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Denver International Airport Site Between 56Th & 128Th Avenues

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Denver International Airport Site Between 56Th & 128Th Avenues Denver International Airport Site HABS No. co-123 Between 56th & 128th Avenues; Buckley Road and Box Elder Creek Denver Denver County Colorado PHOTOGRAPH WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA REDUCED COPY OF MEASURED DRAWING Historic American Buildings Survey National Park Service Department of the Interior Denver, Colorado 80225-0287 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SITE HABS No. Location: Between Buckley Road on the west and Box Elder Creek on the east and north from 56th Avenue to 128th Avenue, City of Denver, Denver County, Colorado. UTMs: See data pages 63, 64 Present Owner: Denver International Airport, City and County of Denver Present Occupant: Denver International Airport Present Use: Airport construction (1992) statement of Significance: The Denver International Airport site has a Euroamerican history that can be traced to the early nineteenth century. Today, cultural remains and archival information exist to explain and interpret that history. The primary past land uses of the airport site offer an easily comprehensible vehicle for viewing the history of the area. The earliest uses Euroamericans found for the airport site and the lands around it were connected to the development of a Colorado plains transportation network. The second, and more pervasive, use was for agriculture. The agricultural uses represent many spec­ ializations including ranching, dryland and irrigated farming, dairying and cattle feed­ ing in preparation for marketing. The rel­ ative importance of these activities chang­ ed over time as did the methods different individuals used. Closely associated with agriculture have been shifts in land owner­ ship patterns. By 1910 most of the land had passed from the public domain into private ownership. After that transition occurred, the most significant change has been growth of tenant farming. In many ways the Euro­ american history of the airport site study area is a microcosm of the history of the larger northeastern Colorado plains area. Project Statement: This Historic American Buildings Survey re­ cording project is part of a long term program to document historically significant resources of the United states. The City Denver International Airport Site HABS No. C0-123 (page 2) and county of Denver through the Denver International Airport provided funding for the project. The field measured drawings, historical reports and photographs were prepared under the direction of Deborah Andrews of Andrews & Anderson under contract to the City and county of Denver. Deborah Andrews, Nanon Anderson, Karen Hardaway and Jim Fischer of Andrews & Anderson did the field measurements and architectural de­ lineations. Arnold Thallheimer of Custom Photography undertook the photography. Steven Mehls of Western Historical Studies, ,, under sub-contract to Andrews & Anderson, served as project historian. Historian: Steven F. Mehls, Western Historical Studies, Inc., March 10, 1992 Denver International Airport Site HABS No. C0-123 (page 3) HISTORICAL INFORMATION Historical Narrative: Introduction The area that soon will service tens of th0usands of air travellers on their way to and from Denver already has experienced an eventful, if not colorful, past. Studies of the history of the area, including those stemming from cultural resource management concerns, have discovered common threads that run through much of the Euroamerican history of the airport site. Those threads are closely associated to the uses people have found for the lands over the past one hundred and eighty or so years. Some of the patterns are relatively unimportant to our understanding of the area's past because they were rooted in comparatively minor events or trends. Others, particularly transportation and agriculture, have been much more important to the area's past and have left evidence of their presence on the land. The passage of time allows us to look back, identify and interpret these trends. Moreover, we can identify the changes in technology, land availability and especially the responses of the people to the natural environment that caused significant shifts in the airport site's land use patterns. Among the earliest uses Euroamericans found for the airport site and the lands around it were connected to the development of a Colorado plains transportation network. The second, and more pervasive, use was for agriculture. The agricultural uses represent many specializations including: ranching, dryland and irrigated farming, dairying and cattle feeding in preparation for marketing. Within both of these land use patterns we can observe, through the historic record, fluctuations such as the abnormally dry weather of the early 1890s, and how the residents responded. Moreover, we can identify relationships between localized events and trends and the larger regional and national historical patterns. 