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From the Editor the Orders and Medals Society of America Would Volume 53, Number 6 From the Editor Scott McCaleb Rev. Msgr. Kieran Martin Beginning with this issue a number of changes have Charles E Neudorfer II been made in The Journal; some of these will be evi- Gregory W. Ogletree dent to the reader while others will not. Among the Robert H. Reynolds most important of these are: Howard A. Siegel a. Spencer-Walker Press of Newark, Ohio has replaced Antonio Spada Glassboro Printing as our printer. Peter A. Spinelli b. The Journal is now produced entirely electronically. Stephen A. Straub c. Illustrations, whenever possible will be in color, and John M. A. Tamplin beginning in 2003, color ads will be introduced. Charles M. Thomson d. The Journal should be delivered to members more Dean S. Veremakis than a month earlier than previously. Richard J. and JoAnn Williams S. G. Yasinitsky We are in need of well-written and illustrated articles, especially on U. S. and British subjects. Drafts should Under $100.00 Dale M. Berg be submitted in MS Word, if possible, but MS Works Gary D. Boward and Word Perfect are acceptable. Illustrations should be in Tiff format, 300 dpi, or as originals. Copy can be Crossroad Coins (Barton L. Reames) George H. Dalton sent as e-mail attachments or by ordinary mail. Please Paul S. Doty do not use superscripts (i.e. use ’ 1 st’ rather than ’ 1 ~t,) Richard A. Flory and do not imbed footnotes in the text - type them as normal text. Dates should be American style. David C. Foster Russell G. Furtado ~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~+~ Jean-Claude Gelhaar Philip J. Gusich The Orders and Medals Society of America James J. Hagarty would like to thank the following members James K. Hitch (In Memory of Vernon R. who showed their support by donating to the Mark R. Jennings Brooks) OMSA Fund for ODMR Research in 2002. Ronald A. Jolliff Rick T. LaRosa $500.00 and Over Charles C. Lehing Melvin D. Mueller James M. Mc Manus Barry C. Weaver Rev. James Parker Robert G. Pierce $250.00 - $499.00 Joe D. Pope Anonymous (In Memory of Albert F. Gleim) John W. Royston Christopher M. Georgeson Christopher A. Stroner Charles A. Taggart, Jr. $100.00 - $249.00 Gene M. Turvey Anonymous Henry Ubinas Brig. Gen. Harry H. Bendorf, USAF Retired Bernard Walters Douglas W. Boyce Robert G. Wilson Walter J. Bussell John Zabarylo Colonel W. R. H. Charley Paul M. Zebiak William K. Emerson Ronald E. Fischer Books and ODMR Jeffrey B. Floyd Elio Iarabek Floyd, Johnson, and Paine, Inc. Mike Knudson Gerald J. Gallagher Adam E. Rohloff David L. Garrison, Jr. Wojciech Stela Stephen E. Hackett Paul Street Robert L. Lewis Charles A. Stulga 2 The Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America The Order of the Precious Star of the Double Dragon (2nd Type), Late Manchu Dynasty, Imperial China King Kwok, OMSA No. 7024 Objective The objective of this article is to explore and discuss Rank Color of Insignia Jewel of Rank the Order of Precious Star of Double Dragon (PSDD) of the Late Manchu Dynasty of Imperial China. This Emperor & order is generally accepted as the first order of western Noblemen Transparent Red Pearl and Ruby style in the history of China. This article will focus 1 st Rank Transparent Red/ *Ruby / Coral on the second type of the PSDD which was widely Opaque Red (Plain) conferred in the late Manchu / Qing / Ching Dynasty 2nd Rank Opaque Red (Engr.) Coral of Imperial China. Utilizing the works of various 3rd Rank Transparent Blue Sapphire authors, old photographs, a Manchu-Chinese 4th Rank Opaque Blue Lapis Lazuli Dictionary and specimens of the PSDD that were 5th Rank Transparent White Crystal available to the author, this article wilt present a 6th Rank Opaque White White Jade comprehensive study regarding the background, 7th Rank Gilt (Plain) Plain Gold award criteria for the order, the specifications of the 8th Rank Gilt (Engraved) Chased Gold various insignia of the order, the meanings of the 9th Rank Silver Chased Silver Chinese and Manchu inscriptions, an analysis of the existing specimens and the variation of this insignia, Remarks: The protocols and regulations regarding the the wearing methods and questions concerning the official costumes of the Manchu Dynasty were very PSDD that remain unanswered. Thus, a new departure