Embedded and Coordinated • What is a clause? • A unit containing a lexical verb • Kinds of clauses • Main clause = Independent clause = Superordinate clause = Matrix clause = S = Upstairs clause • Embedded clause = Dependent clause = Subordinate clause = S′ (S-bar) = Downstairs clause
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Find the Lexical Verbs Here are the Lexical Verbs
• Ever since the US Civil War the countries of Central • Ever since the US Civil War the countries of Central America and the Caribbean have occupied a special place America and the Caribbean have occupied a special place in the American psyche Cuba Nicaragua Panama and their in the American psyche. Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, and neighbors have been a magnet for adventurers and their neighbors have been a magnet for adventurers and pioneers a proving ground for grand abstractions of pioneers a proving ground for grand abstractions of democracy and freedom and frequently they have given democracy and freedom, and frequently they have given scoundrels a refuge for most of the twentieth century scoundrels a refuge. For most of the twentieth century people knew them as banana republics by the 1980s a people knew them as “banana republics”; by the 1980s, a chain of clothing stores serving affluent customers in chain of clothing stores serving affluent customers in today’s travel-mad world had adopted that name. today’s travel-mad world had adopted that name.
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Find the Lexical Verbs Here are the Lexical Verbs
• This was frontier territory a land where the whim of the • This was frontier territory, a land where the whim of the adventurer was often the only law where Americans had adventurer was often the only law, where Americans had limitless prerogatives and where people considered limitless prerogatives, and where people considered outside intruders malicious Senator Hannegan of Indiana outside intruders malicious. Senator Hannegan of Indiana saw something else he saw Britain hastening with race- saw something else. He saw Britain hastening ‘with race- horse speed to seize all of Central America Spain was the horse speed’ to seize all of Central America. Spain was target of similar suspicions at the end of the century but the target of similar suspicions at the end of the century, was succeeded in turn by Germany Mexico and the Soviet but was succeeded in turn by Germany, Mexico, and the Union each of these foreign powers was charged with Soviet Union. Each of these foreign powers was charged importing ideologies alien to the natural order of the with importing ideologies alien to the natural order of the region region.
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1 Finite Clauses Find the Finite Verbs
• A finite clause contains a finite verb. • Ever since the US Civil War the countries of Central America and the Caribbean have occupied a special place • Three tests for a finite verb: in the American psyche Cuba Nicaragua Panama and their 1. A finite verb aggjrees with the subject. neighbors have been a magnet for adventurers and 2. A finite verb indicates present or past tense. pioneers a proving ground for grand abstractions of 3. A finite verb has a subject in nominative case. democracy and freedom and frequently they have given scoundrels a refuge for most of the twentieth century • Modals are finite verbs, but they fail one test: people knew them as banana republics by the 1980s a • Modals don’t display subject-verb agreement. chain of clothing stores serving affluent customers in today’s travel-mad world had adopted that name.
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Here are the Finite Verbs Find the Finite Verbs
• Ever since the US Civil War the countries of Central • This was frontier territory a land where the whim of the America and the Caribbean have occupied a special place adventurer was often the only law where Americans had in the American psyche. Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, and limitless prerogatives and where people considered their neighbors have been a magnet for adventurers and outside intruders malicious Senator Hannegan of Indiana saw something else he saw Britain hastening with race- pioneers a proving ground for grand abstractions of horse speed to seize all of Central America Spain was the democracy and freedom, and frequently they have given target of similar suspicions at the end of the century but scoundrels a refuge. For most of the twentieth century was succeeded in turn by Germany Mexico and the Soviet people knew them as “banana republics”; by the 1980s, a Union each of these foreign powers was charged with chain of clothing stores serving affluent customers in importing ideologies alien to the natural order of the today’s travel-mad world had adopted that name. region
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Here are the Finite Verbs Sentence
• This was frontier territory, a land where the whim of the • What is a sentence? adventurer was often the only law, where Americans had limitless prerogatives, and where people considered • A sentence is everything between the capital letter and outside intruders malicious. Senator Hannegan of Indiana the period. saw something else. He saw Britain hastening ‘with race- • A sentence is a unit containing at least one lexical verb. horse speed’ to seize all of Central America. Spain was • The subject of a sentence may or may not be the target of similar suspicions at the end of the century, expressed. but was succeeded in turn by Germany, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. Each of these foreign powers was charged • A sentence may contain more than one clause. with importing ideologies alien to the natural order of the region.
