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alcohol. See whisky Ash Hollow, massacre at, 47–48, 50, 65, Alcord, Captain Henry, 252 66 Algonquin peoples, 11, 13 Ashley, Susan, 90 Alights on the Cloud, Chief, 34–35 Augar, Brigadier General C. C., 224, annuity goods, 66, 92–93, 95, 133–134, 228–229 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 230–231, Auraria settlement, 69–70, 76 234 stealing of by white agents, 100, 102, Bear Feather, Chief, 43 106 Bear Man, 53, 164 Antelope Skin, 112 Bear Shield, 243 Anthony, Major Scott J., 120, 134, 167, Beckwourth, Jim, 76, 148, 154, 181 183 Beecher Island, Battle of, 236–237 as commander of Fort Lyon, 141, Bent, Charles, 62, 63, 159, 176, 210, 142, 143–144, 172, 173 218, 219, 227 deceitfulness of, 143–144 Bent, George, 9, 10, 14, 29, 32, 62, 82, investigation of Sand Creek Massacre 102, 111, 121, 127, 129, 134, 136, and, 180 176, 177, 205–206, 210, 216, 217, Sand Creek Massacre and, 145, 234, 252 150–156, 159, 162, 168 marriage to Magpie, 205 Arapahoes, 23, 26–30, 77, 89, 90–91, Medicine Lodge council and Treaty 93, 258 and, 218, 219, 221, 226, 227, 231 along Washita River valley, 237–238 photograph of, 85 Confederacy and, 94–96 Sand Creek Massacre and, 154, 156, Fort Wise Treaty of 1861 and, 77–83, 158–159, 163, 164, 166 99–100 Bent, Robert, 81, 102, 154, 160 incursion of whites on land and Bent, William, 22, 29, 55, 69, 77, 89, resources of, 71–74 95, 122–123, 124, 143, 197, 204, Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865, 209, 210 202–204 background of, 62–63 Medicine LodgeCOPYRIGHTED council and Treaty. Council MATERIAL on the Little Arkansas and, See Medicine Lodge council and 201 Treaty Fort Wise Treaty of 1861 and, 79–80 Northern. See Northern Arapahoes as intermediary, 62–64, 72–74, 75–76 Southern, the Cloud People. photograph of, 85 See Southern Arapahoes, the Bent’s Fort, 22, 23, 29, 55, 61, 62 Cloud People Bent’s New Fort, 63, 76, 77, 78 Treaty of Horse Creek and, 33, 66 Big Crow, 175, 176 Washington trip by chiefs of, Big Head, Chief, 36, 37, 207 100–101 Big Man, 245 Arikaras, 14, 23 Big Mouth, Chief, 81, 204, 240 297 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 298 Printed from PDF

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Black, Ben, 250 reported killed at Sand Creek, 162, Black Bear, wife of, 160 167, 192 Black Eagle, Chief, 179, 225, 252 rites of passage, 19–20, 22 Blackfoot tribes, 23 Sand Creek Massacre and, 146–166, Black Hawk War, 190 167, 172–173 Black Kettle second wife, 205–206 American flag waved at Sand Creek travel prior to Washita attack, by, 147–148, 156 239–247 betrayal of, 2, 151, 172, 199 trip of Cheyennes chiefs to birth of, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15 Washington and, 101 Camp Weld meeting of 1864 and, Washita River attack, 247–259 135–144, 261 as young warrior, 2, 20, 21–43, 53–55 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 111, Black Kettle Museum, 189, 262 117–127 Black Kettle National Grasslands, childhood of, 15–20 262–263 “coming through the fire,” 260–261, Black Shin, 219, 232 263 Black White Man, Chief, 196, 204, 219, Confederacy and, 94–96, 192–193 232 Council on the Little Arkansas and, Blinn, Clara, 258 197–208 Blue Horse, 205 Custer’s attack on Washita River Blunt, Major General James G., village of, 247–259 134–135, 141 death and remains of, 2, 9, 249, 252, Boone, Albert, 63, 77, 81, 82, 89–90, 253–254, 262 92–94, 100 discussions with Wynkoop and, Boston Journal, 71 129–133 Boulder County, Colorado, 70–71 Dog Soldiers’ threats against life of, Bowen, Lieutenant Leavitt L., 154, 162 221, 229, 230 Bowstring Soldiers, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, family heritage, 9–10, 14 29, 31, 178 Fort Wise Treaty of 