheridiogen 31, 68, 138, 378, 436 143--144, 145, 146, 148, 143, 144, 148 Aspleniales 432 145--149 chemical structure of asplenioid ferns 408 A. filix-femina complex 135, 139 Asplenium 115, 135, 149, 211, 314--315 dark germination and 212, 288, 305, 379, 381, A. filix-femina var. angustum 143--145 408, 436 314--315 general effect of 135--138 A. adiantum-nigrum 373 A. filix-femina var. in nature 145--149 A. adulterinum 211 asplenioides 314--315 laboratory conditions and A. alatum 210 A. oblitescens 308 140--143 A. cimmeriorum 268 A. yokoscense 211, 260 response in polyploids A. csikii 111 Athyropsis 438 149 A. dalhousiae 376 Australia 378 Anthoceros 163 A. harpeodes 213 Austrogramme 434 Antigramma 436 A. heterosiliens 290 autopolyploidy 317 Antrophyaceae 434 A. nidus 308 Azolla 357, 404, 428 Antrophyoideae 435 A. pimpinellifolium 145 A. microphylla 264 Antrophyum 434 A. platyneuron 124, 237, A. standleyi 356, 357 A. williamsii 268 375 Azollaceae 428 apical cell 76, 80--81 A. praemorsum 209, 210 bulging of 19--20 A. rhizophyllum 237, bacterial artificial apogamy 58, 56--59 378 chromosomes (BAC) 176 and antheridiogen A. ruprechtii 378 Belvisia 444 response 142, 144 A. ruta-muraria 135, 140, biogeographical disjunctions and sporogenesis 58--59 148, 149--150, 288 375 facultative 56--57 A. septentrionale 111, 115, Biscalitheca 342 obligate 57--59 149 B. musata 341 apospory 59--60 A. sessilifolium 210 Blechnaceae 353, 354, 355, Arabidopsis 20, 29, 33, 34, 35, A. subglandulosum 375 356, 357, 439 37 A. trichomanes 138, 140, Blechnales 432 A. thaliana 33, 80, 183 149, 211 Blechnum 145, 241, 408, 439 Arachniodes 406, 439 A. trichomanes ssp. B. fragile 213, 215 Arachnoxylon kopfii 339 quadrivalens 111 B. orientale 377 Araiostegia 443 A. viride 211 B. spicant 120, 124, 142 Archangiopteris 424 Astrolepis 310, 434 Blotiella 434 Argyrochosma 211, 310, A-substance 134, 135 Bolbitidaceae 439 434 Ataxipteris 439 Bolbitis 209, 407, 439 Arthromeris 444 Athyriaceae 353, Bolivia 270 Arthropteris 407, 442 438 Bommeria 135, 142, 144, 434 Asia 369 Athyriales 432 B. hispida 179 Aspidiaceae 439 athyrioid ferns 408 B. pedata 57, 142 Aspidiales 432 Athyrioideae 438 Boniniella 437 Aspidotis 434 Athyrium 263, 306, 310, Borneo 369, 371 A. densa 110 408, 438 Botrychiaceae 422

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470 Index

Botrychium 82, 268, 343--345, Centres of Plant Diversity chromosomes 422 (WWF and IUCN) 270 counts/numbers 177 B. australe 263 Cephalomanes 403, 425 homeologous pairing of B. dissectum 121 Ceradenia 444 112, 178 B. lanceolatum 121 Ceratopteridaceae 434 size of 186--187 B. multifidum var. robustum Ceratopteris 9, 59, 135, 138, Chrysogrammitis 444 120, 121 138, 140, 142, 143, 434, Cibotiaceae 262, 404, 430 B. nipponicum 121 435 Cibotium 263, 430 B. simplex 121 C. richardii 57, 140, 176, C. barometz 262 B. ternatum 120, 121 180, 181, 184, 185, C. schiedei 290 B. triangularifolium 121 183--185, 187 C. taiwanense 204 B. virginianum 120, 121, C. thalictroides 111, 112, Cionidium 442 123, 345 178, 180, 308 cladoxylopsids 338--341 B. wightonii 343, 344 Cerosora 434 climate change (see also subg. Botrychium 308 Ceterach 436 conservation) 263--264 Botryopteridaceae 347, Cheilanthaceae 434 Cnemidaria 431 348 Cheilanthes 144, 203, 211 Cochlidium 444 Botryopteris 347--349 C. acrostica 111 Colombia 271 B. forensis 213, 348, 349 C. gracillima 120 colonization B. tridentata 344, 348, C. tinaei 111 genetics of 123--124 349 Cheilanthoideae 435 Colysis 444 Botryopus 422 Cheilanthopsis 438 commercial collection of bracken fern see Pteridium Cheiloplecton 434 ferns 262--263 Brainea 439 Cheiroglossa 422 Coniogramme 434, 435 Brazil 270, 371 Cheiropleuria 351, 426 conservation bryophyte 81, 82 Cheiropleuriaceae 426 climate change and Chieniopteris 439 263--264 Caobangia 444 China 268 ex situ banking of spores Callipteris 438 Chingia 437 and 285--290 Callistopteris 403, 425 Chlamydogramme 442 ex situ cryostorage of Calochlaena 432 chloroplast 25 gametophytes and Calymmodon 444 chloroplast DNA 291--292 Camptodium 442 PCR mapping of 167 ex situ cryostorage of Camptosorus 408, 436 chloroplast movement sporophytes and Campyloneurum 444 20--25, 26, 27, 29, 30 292--293 C. angustifolium 111 mechanism of 30 ex situ cultivation and 285 C. brevifolium 235, 241 photorelocation 22, 24, ex situ propagation and Carboniferous 96, 213, 342 20--25, 30 265 Lower 339, 341, 343, 347 speed of 29--30 gametophyte generation Upper 343 Christella 437 and (see also Cardiomanes 425 Christensenia 423 gametophytes) 265 Cassebeera 434 Christenseniaceae 423 genetics and 269--270 cell division 16--19 Christenseniales 423 in vitro cultures and Cenozoic 347 Christiopteris 444 collections and 290