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2 Functions of Clauses Functions of Clauses
• How can a subordinate clause function in the 1. That she left is fine. sentence? • As Subject 2. The problem is that she reads junk. • As Direct Object 3. He read books because it was required. • As Subject Complement • As Adverbial 4. Sara noticed that the candies had disappeared.
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Functions of Clauses Functions of Clauses
1. [That she left] is fine. 1. [That she left] is fine. SUBJECT 2. The problem is [that she reads junk]. 2. The problem is [that she reads junk]. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 3. He read books [because it was required]. 3. He read books [because it was required]. ADVERBIAL 4. Sara noticed [that the candies had disappeared]. 4. Sara noticed [that the candies had disappeared]. DIRECT OBJECT
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C = Complementizer S-bar in Trees
• A complementizer connects two clauses, one of which is • Draw trees for … subordinate to the other. • that, if, whether, because, unless, since are 1. That she left is fine. complementizers in English . 2. The problem is that she reads junk. • The complementizer is daughter to the S-bar and sister to the S. S′ 3. He read books because it was required. • The complementizer position 4. Sara noticed that the candies had disappeared. is sometimes empty. CS • Prepositions can function as complementizers.
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3 S Clauses as VP-Adverbials and S-Adverbials S ′ VP • VP-adverbial
C S V AdjP • Desiree took a shower because she felt tired. • S-adverbial NP VP Adj • Desiree arrived home very late. Because she felt tired she took a shower.
N V
that she left is fine
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Clauses as Clauses as VP-Adverbials and S-Adverbials VP-Adverbials and S-Adverbials
• VP-adverbial • If a clause is a VP-adverbial, it is sister to the V’. • Desiree took a shower because she felt tired. • Desiree took a shower because she felt tired. • S-adverbial • Desiree arrived home very late. Because she felt tired VP she took a shower.
V’ S ′
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Clauses as Coordinate Clauses VP-Adverbials and S-Adverbials
• If a clause is an S-adverbial, it is sister to the S. • Complementizers join a subordinate clause to a • Because she felt tired she took a shower. main clause. • Coordinators join equal clauses. S • But which i s whi ch ?
• Daniel arrived but Ana Maria had left. S ′ S • Wisconsin is called the Badger State but Arnold Schwarzenegger is Governor of California.
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4 Coordinator or Complementizer? Coordinator or Complementizer?
• Wisconsin is called the Badger State but Arnold • Daniel arrived but Ana Maria had left. Schwarzenegger is Governor of California. S
S NP VP
V’ S ′ S but S CS NP VP
NV NVGP Daniel arrived but Ana Maria had left 25 26
Draw Trees Draw Trees
24. Rachel noticed that candies disappear. 30. Debby left the party because Chris arrived. 25. Lauri suggested that the sketch was done by daughters 31. Fortunately Zelda discovered that Zoltan hated her. of the architect. 32. Because the snow was bad, the traffic on the street 26. LliLeslie fdhhifussed that the main computer was d own agai n. biiblbecame impossible. 27. Troy censored books because he didn’t like them. 33. Jeff mentioned that Shelley had gone to the library 28. I heard that a manuscript has been stolen. without her rain coat. 29. Sidra didn’t know if Ruth was unhappy. 34. That two paintings were stolen from the Chazen Museum is false. 35. Jake wondered whether that would happen.
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