1861 and, 78, Brave Bear, Chief, 44–45 81–82, 93, 95, 104–105 Brave Wolf, 110 Fox Tail incident and, 211–212 Bridger, Jim, 22, 33 Hazen and, 239–242 Buchanan, James, 73, 78, 88 health of, 104 buffalo, 5, 23, 83, 178, 213 historical sites, 262–263 Cheyenne hunting of, and their legacy of, 261–263 livelihood, 4, 5, 11–13, 14, 19–20, Little Arkansas Treaty and, 204, 24–25, 100, 101–102, 104, 136, 209–210, 212–213 200, 204, 205, 233, 238 major events in life of, 256 dissipation of population of, 31, 55, named a member of Council of 65, 67, 72, 92, 106, 233 Forty-four, 43 Fort Wise Treaty lands and, 104 painting of, 189 Medicine Lodge Treaty and hunting as peace advocate, 2, 31, 61, 62–69, of, 227, 231–232 75, 78, 108, 122–123, 126–132, Northern Cheyenne and, 74 143, 174, 178, 194–208, 219, 221, numbers of, in nineteenth century, 11 229, 230, 260, 261–262, 263 prophesy of disappearance of, 65 photographs of, 84 Treaty of Horse Creek and, 33 as prophet, 217, 261 Buffalo Chief, 232 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 299 Printed from PDF

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Buffalo Goad, Chief, 216–217, 218 first contact with white people, 14–15 Buffalo Hat. See Sacred Medicine Hat gender roles, 7, 8 Bull Bear, 84, 120, 129, 133, 138, 140, geographic range of, 11, 13, 15 213–214 horse’s introduction to, 13 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty incursion of whites on land and and, 219, 223, 231–232 resources of, 67, 69–74 Treaty of the Little Arkansas and, last stand for, 258 205, 206, 207, 209 military societies, 21 war parties, 210 name origin, 11 Bull Shield, 49 as nomadic people, 4, 68 Bull Telling Tales, 110, 111 Northern. See Northern Cheyennes Bull That Hears, 178, 204 religion in life of, 17, 19 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 69, 76, 77, Southern. See Southern Cheyennes 100, 193–194, 197, 201, 209 “wolves” or scouts, 9, 24–25, 35, 58, Butterfield, David A., 210 59 Butterfield Stage route, 204, 205 Cheyenne War of 1864, 110–145 Byers, William, 183 attempt to separate friendly Indians from hostile Indians, 123–124, 185 Caddoes, 101 Camp Weld peace council, 135–144 Cahill, Lynn, 189 events triggering, 108–120 Camp Collins, 124 Chicksaws, 94 Camp Sanborn, 114 Chippewa, 11, 13 Camp Supply, 239, 242 Chivington, Colonel John M., 96, Camp Weld, 92, 117 98–99, 105, 117, 129, 254 peace council of 1864 at, 84, atrocities at Sand Creek and, 162–163 135–144, 172–173, 261 attempts by officers to prevent Sand Cannon, Lieutenant James D., 160, 181 Creek attack by, 151–153, 161, 167, Carr, Dorkas Bent, 63 180 Carr, Major Eugene, 258 attitude toward Indians, 114, Carson, Kit, 22, 180, 197 129–130, 151, 153 cattle, incidents triggered by alleged Camp Weld meeting of 1864 and, theft of, 108–110, 113–114 135–144, 172–173 Cherokees, 94 cattle theft incident and, 109 Cherokee Trail, 71, 72 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 112, Cheyenne Autumn (Sandoz), 261 114, 121, 123, 191–192 Cheyennes, 93 congressional investigation of actions buffalo and. See buffalo, Cheyenne at Sand Creek of, 162, 171 hunting of, and their livelihood death of Silas Soule and, 181, 183 ceremonies, 14, 17–19, 34 Eayre and, 120 cholera and, 32 enforcement of Fort Wise Treaty, clashes with the white man in 1850s, 103 44–61 investigation of actions at Sand clothing of, 4–5, 6 Creek, 179–184 Council of Forty-four. See Council of Leavenworth and, 191–192 Forty-four march to Sand Creek, 148–150, 154 courtship and marriage among, 6–7 photograph of, 87 daily camp life of, 4–9 removal of Plains Indians and, 103, earthen lodges of, 11, 12 106–107 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 300 Printed from PDF