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Index 471

life cycles and 264--265 Cyathea 162, 353, 405, 431 D. macgregori 268 protected areas and C. australis 259, 261 D. punctilobula 67 270--271 C. bicrenata 207, 208 Dennstaedtiaceae 352, 353, regional and ecosystem C. caracasana 62, 271 405, 434 level 265--268 C. cranhamii 353 Dennstaedtiales 432 restoration and 271--272 C. delgadii 287 dennstaedtioid clade 405 spore banks and 264--265 C. pubescens (see also Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata Cooksonia 53 Alsophila auneae) 202 352 Coptodipteris 434 C. spinulosa 288, 295 Deparia 438 Cornopteris 438 Cyatheaceae 350, 353, 379, D. acrostichoides 378 cortical microfibrils 21 404, 431 Deparioideae 438 cortical microtubules 21 Cyatheales 232, 350, 429 detrivore 65 Corynepteris 343 Cyclodium 439 Devonian 81, 232, 335, 337, Coryphopteris 437 Cyclogramma 437 339, 342, 343 Cosentinia 434 Cyclopeltis 407, 442 Late 342 C. vellea 111 C. semicordata 237 Upper 342 Costa Rica 370 Cyclosorus 408, 437 Dicksonia 86, 262, 271, 432 Costaricia 434 Cyrtogonellum 439 D. antarctica 259, 261, 262 Coveniella 439 Cyrtomidictyum 439 D. sellowiana 215 Crepidomanes 403, 425 Cyrtomium 268, 406, 439 Dicksoniaceae 262, 404, 405, C. venosum 203 C. falcatum 142, 287 432 Cretaceous 37, 343, 345, C. fortunei 142 Dicksoniales 429 347, 350, 351, 353, 354, C. macrophyllum 142 Dickwhitea allenbyensis 355 356, 358 Cystodiaceae 433 Dicranoglossum 444 Lower 349, 351, 352, 354, Cystodium 405, 433 Dicranopteridaceae 426 358 Cystopteridaceae 438 Dicranopteris 88, 426 Upper 349, 352, 353, 355, Cystopteridoideae 438 D. dichotoma 77 356, 357 Cystopteris 306, 308, 311, 320, D. nitida 88 Crypsinus 444 407, 438 Dictymia 444 cryptochrome 32, 38--39 C. tennesseensis 149 Dictyodroma 438 Cryptogramma 434, 435 Dictyoxiphiaceae 442 C. crispa 135, 289 Danaea 423 Dictyoxiphium 442 Cryptogrammaceae 434, 435 D. wendlandii 203, 206, Didymochlaena 406, 439 Ctenitis 407, 439, 443 235 Didymoglossum 403, 425 C. bigarellae 258 Danaeaceae 423 Diellia 124, 269, 408, 436 C. humilis 268 Davallia 87, 212, 443 Diphasiastrum 319 C. maritima 211 D. parvula 203 Diplazioideae 438 Ctenitopsis 442 Davalliaceae 354, 443 Diplaziopsis 438 Ctenopteris 444 Davalliales 432 Diplazium 408, 438 Culcita 429 davallioid ferns 407 D. subsilvaticum 237, 239 C. macrocarpa 110 Davallodes 443 Diplopterygium 87, 426 Culcitaceae 404, 429 Dennstaedtia 405, 434 Dipteridaceae 350, 351, 352, Currania 438 D. bipinnata 237 403, 426 C-value 185--186, 192 D. cicutaris 66 Dipteridales 425