1 Natural and Political Setting The approximately 55 square miles that comprise the airport site are flat, gently rolling prairie. The South Platte River flows in a north-northeasterly direction a few miles west of the Denver International Airport site. The South Platte is the area's major watercourse. Tributaries to the South Platte crossing parts of the airport site include, from east to west, Denver International Airport Site HABS No. C0-123 (page 4) Box Elder, Third, Second and First Creeks. East of the site other watercourses of consequence to the region's history include Kiowa, Bijou and Badger Creeks. The elevation and climatic conditions of the site are characteristic of the Colorado Piedmont. The altitude reflects the levelness of the terrain, ranging from 5,250 to 5,400 feet above sea level. Especially important to the Euroamerican history of the area, the average annual precipitation is typical of a semi-arid environment with approximately 14 inches of moisture falling each year, concentrated between April and October. The summers are warm to hot while winters generally are moderate, with only occasional sub-zero temperatures. This gives rise to a variety of native plants, but bunch grasses dominate the vegetation communities (see sheet 1 of 1 and pp. 53, 54). 2 The prairie soil proved suitable for certain types of agricultural pursuits. Along the various waterways are belts of Laurel sandy loam soil. This type of soil is rich and retains what little precipitation falls in the semi-arid environment. Laurel sandy loam is an excellent soil for growing onions, cabbage and sugar beets. Farther from the waterways the soil types are suitable for beans, alfalfa, wheat, oats, corn and potatoes, providing that irrigation exists. These crops require a steady water supply available only from irrigation. On the non-irrigated lands crops such as milo maize and kafir maize, and drought-resistant varieties of wheat and corn have been raised successfully. In addition, the plains provide adequate forage for cattle, sheep and horses. 3 Adams County, Colorado, the historical parent of the Denver International Airport site is irregular in shape, but generally rectangular. With an area of 807, 680 acres, it is slightly larger than the state of Rhode Island. Colorado voters established Adams County in 1902, the same year they approved organization of the City and County of Denver. Both Denver and Adams County were created from sections of Arapahoe County. Originally Adams County stretched east to the Kansas border, but a few years later county voters opted to decrease the county's size. Washington and Yuma County voters then approved annexation of the eastern extremes of Adams County (see Colorado county maps, pp. 56-59). Because of its large land mass and good soil, Adams County has been primarily an agricultural county. Towns exist, but most of Adams County is not considered an urban area. While many of the towns have traditional ties to county agricultural fortunes, today most town dwellers in the County are suburbanites with their livelihoods linked to Denver. The airport project area was incorporated into the City and County Denver International Airport Site HABS No. C0-123 (page 5) of Denver in 1988 as the result of an election in May of that year and subsequent annexation allowing airport construction by the City and County of Denver. Subsequently, the City and County of Denver has acquired the individual properties, generally through condemnation, since 1989. Background to Settlement Spain, the original European claimant of the Denver International Airport site, and indeed all of Colorado, held tenuous control of the region throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by virtue of Coronado's wanderings of 1540-41. From that point in time until 1720 Spanish explorations, military parties and traders ventured north out of Mexico, eventually settled New Mexico, and continued to venture north into Colorado. They travelled both east and west of the mountains. In 1719-20 Pedro de Villasur, leading a small military detachment north to the Platte River, fell victim to Pawnee Indians. 4 Spanish authorities had hoped Villasur's expedition would thwart French traders moving into the Platte-South Platte Valley. The plan failed and an intense rivalry of words between the Spanish and French followed. From that point until 1763, when France formally relinquished all claims to the area, the two European powers sought to control the local native American population, either through trade or diplomatic means. After removal of the French threat in 1763, Spain showed little interest in the lands north of the Arkansas River until 1793. From then until 1819 and ratification of the Adams-Onis Treaty, the Spanish army sent a number of patrols into the South Platte area (see map of Spanish control, p. 55). 5 The Adams-Onis Treaty led to official Spanish recognition of the United States. American claims dated to the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that gave the new American government control of the central and northern Great Plains as far west as the Continental Divide. As a result of the agreement with Spain, the United States sent out a number of expeditions to the Colorado area. The most famous Federal exploration of northeastern Colorado came in 1820.
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