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Chivington, Colonel John M. (continued) 1st Colorado Cavalry (“Bloodless reporting on outcome of Sand Creek Third”) at Sand Creek Massacre, Massacre, 167–170 148, 169, 180 Sand Creek Massacre and, 144, 1st Colorado Volunteers, 92, 95, 106, 145–184, 262 110 Chivington, Martha Rollason, 98 formation of, 91–92 Choctaws, 94 investigation of actions at Sand cholera, 32, 97 Creek, 160, 162, 171, 179–184, Civil War, 61, 94–100, 107, 117, 129, 191, 192 192–193 La Glorieta battle, 95–96, 98, 191 raids on white settlements by Native opposition among the officers to Americans during, 89–91 Sand Creek Massacre, 151–152, Clark, Watson, 145, 252 161, 167, 180 Sand Creek Massacre and, 147, 150, Sand Creek Massacre and, 144, 159 146–184 Clark, William, 14–15 2nd Colorado Volunteers, 97–98 Clear Creek County, Colorado, 71 Soule and. See Soule, Captain Silas Colley, Dexter, 100, 102, 128, 180, 3rd Colorado Cavalry (“Bloody 181–182 Thirdsters”), 148, 170, 171 Colley, Samuel G., 93, 100, 102, 106, training of, 92 108, 114, 124, 133, 137, 144 Colyer, Vincent, 252 Black Kettle’s letter of 1864 to, 127, Comanches, the Rattlesnake People, 23, 128, 186 25–30, 77, 89, 93, 124 investigation of Sand Creek Massacre along Washita River valley, 237–238 and, 180 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Sand Creek Massacre and, 153, 163, and. See Medicine Lodge council 182 and Treaty Colorado Territory Sand Creek survivors and, 178–179 Cheyenne War of 1864. See Washington trip by chiefs of, 101 Cheyenne War of 1864 Confederacy. See Civil War during the Civil War, 89–100 Cook, Captain Samuel H., 153 defense of, during Civil War, 91–92 Cossitt, Lieutenant C. M., 153, 181 Evans as governor of. See Evans, Dr. Council of Forty-four, 35, 38, 50, 52, John 55, 178 gold in, 66, 69, 70–73, 116 assertion of authority over militant government of, 91 factions, 69, 74, 90, 114–115, 116 land promised to Southern Cheyenne Black Kettle joins, 43 and Arapahoes, 66 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 124–127, official recognition of, 88 133 statehood for, 97 Confederacy and, 94–96, 192–193 Colorado Volunteer Cavalry, 106. Fort Wise Treaty of 1861, 77–83, 95 See also Sand Creek Massacre; Medicine Lodge council and Treaty names of individual officers and, 219–221 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 109–123 peace initiatives, 62–69, 75 Chivington and. See Chivington, questioning of wisdom of, 65 Colonel John M. revenge for Sand Creek Massacre Civil War deployment to New and, 174–179 Mexico, 95–96 roles of, 21 composition of, 92, 148 traitor among, 145, 150, 164 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 301 Printed from PDF

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Treaty of the Little Arkansas and, Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 110–112, 204 114, 120–126, 133, 138, 140–141, war with white man and, 57, 58 144 Council on the Little Arkansas, Fort Wise Treaty and, 104–105 197–208 Hancock’s Expedition of 1867 and, coup stick, 20 213–216 Cramer, Lieutenant Joseph A., 111, last stand of, 258 144 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Sand Creek Massacre and, 152–153, and, 219, 226–232 162, 168–169 prior to attack on Washita River Crawford, Samuel J., 224 village, 243 Crazy Horse, 1, 260 reaction to Sand Creek Massacre, Cree, Captain T. G., 154, 182 172, 173, 176 Creek Indians, 94 Treaty of the Little Arkansas and, Crow Chief, 232 205 Crow Neck, 243 tribal territory, devotion to, 205, Crows, 23, 31, 110, 112 206–207, 208, 209–210, 212–213, Culver, F. B., 81 218, 219, 231–232 Curly Hair, Chief, 232 Dohasan, Chief, 195, 196 Curtis, Major General Samuel R., 70, Dole, William P., 100, 192 107, 120–121, 140, 141, 144, 151 Doolittle, James R., 