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472 Index

Dipteris 351, 426 Ecuador 369 floras D. lobbiana 203, 208 Egenolfia 439 species diversity on dispersal Elaphoglossaceae 230, 231, continent versus island genetics of 123--124 439 231 long-distance 372--378 Elaphoglossum 111, 114, 212, Florida 369 divergence times 213, 377, 407, 439, 440 floristics 379--381 estimates of 378 E. lonchophyllum 213, 215 fluorescent in situ diversification E. peltatum 213, 215 hybridization (FISH) 180 patterns of in the fossil endemism 371, 373 fossil record, nature of record 346--358 endopolyploidy 80 335 diversity 368--372 Enterosora 444 Fourniera 431

DNA interference (DNAi) Eocene 352 FST 121 187 Middle 354, 355 Doodia 439 Equisetaceae 402, 423 Galapagos´ Islands 263 Doryopteris 434 Equisetales 232, 423 gametophyte Drosophila 259 equisetophytes 335 autecology of 234--236 Drymoglossum 444 Equisetopsida 423 carbon relations of Drymotaenium 444 Equisetum 57, 163, 286, 289, 240--242 Drynaria 212, 444 423 cell growth 9--12 D. fortunei 202 E. arvense 120, 288 cell growth cessation 10 D. quercifolia 265 E. hyemale 287, 289 conservation and (see also Drynariaceae 444 E. telmateia 287 conservation) 265 Dryoathyrium 438 subg. Equisetum 423 desiccation tolerance of Dryopolystichum 439 subg. Hippochaete 423 239, 236--240 Dryopsis 439 Eriosorus 434 ecological adaptations of Dryopteridaceae 354, 356, ethnobotanical studies 259 228--229 439, 443 euphyllophytes 333 ecomorphology of Dryopteridales 432 eupolypod clade 405 225--233 Dryopteris 13, 35, 145, 145, eupolypods I 354 ecophysiology of 233--242 226, 263, 306, 310, 320, divergences within ecovalidation of laboratory 406, 439 406--407 results 242--250 D. affinis 142, 144 eupolypods II 354, 355 evolution of growth from D. affinis ssp. affinis 57 divergences within of 232--233 D. carthusiana 124 407--408 gemmae-forming (see also D. dilitata 138, 147 Eutracheophyta 54 gemmae) 213, 231 D. expansa 120 expressed sequence tags growth forms of 226 D. filix-mas 135, 138, (EST) 176, 190 light stress relations of 144, 143--144, 147, 148, 240--242 149 Fadyenia 442 longevities of 234 D. filix-mas complex 320 filicalean radiation 334 photosynthetic rates of D. goldiana 262 Filicopsida 424 241 D. intermedia 262 filmy ferns (see also subterranean 121 D. nipponensis 112 Hymenophyllaceae) 351 survivorship of 235 dryopteroid ferns 406--407 fixation index 116 water relations of 236--240