complicated. There were various kinds of official point can be established for future research on the costumes and hats for different seasons and occasions. PSDD. They also went through numerous amendments in different periods of the dynasty. Furthermore, it was a Brief Outline of the Award System practice that, unless bestowed by the Emperor, officials of the Manchu Government were required to procure their own official costumes and hats. The use of glass imitations was also permitted China did not have an award system of orders and to substitute for the real jewels. In addition, it is difficult medals to recognize the meritorious services of her to verify the originality of the jewels of rank in the supporters and officials until the 19th Century. In the existing specimens. Therefore, the above summary is Manchu Dynasty, awards from the Emperor were to serve as general reference only. mainly bestowed in three ways: Award of Official Hat According to Ranking Manchu officials, both civil and military, were divided into nine ranks. At the top were the Emperor and Manchu noblemen. In addition to the difference in the embroidery badges on the official dress, officials of various ranks were differentiated by their hat insignia which consisted of a large round bead of appropriate color (i.e. the jewel of rank / hat button) mounted at the top of the official hat. According to the regulations set by Emperor Yong-zheng since the early 18th Century, the hat insignia for the different ranks were generally as follows (* indicates that the particular jewel of rank is worn only with permission Figure 1: Gordon’s official hat with single-eyed plume of the Emperor): and a ruby as the jewel of rank. Volume 53, Number 6 Award of Plume on Official Hat Ping rebels in the early 1860s. In recognition of his contribution and leadership, the Manchu Government A plume, as a hat decoration, was attached to the back conferred upon Gordon the Yellow Riding Jacket, of the hat by a tube made of jade or glass. An ordinary Plume of Peacock Feathers and Tou Deng Gong Pai, plume was made of blue feathers. But the Emperor literally "First Class Merit Badge" in Chinese. Figure might confer plumes made of peacock feathers which 2 depicts Gordon in his Yellow Riding Jacket and his were wired together in layers to contribute the visible jacket which is currently in the Royal Engineers pattern of "eye(s)." In the sequence of hierarchy, the Museum is illustrated in Figure 3. triple-eyed plume was the highest, the double-eyed plume was the second and the single-eyed plume was the lowest. The official hat awarded to Charles George Gordon (Figure 1) has a single-eyed plume and a ruby as the jewel of rank. Figure 3: Gordon’s Yellow Riding Jacket at the Royal Engineers Museum Origin of the Chinese Term, Bao Xing, (Precious Star) in the History of Imperial China A major change in the award system of the Manchu Dynasty occurred in the mid-19th Century with the appearance of the term, Bao Xing, literally ’Precious Figure 2: Gordon wearing the Yellow Riding Jacket Star’ in Chinese. Some authors suggest that the term, Bao Xing, was coined in 1876 by Guo Song-dao, Award of Yellow Riding Jacket China’s first ambassador to Britain. Guo introduced this term because he observed that the order (probably the Under exceptional circumstances, the Emperor would Most Exalted Order of the Star of India) conferred by also confer the Huang Ma-gua, literally ’Yellow Riding the British Government in India had been given the Jacket’ in Chinese. As the color yellow was a sovereign title, Star of India. color reserved to the Emperor only, the award of the Yellow Riding Jacket was a rare privilege. However, historical documents reveal that the date of the appearance of the term, Bao Xing, could be as early To illustrate how awards were conferred in the Manchu as the Convention of Beijing / Peking in 1860 which Dynasty, the case of Charles George Gordon can be was the result of the Anglo-French occupation of used. As the commander of the legion of Chang Sheng Beijing and the destruction of the Summer Palace (Yuan Jun, literally ’Ever-Victorious Army’ in Chinese, Ming Yuan.) Under this convention, the Kowloon Gordon helped the Manchu Government defeat the Tai Peninsula (in Hong Kong) was ceded to Britain. China 4 .
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