193, 194, 195 cattle theft incident and, 109 Downing, Major Jacob, 114, 115–116, Sand Creek Massacre and, 148–149, 183 167, 173, 179 Sand Creek Massacre and, 150, 154 Custer, Lieutenant Colonel George Dunn, Lieutenant Clark, 110, 111–112, Armstrong, 2, 187, 213, 237, 239 113–114, 182 attack on Washita River village, 2, 247–259 Eagle Feather, 30 Hancock expedition of 1867 and, 213, Eagle Head, 127, 178, 204, 228 214 Easter, John, 66 orders from Sheridan, 242, 243, 255 Eayre, Lieutenant George S., 109–110, ride south toward Washita River 112, 113, 114, 117–120 village, 242–247 Elkhorn Scrapers, 21, 22, 26, 27, 58 Elliott, Major Joel, 224, 229, 232, 237, Dark, 55, 58, 60 244, 249, 251, 253 Delawares, 31, 57, 134 Eubanks (or Ewbanks), Isabelle, 133 Denver, Colorado, 125, 144, 169, 170, Evans, Dr. John, 96–98, 99–100, 181 102–103, 144, 183, 261, 262 Denver, James W., 70 attempt to separate friendly Indians Denver City, 70, 71, 76, 89, 90, 92, 97, from hostile Indians, 123–124, 116 185 De Smet, Father Pierre Jean, 33 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 120–127, dibble, or digging stick, 8 130, 185, 191 Dodge, General Grenville M., 192, 193, decision to go to war with Plains 195, 205 Indians, 105–107, 108 Dodge, Colonel Henry, 23 investigations of Sand Creek Dog Soldiers (or the Dog Men), 21, 26, Massacre and, 171, 180, 183 35, 62, 74, 78, 102, 145, 154, 165, peace council of 1864 at Camp Weld, 204, 234, 235 135–144 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 302 Printed from PDF

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Evans, Dr. John (continued) Ganier (trapper), 50 photograph of, 87 Gentle Horse (Little Black Kettle), 10, reports of Cheyenne commitment to 24, 207 peace received by, 114 Geronimo, 1, 260 Gerry, Elbridge, 103–104, 105, 114, Fauntleroy, Fort, 76 125 Feathered Shin, 39, 41 Gill, Captain A. J., 154 First Methodist Episcopal Church, 99 Gilman, May, 111 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 22, 32, 89, 197, Gilpin, William, 88–89, 91–93, 96 198, 200 Gilpin County, Colorado, 71 Fleming, Lieutenant Hugh B., 44–45 gold, 31 Fletcher, Mary, 205 in Colorado Territory, 66, 69, 70–73, Ford, Colonel James H., 193 116 Forsyth, Major George A. “Sandy,” 236 Grant, General Ulysses S., 190, 193, Fort Cobb, 237–241, 239, 245, 246, 224 255, 258 Grattan, Lieutenant John L., 45–46, 47, Fort Dodge, 233, 234 48 Fort Ellsworth, 1866 council at, Gray Beard, 223, 227–228, 232 207–208 Gray Hair, Chief, 29 Fort Garland, 191 Great Medicine Spirit, 8 Fort Hays, 235 Great Plains, climate of, 3 Fort Kearny, 31, 51, 61 Greeley, Horace, 71 Fort Laramie, 31, 46, 52, 124 Greenwood, A. B., 9, 77–79, 81 Fort Larned, 98, 191, 213, 221, 235, 237 Griffenstein, “Cheyenne Jennie,” 218, Fort Leavenworth, 46, 48, 144, 190 219 Fort Lyon, 86, 97, 100, 124, 127, 133, Griffenstein, William “Dutch Bill,” 218, 140, 141, 169 239, 242, 246 Anthony replaces Wynkoop as Grinnell, George Bird, 6, 10, 19 commander of, 141, 142, 143 Gros Ventres, 23 Sand Creek Massacre and, 150 Guerrier, Edmond, 127, 147, 164, Tappan’s command of, 191 222–223 Wynkoop as commander of, 116, 117 Fort Rankin (later Fort Sedgwick), 174, Hairy Nostriled White Men (Mexicans), 175, 176 38–42 Fort St. Vrain, 38 Hall, Benjamin F., 171 Fort Sumter, 89 Halleck, Major General Henry W., 193 Fort Wise, 76, 97 Hamilton, Captain Louis, 251 Fort Wise Treaty of 1861, 77–81, 88, Hancock, Major General Winfield 95, 101, 104–105, 118, 168 Scott, 213–216, 223, 226, 230, 246 amended version of, 93 Harding, Stephen S., 171 Article 11, 82 Harney, Brigadier General William S., unfairness of, and dissatisfaction with, 46–49, 50–51, 52, 57, 75, 119, 82, 104–105 197, 199, 205, 218, 224, 226, 228, Fort Zarah, 206, 210 258 council of 1866 at, 209–210 Harney, Major General William S., 10 Foxes (tribe), 217 Haverty, Colonel John, 63 Fox Tail, 210–211 Hazen, Colonel William B., 239–242, Frog, 39 246, 252, 255, 259 fur trappers and traders, 14, 31, 62 Heap of Birds, Chief, 232 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 303 Printed from PDF