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Index 473

gemmae (see also Goniopteris 437 Helminthostachyaceae 422 gametophyte, Grammitidaceae 407, 444 Helminthostachys 87, 422 gemmae-forming) 50, grammitid ferns 213, 216, Hemidictyum 407, 438 142, 150, 377 229, 231, 377, 407 Hemigramma 442 gene Grammitis 444 Hemionitidaceae 434 chlorophyll a/b binding Greenland 369 Hemionitis 434 protein (CAB) 179 Guatemala 369 H. palmata 120, 123, 140 copy number and Gymnocarpium 306, 311, 320, H. pinnatifida 111 restriction fragment 369, 407, 438 Hemitelia 431 length polymorphisms G. dryopteris 308 herbivore 65 (RFLPs) 179--180 G. dryopteris ssp. disjunctum Heterogonium 442 copy number, nuclear 120, 140 heteromorphy 51 179--180 G. robertianum 135 heterosporous duplications, plastid 182 Gymnogrammitidaceae 443, leptosporangiates (see flow 61, 122--123 444 also water ferns) feminization (FEM1) 143 Gymnogrammitis 444 357--358, 404 HER 143 Gymnosphaera 431 heterospory 177, 350 transformer (TRA) 143 Histiopteris 87, 434 genetic habitat Hokkaido Island 369 divergence (see also fragmentation 260--262 Holcochlaena 434 populations) 122--123 preference see habitat Holodictyum 436 diversity 112--115 specificity Holostachyum 444 drift 122 specificity 203, 209--215 Homalosorus 438 linkage map 175, 180--183 specificity and epiphytes Honshu Island 369 load 110--112, 124 212--215 Hopetedia praetermissa 351 genome specificity and lithophytes Humata 443 inversions, plastid 165, 211 Huperzia 379 167, 170 specificity and mangrove H. lucidula 162, 176 reorganization, polyploids species 210--211 H. miyoshiana 120 and 321 specificity and terrestrial H. saururus 376 size 176, 185--187 species 209 Hyalotrichopteris 444 Gillespiea randolphensis 341, Haplopteris 434 hybridization 342 Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium secondary speciation Ginkgo 161 116 through (see also Glaphyropteridopsis 437 Hausmannia 351 speciation, secondary) Gleichenella 426 H. morinii 352 318 Gleichenia 162, 426 Hawaiian Islands 64, 65, hydropterid radiation 334 G. appianensis 351, 352 115, 123, 124, 259, 263, Hydropteridales 350, 356, Gleicheniaceae 88, 216, 350, 264, 269, 271, 373 357--358, 428 351, 352, 378, 403, 426 heavy metals Hydropteris pinnata 356, 357, Gleicheniales 232, 351, 425 contaminated soils 211 428 gleichenioid ferns 351, 403 hyper-accumulation of Hymenasplenium 408, 436 Gondwana 345, 368 211 Hymenocystis 438 Goniophlebium 444 Hecistopteris 434 Hymenoglossum 425

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474 Index

Hymenophyllaceae 87, 212, I. sinensis 65, 115, 268 Leptopteris 403, 424 213, 216, 227, 228, 230, I. taiwanensis 268 leptosporangiate ferns 334, 231, 232, 350, 351, 377, I. yunguiensis 268 402 379, 403, 425 isomorphy 50--51 early divergences in Hymenophyllales 425 isozymes 403--405 hymenophylloid clade 403 ploidy and 178--179 oldest evidence for 347 Hymenophyllopsidaceae 431 IUCN 270 Leucostegia 406, 440, 444 Hymenophyllopsidales 429 Red List 268 life cycle Hymenophyllopsis 405, 431 biphasic 51, 53 Hymenophyllum 227, 403, Jamesonia 434 light 404, 425 Japan 270, 369 fluence rates of 25, 26 H. tunbrigense 269, 291 Japanobotrychium 422 sensitivity to 22 Hypodematiaceae 439 Jurassic 37, 343, 345, 347, Lindsaea 433 Hypodematium 406, 440 351, 358 Lindsaeaceae 405, 433 Hypoderriaceae 442 Upper 358 Lindsaeales 432 Hypoderris 442 lindsaeoid ferns 405 Hypolepidaceae 434 Kamchatka Peninsula 369 Lithostegia 439 Hypolepis 88, 434 Kaplanopteridaceae 347, Llavea 434, 435 H. punctata 78, 91 348, 349--350 Lomagramma 87, 440 Kaplanopteris clavata 349, Lomariopsidaceae 354, 442 Iberia 270 349 Lomariopsis 209, 227, 379, Ibyka 335--336 Kaulfussiaceae 423 407, inbreeding coefficient 116 Killarney fern see Trichomanes 442 intergametophytic speciosum L. guineensis 377 crossing 108 Klukia 351 L. palustris 377 selfing 108, 121 KNOX gene 86 L. vestita 235 intragametophytic selfing Kontumia 444 Lonchitidaceae 433 108, 124, 178 Korea Lonchitidales 432 rates of 120--121 Republic of 269 Lonchitis 405, 433 invasive species 263 Krakatau 377 long-term studies 216--217 iridopterids 338--341 Lophosoria 271, 432 islands Lastreopsis 407, 440, 443 Lophosoriaceae 432 oceanic 263, 373 leaf 82 Lorinseria 439 Isoëtaceae 77, 79, 82, 83, 90, apical meristem (LAM) 83 Loxogrammaceae 444 92, 96--97, 177 life span 202 Loxogramme 444 Isoëtes 65, 83, 90, 163, 268, marginal blastozone 83 Loxoma 429 306, 308, 320, 379 marginal meristem 83 Loxomataceae 404, 429 I. asiatica 93 Lecanopteris 212, 444 Loxomatales 429 I. engelmannii 293 Lellingeria 444 Loxoscaphe 408, 436 I. georgiana 268 Lemmaphyllum 444 Loxsomataceae (see also I. hypsophila 268 Lepisorus 444 Loxomataceae) 429 I. louisianensis 293, 294 L. thunbergianus 111 Loxsomopsis 429 I. olympica 268 Leptochilus 444 Luisma 444 I. setacea 271 Leptolepia 434 Lunathyrium 438

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Index 475

Lycopodiaceae 77, 79, 82, 83, Matoniaceae 350, 403, 426 Mississippian 347, 351 86, 89--90, 92, 177 Matoniales 425 mixed-mating system 120 Lycopodiella 319 Matonidium 351, 353 moa-nalo see Thambetochen L. cernua 78, 377 Matteuccia 439 chauliodous Lycopodium 56, 83, 209, 306, M. struthiopteris 135, 287 Mohria 427 319 Maxonia 440 M. caffrorum 143 L. annotinum 120, 264 Mecodium 425 Mohriaceae 427 L. clavatum 78, 85, 93, 120 Medicago trunculata 183 Monachosoraceae 434 L. complanatum 89, 89 Megalastrum 407, 440 Monachosorales 432 L. tristachyum 89 megaphyll 82 Monachosorum 434 Lygodiaceae 404, 427 Melpomene 444 Moniliformopsis (see also Lygodium 9, 142, 143, 351, M. flabelliformis 376 moniliforms) 336--337 427 Mendelian inheritance 107 moniliforms 334, 339, 341, L. heterodoxum 145, 288 Meniscium 437 337--343 L. japonicum 82, 83, 124, Menisorus 437 Monogramma 434 350 Merinthosorus 444 Monomelangium 438 L. microphyllum 124, 376 merophytes 76, 94 morphotaxa 335 L. palmatum 257 Mesophlebion 437 mycorrhizae 209 L. venustum 203, 208--209 Mesozoic 347, 350, 351 myosin 30 Metaclepsydropsis duplex 341 Macrothelypteris 408, 437 Metapolypodium 444 natural selection 122 M. torresiana 205, 376 Metathelypteris 437 Negripteridaceae 434 Makotopteris princetonensis Metaxya 432 Negripteridales 432 353, 354 Metaxyaceae 405 Nei’s unbiased genetic Malesia 266 Metaxyales 429 identity (I) 121 Mankyua 422 microbeam Neocheiropteris 444 M. chejuense 269 irradiation/irradiator 6, neochrome 35--37 Marattia 423 27 Neolepisorus 444 Marattiaceae 91, 402, 423 microfibrils neopolyploidy 189 Marattiales 232, 344, 423 cortical 21 Nephelea 431 Marattioid 345--346 Microgramma 87, 444 Nephopteris 434 Marattiopsida 423 M. reptans 237, 239, 241 Nephrolepidaceae 442 Marchantia 160, 161 Microlepia 434 Nephrolepis 214, 407, 442 Marsilea 39, 286, 357, 404, microphyll 82 N. biserrata 237 428 Micropolypodium 444 N. exaltata 377 M. strigosa 121 Microsorum 444 Neurocallis 434 M. vestita 187 Microstaphyla 440 Neurodium 444 M. villosa 271 Microtrichomanes 425 New England 369 Marsileaceae 357--358, 404, microtubules New Guinea 266, 371 428 cortical 21 New York state fern law 258 Marsileaceaephyllum 358 mid-domain effect 371 New Zealand 263, 268, 378 Marsileales 428 Midlandia nishidae 353, 355 Nicotiana 160, 161 mating systems 116--121 Mildella 434 Niphidium 212, 444 Matonia 426 Miocene 356 Notholaena 203, 211, 310, 435