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Heap of Buffaloes, 84, 133 Lauderback, David, 145 Henderson, John B., 224, 227–232 Sand Creek Massacre and, 147, 150, Hidatsas, 13 159, 181 High Back Wolf, Chief, 10, 14, 62, 63 Lawrence, Kansas, 191 High Forehead, 44, 45 Lean Face, Chief, 232 Hoebel, Dr. E. Adamson, 7, 16–17 Leavenworth, Colonel Henry, 190 Hoffman, Major William, 49 Leavenworth, Colonel Jesse H., 97, Horse Creek, Treaty of, 33–34, 45, 49, 208, 216 63, 66, 78–79 background of, 190–191 Howbert, Irving, 154 as Indian agent, 192, 195–196, 197, Hungate, Ward, and family, 121–122 201 investigation of Sand Creek Massacre Ice (White Bull), 55, 58, 60 and, 180, 192 Irwin, Jackman, and Company, 108, 113 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty, 217–218, 219 Jacobs, Captain Edward A., 180 peace efforts of, 190, 192, 193, 194, Jefferson, Thomas, 14 195–196, 197 Johnson, Andrew, 194, 197 Leavenworth and Pike’s Peak Express Johnson, Captain John J., 182 Company, 71 Joliet, Louis, 11 Lee, Robert E., 193 Julesburg raids, 174–177, 179 Left Hand, Chief, 129–133, 133, 141 Sand Creek Massacre and, 150, 157 Kansas Pacific Railway, 213 Lewis, Meriwether, 14–15 Kaws, 234 Lincoln, Abraham, 88, 91, 96, 117 Kidd, Major Meredith W., 221 meeting with Indian chiefs, 101, 117, Kiowas, the Greasy Wood People, 15, 118, 156 23–30, 37, 38, 63, 77, 93, 124, 195 Little Arkansas, Council on the, along Washita River valley, 237–238 197–208 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865, and. See Medicine Lodge council 202–206, 209–210, 212–213 and Treaty Little Bear, Chief, 232 Sand Creek survivors and, 178, 179 Little Mountain, 29 warning of Washita River attack, Little Raven, Chief, 76, 81, 129–133, 243–244 141, 169, 198, 201, 204, 258 Washington trip by chiefs of, 100–101 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Kit Foxes, 21 and, 219, 221, 222, 223, 225 Knock Knee, 133, 167 Little Robe, Chief, 35, 167, 178, 196, 213–214, 219, 239, 245, 252 La Glorieta battle, 95–96, 98, 191 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Lakota Sioux (the Inviters), 14, 44–48, and, 227–228, 232 74, 102, 108, 120, 134, 173, 211, Treaty of the Little Arkansas and, 212, 214, 235 204, 205, 209 along Washita River valley, 238 Little Rock, Chief, 232, 235, 245 revenge for Sand Creek Massacre, death of, 250, 252 173–177 Little Sage Woman, 22, 32, 39, 41–42 Lame Bull, 216 Little Thunder, Chief, 47 Lame Man, 217 Little Wolf, Chief, 81, 219 Larimer, General William, 69–70, 71, livestock, grazing of, 31 88 Logan, Major Samuel L., 162 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 304 Printed from PDF

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Lone Bear, Chief, 81, 133, 217 North, Robert, 105, 122 Long Chin, 35–36, 36 Northern Arapahoes, 24, 173, 235 Lump Nose, 53, 54, 55 revenge for Sand Creek Massacre, Lyon, Brigadier General Nathaniel, 76 173–177 Lyon, General Nathaniel, 97 Northern Cheyennes, 22, 34, 48–49, 52–53, 55, 61, 63, 64, 74–75, 95, McLane, W. D., 191 259 Magpie (son of Big Man), 245, 253 absence from peace negotiations, Magpie (wife of George Bent), 85, 205 67–68, 74 Maheo, the All Father, 17, 19, 178 Cheyenne War of 1864 and, 110–113 Maheyuno, 19 Dog Soldiers. See Dog Soldiers (or Maiyun, the Sacred Powers, 17, 19 the Dog Men) Mandans, 13 revenge for Sand Creek Massacre, manifest destiny, 260 173–177 Man That Shot the Ree, 207 Notee, John, 122 Marble, Daniel, 