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476 Index

Notholaena (cont.) O. regalis 57, 111, 259, 288 Pennsylvanian 342, 345, N. distans 135 O. vancouverensis 349 347, 349, 351 N. grayii 307 subg. Claytosmunda 424 Late 346 N. sinuata 135 subg. Osmunda 424 Lower 345 N. vellea 135 subg. Plenasium 424 Middle 344, 348, 349 Notholaenoideae 435 Osmundaceae 91, 348, Upper 341, 344, 348 Nothoperanema 440 350--351, 357, 424 Pentagramma 435 nuclear movement 30 Osmundales 232, 424 Pentarhizidium 439 Osmundastrum 403, 424 Peranema 440 Ocropteris 435 Peranemataceae 439 Odontosoria (see also Pachypleuria 443 Permian 337, 342, 344, Sphenomeris chinensis) Paesia 434 345, 346, 347, 349, 350, 433 Paleocene 344, 355, 356 351 Oenotrichia 434, 440 Paleogene 343, 351, 354 Early 342 Oleandra 407, 443 paleopolyploidy 188--189 Late 347 O. pistillaris 77 Paleozoic 341, 346, 347, 351 Lower 347 Oleandraceae 354, 443 Pandanus 203 Peru oleandroid ferns 407 Papuapteris 440 Andean highlands of 268 Olfersia 440 Paraceterach 435 Phanerophlebia 406, 440 Oligocene 351 Parahemionitis 435 Phanerophlebiopsis 439 Onoclea 355, 408, 439 Paralygodium vancouverensis Phanerosorus 426 O. sensibilis 139, 140, 352 Phegopteris 369, 408, 437 141--142, 287, 288, 355, Parasorus 443 P. decursive-pinnata 111 356, 378 parastichy 85 phenology 202 Onocleaceae 354, 355, 357, Parathelypteris 437 seasonality and 204--209 403 Parazolla 357 Philippine Islands 369 onocleoid ferns 408 Parkeriaceae 434, 435 Phlebodium 214, 444 Onocleopsis 439 Parkeriales 432 P. pseudoaureum 237 Onychium 435 Parkerioideae 435 Photinopteris 444 Ophioderma 422 pathogens photoreceptive sites 8 Ophioglossaceae 87, 121, fungal 263 photoreceptor 24, 28--29, 32, 400, 422 PD networks see 31--39 Ophioglossales 232, 344, 422 plasmodesmatal photosynthetically available ophioglossid ferns 343--345 networks radiation (PAR) 62--63, Ophioglossum 209, 422 Pecluma 444 64 O. reticulatum 177 Pecopteris 344 phototropic response 36 Oreopteris 437 Pelazoneuron 437 phototropin 32, 32--33, Ormoloma 405, 433 Pellaea 211, 286, 306, 310, 34--35 Orthiopteris 433 435 phototropism 13, 14, 12--16 Osmunda 9, 35, 82, 161, 162, P. andromedifolia 179, Phyllitis 436 288, 307, 403, 424 308 P. scolopendrium var. O. cinnamomea 62, 349, P. rufa 179, 191 americana 264 350, 355, 403 P. viridis 135 phyllotaxis 87 O. claytoniana 7--9, 83 Peltapteris 440 Phymatosorus 444

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Index 477

phytochrome 13--16, 32, polarotropism 14, 12--16 P. vulgare complex 308, 33--34 Polybotrya 209, 440 309, 310, 320 phytoremediators 211 polygrammoid ferns 407 polysporangiophytes 335 pigs Polyphlebium 403, 425 Polystichopsis 406, 440 feral 263 P. capillaceum (see also Polystichum 62, 162, 306, 311, Pilularia 357, 404, 428 Trichomanes capillaceum) 320, 378, 379, 406, 439, Pilulariaceae 428 213 440 Pilulariales 428 polyploidization 177, 179, P. acrostichoides 62, 146, Pisum 161 180--193 262 Pityrogramma 435 polyploidy P. aleuticum 295 P. calomelanos 57, 376, 377 origins of 321 P. drepanum 290, 295 P. tartarea 235, 237 polypod ferns P. imbricans 120, 318 Plagiogyria 430 early divergences of P. munitum 120, 144, 179, Plagiogyriaceae 404, 430 405--406 318 Plagiogyriales 429 Polypodiaceae 111, 212, 213, P. otomasui 120 plasmodesmatal (PD) 216, 230, 231, 354, 407, P. tsus-sinense 287 networks 79, 79--80, 444 Polytaenium 435 81--82 polypodiaceous ferns 353, populations plastid genome sequences 377 genetic divergence of 162--164 Polypodiales 226, 232, 353, 122--123 Platyceriaceae 444 432 genetic structure of Platycerium 212, 233, 444 Polypodiodes 444 121--122 P. andinum 212, 378 Polypodiopsida 424 predators 263 P. bifurcatum 59, 289 Polypodiopteris 444 Premnornis guttuligera 259 P. coronarium 202 Polypodium 62, 212, 213, 307, pre-prophase band 4, 5 P. grande 202 308--310, 320, 444 Pronephrium 437 P. stemaria 262 P. amorphum 309, 313 Prosaptia 444 Platygyria 444 P. appalachianum 309, 313, Protowoodsia 438 Platyloma 435 378 Psalixochlaenaceae 347 Platyzoma 435 P. australe 309 Psammiosorus 407, 442 Platyzomataceae 434 P. crassifolium 144 Psaronius 213, 344, 345--346, Platyzomatales 432 P. feei 144 349 Plecosorus 440 P. furfuraceum 210 P. brasiliensis 344 Pleocnemia 442 P. glycyrrhiza 309 Pseudocyclosorus 437 Pleopeltis 120, 315, 444 P. hesperium 309 Pseudocystopteris 438 P. furfuraceum 209 P. interjectum 309 Pseudodrynaria 444 P. macrocarpa 376 P. pseudoaureum 241 Pseudophegopteris 408, 437 Plesioneuron 437 P. rhodopleuron 209 Pseudosporochnus 335--336 Pleurisoriopsidaceae 444 P. saximontanum 310 P. hueberi 339 Pleurisoriopsis 444 P. sibiricum 309, 378 P. nodosus 339, 341 Pleuroderris 442 P. sibiricum group Pseudotectaria 442 Pleurosorus 436 313--314 Psilotaceae 400, 423 Pneumatopteris 437 P. virginianum 308 Psilotaceae, rhizomes of Podosorus 444 P. vulgare 62, 63, 115 94--95