133 Masonic lodges, 99 O’Brien, Captain Nicolas J., 174, 175, Massaum ceremony, 19 176 Ma’tasooma (spirit or soul), 17 Ojibway, 11, 13 Maynard, Lieutenant J. S., 153 Old Little Wolf, Chief, 75, 207, 230, 232 Medicine Arrows, Chief, 205 Old Whirlwind, Chief, 232 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty, 10, One Eye (Lone Bear), 84, 128, 130, 142 218–232, 249 as traitor, 145, 150, 164 unkept promises of, 232, 233, 234, 235 One Eye Comes Together, 160 Medicine Woman Later, 42, 206, 217, Oregon, 88 245, 246 Osages, 217, 245, 250 Sand Creek Massacre and, 158, Otis, Captain Elmer, 93 163–164, 165, 171, 199, 246 Overland Trail, 125 Washita River attack and death of, Owl Woman, 29, 62, 63 248, 249 Methodist Church, 99 Pawnee Fork, burning of village at, Mexican War, 89 213–215, 223, 226, 230 Mexico, Indian raids into, 38–42 Pawnee Killer, Chief, 173, 213–214, 236 Miksch, Amos, 158 Pawnees, the Wolf People, 49, 50–51, Miller, Robert C., 66–67 57, 134, 235, 236 Minton, Lieutenant W. P., 153, 181 warfare with Southern Cheyennes, Montana (settlement), 69 23, 31, 34–37, 50–51, 53–55, 63, 90 Moore and Kelly Overland Stage, 115 Pike, Albert, 94–95 Mormons, 44, 61 Plains Indians. See also individual tribes Morrison, James S., 252 clashes with the white man in 1850s, Mountain Apache, 40, 41 44–61 Murphy, Thomas, 197, 221, 222–223, Council on the Little Arkansas, 257 197–208 Myers, Captain Edward, 250 Leavenworth’s crusade to make peace with, 190 Neva, Chief, 84, 122, 133, 138 perceived threat of, 105–106 New Mexico Territory, 95 post-Civil War debate on U.S. Indian New York Times, 257 policy, 193–194 New York Tribune, 71, 191, 230 polygamy, 206 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 305 Printed from PDF

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Poor Bear, Chief, 221 Sand Creek, 187 Pope, Major General John, 190, 193 army spies at, 145 Porcupine Bear, 26–27 gathering of Southern Cheyennes and Potawatomis, 37 Southern Arapahoes at, 140, 141, Prairie Apaches (People Using the Rasp 142, 144, 145, 151 Fiddle), 29, 38, 195 Sand Creek Massacre, 2, 145–166, 192, along Washita River valley, 237–238 196, 241, 249 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty atrocities committed at, 159–164, and. See Medicine Lodge council 168, 169, 171, 182, 199 and Treaty Black Kettle’s actions at, 147–148, Sand Creek survivors and, 178 156–166 Prowers, John, 142–143, 181 “Bloody Thirdsters,” 148, 170, 171 diagram, 155 Raccoon, Chief, 113 1st Colorado Cavalry (“Bloodless Red Eye Woman, 39, 41–42 Third”) at, 148, 169, 180 Red Moon, Chief, 40, 41, 178 investigation of, 160, 162, 171, Red Shields, 21 179–184, 191, 192 Richardson, Albert D., 71 Leavenworth’s predictions, 191–192 Richmond, Lieutenant Harry, 182 Little Arkansas Treaty and survivors Ripley, W. D., 110 of, 203 Robbins, Captain S. M., 180 opening shots fired at, 156 Robinson, A. M., 72, 73, 74, 76, 90 opposition among the officers to, Rocky Mountain News, 76, 167–168, 170, 151–152, 161, 167, 180 171 reaction to, 167–184, 262 Roman Nose (Medicine Man), 122, 207, reparations offered for, 197–198 208 reports on, 167–171 killing of, 236–237 retreat of Cheyennes to Smoky Hill Medicine Lodge council and Treaty camps, 165–166, 172 and, 223, 226 serenity preceding, 146–147 Root, J. P., 224 Sand Creek Massacre National Roper, Laura, 133 Historical Site, 263 Ross, Edmund G., 224 Sand Hill, 232 Russell, William Green, 66, 69 Sandoz, Mari, 261 Santa Fe, 95 Sac Indians, 190, 217 Santa Fe Trail, 71, 72, 89, 191, 194, Sacred Arrow Renewal, 17–18, 34, 195 124–125, 219, 220, 224, 228, 229 Santanta, Chief, 258 Sacred Arrows, 18, 27, 34, 35, 36, 54, Santee Sioux, 97 58, 207, 232 Sayre, Major Hal, 154, 162, 166, 168 Sacred Buffalo Hat, 14, 35 Scabby Band, 38–39 Sacred Hat Lodge, 18 Scott, General Winfield S., 47 Sacred Medicine Hat, 18, 35, 58 Sedgwick, John, 77, 90 Sacred Persons, four, 17, 19 Seminoles, 94 sacred pipe, 19 Seminole War, 88 St. Charles (settlement), 69, 70 Setting Bear, 207 St. Vrain, Ceran, 62, 63 Seven Bulls, Chief, 178, 196, 204, 219, Sanborn, Captain George L., 110, 114 232 Sanborn, Major General John B., 195, Shave Head, Chief, 81 197–198, 224 Shawnees, 23, 31 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 306 Printed from PDF

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Sheridan, Major General Philip H., Medicine Lodge council and Treaty, 233–234, 236, 237, 240, 246, 10, 218–232 254–255, 257, 258, 259 at Sand Creek, 141 attitude toward the Indians, 236 Sand Creek Massacre and. See Sand Custer’s orders from, 242, 243, 255 Creek Massacre Sherman, General William T., 224, 239, Southern Cheyennes, 49, 259 240, 256, 257 census of 1861, 93 attitude toward the Indians, 236 Cheyenne War of 1864. See Shoup, Colonel George L., 148, 154, Cheyenne War of 1864 157, 183 Confederacy and, 94–96, 192–193 Sibley, Brigadier General Henry Council of Forty-four and. See Hopkins, 95, 96, 98 Council of Forty-four Sioux, 11, 32, 49, 144, 145 Council on the Little Arkansas, Lakota. See Lakota Sioux (the Inviters) 197–208 uprising in Minnesota, 97, 99 farming and, 67–68, 73, 89, 101 Sitting Bull, 1, 260 Fort Wise Treaty of 1861, 77–83, slavery, 99 99–100, 104 Slough, Colonel John, 92, 98 incursion of whites on land and smallpox, 106 resources of, 67, 69–74 Smith, Jack, 81, 168 Julesburg raid and, 175 Smith, John S. “Grey Blanket,” 84, Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865, 100–101, 120, 128, 129, 136, 143, 202–204 145, 183, 205, 211, 237 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty. on Camp Weld council, 139–140 See Medicine Lodge council and Council on the Little Arkansas and, Treaty 197 peace initiatives, 62–69, 72–76 investigation of Sand Creek Massacre repudiation of Treaty of the Little and, 180 Arkansas, 209–210 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Sand Creek Massacre and. See Sand and, 226, 228, 232 Creek Massacre Sand Creek Massacre and, 147, 150, spiritual attachment to traditional 156, 159, 167, 168, 182, 203 territory, 75 Smoky Hill country, 205–210, 212–213, starvation among, 106 214, 218, 219, 231–232 territorial range of, 22 Smoky Hill Trail, 47–48, 208 Treaty of Horse Creek, or Fort Snow, Clyde, 253–254 Laramie and, 34–35 Solomon’s Fork, battle of, 59–61 U.S. Army and, 50–61 Soule, Captain Silas, 84, 169 warfare with other tribes, 23–30, 31, assassination of, 181 34–42, 50–51, 53–55, 63, 77, 90 Sand Creek Massacre and, 150, 152, Washington trip by chiefs of, 161–162, 167, 180–181, 182 100–101 Southern Arapahoes, the Cloud People, Wotap band of, 42–43, 53 24, 32–33, 108 South Platte Trail, 71, 72 Cheyenne War of 1864 and. See Spotted Crow, Chief, 164 Cheyenne War of 1864 Spotted Elk, Chief, 232 Council on the Little Arkansas, Spotted Horse, 208 197–208 Spotted Tail, Chief, 173 Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865, Spotted Wolf, Chief, 204, 239 202–204 Squiers, Charles, 181 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 307 Printed from PDF