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478 Index

Psilotales 232, 423 RAM see root apical S. cyatheoides 110, 120, 124, psilotophytes 333 meristem 135, 140 Psilotopsida 422 Regnellidium 357, 404, 428 S. pallida 110, 120 Psilotum 94--95, 209, 423 Regnellites nagashimae 358 Saint Helena 114 P. nudum 94, 176 remote sensing 271 Salpichlaena 439 P. nudum var. gasa reproductive organs 31 Salvinia 357, 404, 428 186 restriction fragment length Salviniaceae 356, 357--358, Psomiocarpa 442 polymorphisms (RFLPs) 404, 428 Pteridaceae 149, 212, 213, and gene copy number Salviniales 428 230, 353, 354, 434 179--180 SAM see shoot apical Pteridales 432 Revwattsia 440 meristem Pteridiaceae 434, 435 Rhachidosoroideae 438 Sceptridium 422 Pteridium 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, Rhachidosorus 438 S. multifidum var. robustum 60--61, 68, 88, 138, 263, Rhacophyton 335--336, 120, 121 434 342 S. nipponicum 121 P. aquilinum 76, 120, 135, Rheopteris 435 S. ternatum 120, 121 139, 141, 142, 144, 245, rhizomes S. triangularifolium 121 246, 247, 249, 377 branching of (see also Schaffneria 436 Pteridoblechnum 439 shoots, branching of) Schizaea 351, 427 Pteridoideae 435 94 S. pusilla 380 Pteridrys 442 rhizomorph 95--97 Schizaeaceae 142, 350, 351, Pteris 21, 226, 230, 287, 318, Lepidodendrid 96 352, 404, 427 435 rhizophore 96, 95--97 Schizaeales 232, 350, 427 P. altissima 237 Rhynia gwynn-vaughanii 81 schizaeoid ferns 404 P. cretica 21, 56, 58, 187 Rhynie chert 53, 232 Schizaeopsis 427 P. dispar 111 rhyniophyte 54 Scleroglossum 444 P. ensiformis 57 Rickwoodopteris hirsuta 353 Scolecopteris 344 P. multifida 124 RNA interference (RNAi) 187 Scoliosorus 435 P. vittata 7, 31, 139, 211, root apical meristem (RAM) Scolopendrium vulgare 107, 289, 377 91, 93, 90--94 258 Pterisorus radiata 353, 354 roots 90--94 Scyphularia 443 pteroid clade 405 branching of 91, 93 seasonality (see also Pterozonium 354, 435 evolution of 93--94 phenology) 204--209 Pyrrhula murina 259 initiation of 91 climbing ferns and Pyrrosia 212, 444 Rosenstockia 425 208--209 P. piloselloides 237 Ruffordia 351 epiphytes and 208--209 Rumohra 407, 440 rheophytes and 208 Quaternary 345, 351 R. adiantiformis 263 terrestrial ferns and Quercifilix 442 Russia 369 206--208 Quercus 215 Selaginella 80, 83, 86, 163, quiescent center (QC) 92 Saccoloma 405, 433 268, 314 quillwort see Isoëtes Saccolomataceae 405, 433 S. caudata 96 Saccolomatales 432 S. densa 313 Radiovittaria 435 Sadleria 245, 439 S. kraussiana 96, 96, 186

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69689-0 - Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes Edited by Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler Index More information