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Standing in the Water, 101 Treaty of the Little Arkansas, 202–206, Standing Water, Chief, 164 209–210, 212–213 Stanley, Henry M., 224, 232 Trotter, 253 Stanton, Edwin, 122, 192, 194 Twiss, Thomas S., 46, 52, 57 Starving Bear, Chief (Lean Bear), 62, Two Tails (Little Wolf), 49–50 81, 101 Two Thighs, Chief, 164 killing of, 117–120, 123 Steele, Judge James, 197, 201 U.S. Army, 1, 31, 101, 236. See also Stewart, Captain George H., 51–52, 63 names of individual soldiers Stillwell, Captain George H., 180 Battle of Washita, 247–259, 262 Stone Calf, Chief, 234 Cheyenne War of 1864. See Stone Forehead, 219 Cheyenne War of 1864 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty clashes with Cheyenne and Plains and, 219, 223, 232 Indians in 1850s, 44–61, 63, 65, Storm, Chief, 81, 204 66, 75 Stuart, Lieutenant James E. B. (Jeb), 61, Hancock Expedition of 1867, 81 213–216, 223, 226, 230, 246 Sturgis, Captain Samuel D., 77 post-Civil War Indian policy, Sully, Colonel Alfred, 237, 239, 242, 246 193–195 Summer, Colonel Edwin V., 56–61, 63, Sand Creek Massacre. See Sand Creek 65, 66, 69, 75 Massacre Sun Dance, 14, 16, 19, 34, 50, 102, 206 7th Cavalry under Custer. See Custer, Sutaios, 13–14 Lieutenant Colonel George Sweat Lodge, 14 Armstrong Sweet Medicine, 19, 65 U.S. Treasury, 96 Swift Hawk Lying Down, 10 Usher or Archer, Ambrose, 133 Sylvester (or Salvatore), 216–217 Utes, the Black People, 23, 31, 40, 41, 42, 63, 90, 234, 243 Talbot, Captain Presley, 182 Tall Bear, Chief, 62, 75, 81 wagon trains, 31–32, 44, 48, 224 Tall Bull, 120, 205, 206, 207, 209, attacks on, 126, 194, 195, 204, 216 213–214 War Bonnet, 38, 101, 134, 141 killing of, 258 Sand Creek Massacre and, 159, Medicine Lodge council and Treaty 161–162, 164 and, 219, 223, 226, 227, 230, 232 War Department, 46, 48, 57, 76, 77, 98, Tall Chief, 205 106 Tangle Hair, Chief, 205, 207, 223, 230 Washita Battlefield National Historical Tappan, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel F., Site, 262 92, 180, 191, 224, 257, 258 Washita River Taylor, Dr. I. C., 204, 206 Black Kettle’s village on the, 2, 188, Taylor, Nathaniel G., 218, 224, 225, 194–195, 237–239, 240, 247–259 226, 228, 229, 235, 257 Custer’s attack on Black’s Kettle’s Terry, Major General Alfred H., 224 village, 2, 247–259 Thin Face, 53, 54, 55 events preceding attack on Indian Three Dog Men, 111 village, 239–247 Timber, 40 Indian villages camped by, 237–239 Treaty of Horse Creek, or Fort Webster College, 63 Laramie, 33–34, 45, 49, 63, 66, Weld, Lewis L., 92 78–79 Wharton, Captain Henry, 51 bindex.qxd 06/21/04 3:16 PM Page 308 Printed from PDF

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whisky, 93, 94, 106, 115, 210, 235 Wynkoop, Edward, 9, 10, 138–140, 141, White Antelope, Chief, 62, 75, 81, 84, 145, 151, 162, 183, 261 103, 129–133, 133, 134, 138, 139, as agent to the Cheyennes, 209, 210, 141 211–212, 214, 221, 222, 234–235 Sand Creek Massacre and, 156–157, background of, 116–117 161–162, 164, 167, 249 Black Kettle’s letter to, 127, 128–133, White Head, Chief, 226, 227, 232 136, 139, 186 White Horse, 120, 205, 207, 213–214 Council on the Little Arkansas and, killing of, 134, 135 197 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty eulogy for Black Kettle, 263 and, 219, 223, 226, 230, 232 as Interior Department official, White Leaf, 134 204–205, 207–208 White Man, Chief, 178 investigation of Sand Creek Massacre White Thunder, Chief, 29 and, 180, 181 Whitfield, John W., 38 letters to, on Sand Creek Massacre, Wichita tribe, 216–217 161–162 Wilder, Major William F., 162 Medicine Lodge council and Treaty Wilmarth, Mrs. Margaret, 197, 200, and, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227 203 photographs of, 84, 86 Wilson, Lieutenant Luther, 154, 155 reaction to Battle of Washita, 257–258 Wind Woman, 10, 14 relieved of command at Fort Lyon, Wise, Henry A., 76 141, 142, 143, 172, 173 Wolf (Black Kettle’s brother), 10 resignation of, 242 Wolf Chief, 10, 39 tactical errors in quest for peace, 144 Wolf Creek, Battle of, 26–29 Wynkoop, Lois Wakely, 116 Wolf Fire, 49, 50, 55 Wolf Road, 24 Yellow Shield, Chief, 164 Wolf Robe, 134 Yellow Wolf, Chief, 67, 89, 164 Wootton, Richens “Uncle Dick,” 91 Yellow Woman, 63