Index 479

S. lepidophylla 176 secondary, allopolyploidy Stauropteridales 341 S. martensii 78, 84 and 320--321 stauropterids 334, 341--342 S. moellendorffii 176, 193 secondary, hybridization Stauropteris burntislandica S. rupestris 313 and 318 342 S. sylvestris 292, 293 tertiary 321--322 Steenisioblechnum 439 S. uncinata 96, 292 species Stegnogramma 437 S. underwoodii 313 asexual 307--308 Steiropteris 437 Selaginellaceae 77, 79, 83, biological 306 Stenochlaena 439 90, 92, 95--97, 177 concepts 304--307 S. areolaris 203 Selliguea 444 cryptic 307--308 S. palustris 211 Senftenbergia 351 definitions 304--307 Stenochlaenaceae 439 Sermayaceae 347 introduced 376 Stenolepia 440 Serpocaulon 407, 444 morphological 305 Sticherus 426 Serpyllopsis 425 number of (see also S. flabellatus 120 shoot apical meristem (SAM) diversity) 368 Stigmatopteris 407, 440 76, 77, 78, 79, 76--82, 84, taxonomic 305 stress tolerance 50 85, 91, 95 boundaries of 308--311 Stromatopteridaceae 426 shoots, branching of species concept Stromatopteridales 425 axillary 87 evolutionary 304 Stromatopteris 87, 426 dichotomous 87, 88, genetic 307 Stylites 90 86--90 Speirseopteris orbiculata 353, Synammia 369, 444 epipetiolar 87 355 Syngramma 435 equal 89 Sphaerocionium 425 Syria 268 extra-axillary 87 Sphaeropteris 405, 431 Sumatra 272 lateral 88 S. cooperi 206, 263 monopodial 86--90 Sphaerostephanaceae 437 Taenitidaceae 434 unequal 89 Sphaerostephanos 437 Taenitis 435 signal transduction 19, Sphenomeris 433 Taiwan 369 26--28 S. chinensis 120, 123 Tapeinidium 405, 433 Sinephropteris 436 Sphenophyllum 346 Tectaria 442 Sinopteridaceae 434, 435 Sphenopsida 423 T. semibipinnata 203 Solanopteris 212, 444 Spinacia 161 Tectariaceae 354, 442 Sorolepidium 440 spores Tedelea 349 Southern Hemisphere 376 bank 67--68 T. glabra 348 speciation 311--322 bank conservation and (see Tedeleaceae 347, 348, 349, allopatric 312--315 also conservation) 351 primary 312--316 264--265 telome 84--86 primary, adaptation and chlorophyllous 7, 286 Tempskya 349, 353 315--316 germination 7--9 Tempskyaceae 348, 353 primary, ecology and non-chlorophyllous 7--9, Teratophyllum 440 315--316 286 Terpsichore 444 secondary 316--321 release and dispersal T. asplenifolia 213, 215 secondary, allohomoploidy 65--68 Tertiary 345, 350, 351, 352, and 318--320 sporogenesis 61--68 353, 356

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480 Index

Thambetochen chauliodous 65, Tmesipteridaceae 423 V. isoetifolia 213 259 Tmesipteris 209, 423 V. lineata 235 Thamnopteris 436 Todea 403, 424 Vittariaceae 434 Thelypteridaceae 353, 354, T. barbara 290 vittarioid ferns 212, 213, 355, 408, 437 Trachypteris 435 227, 228, 230, 231, Thelypteridales 432 transposable element (TE) 377 Thelypteris 230, 408, 437 187 Vittarioideae 435 T. angustifolia 64, 203, 208 Trawetsia princetonensis 353, T. balbisii 237, 241 355 water ferns 404 T. curta 237 Triassic 307, 345, 350, 351, Woodsia 407, 438 T. dentata 376 353 W. ilvensis 285 T. nicaraguensis 237, 241 Late 351 Woodsiaceae 354, 408, T. opulenta 376 Trichipteris 431 438 T. palustris var. pubescens Trichomanaceae 425 Woodwardia 439 378 Trichomanes 377, 379, 403, W. radicans 110 T. torresiana 376 425 W. virginica 355, 356 thelypteroid ferns 408 trichomanoid clade 403 woodwardioid ferns 379 Themelium 444 Trigonospora 437 World Conservation Union Thylacopteris 444 trimerophytes 333 270 T. capillaceum (see also Triplophyllum 442 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Polyphlebium capillaceum) tropistic response 14, 15, 16 270 213, 215 T. ferrugineum 203 Uredinales 263 Xyropteris 405, 433 T. osmundoides 230 T. rigidum 230 Vandenboschia 403 Zygophlebia 444 T. speciosum 65 vicariance 378--379 Zygopteridales 341 Thyrsopteridaceae 404, 429 Vittaria 50, 135, 142, 150, zygopterids 334, 342--343 Thysanosoria 442 435 Zygopteris illinoiensis 341

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