Difference of Noun Clause and Noun Phrase
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Complementiser and Relativiser in the English Subordinate Clauses
COMPLEMENTISER AND RELATIVISER IN THE ENGLISH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University [email protected] Abstract Words combine to form larger units; phrases, clauses, and sentences. The study of the structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences is referred to as syntax. Quirk, et, all (1985:47) distinguishes sentences into two types they are; simple sentences and multiple sentences which cover compound sentences and complex sentences. A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, a multiple clause contains more than one clauses, a compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, while a complex sentence consists of insubordinate and subordinate clauses. Subordinate clause, in embedding the element of the insubordinate clause use either complementiser or relativiser. For example: (1) john said that he did not come to the party. That in (1) is considered to be complimentiser since it introduces the subordinate clause. (2) John met the teacher that teaches you English. That in (2) is classified as relativiser because it is used to introduce the modifying clause. This paper attempts to discuss complementiser and relativiser in the English subordinate clauses and describe the constituent structure in a tree diagram using the approach proposed by Kroeger (2005). The data were taken from a novel entitled Saved by The Bride by Fiona Lowe (2013). Keywords: complex sentences, subordinate clauses, complementiser or relativiser I INTRODUCTION A sentence is mainly a group of words linking together and expressing an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and rule regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. -
Independent Clauses Are Strong a Single Independent Clause Is the Same As a Simple Sentence
Xu°ba lJll ege Writing& Language Development Center Clauses: Independent & Dependent A clause is a word group containing a subject and verb pair. If a clause can stand alone, it is independent. If a clause cannot stand alone, it is dependent. Independent clauses are strong A single independent clause is the same as a simple sentence. An independent clause contains at least one subject-verb pair, expresses a complete thought, and can be ended with a period: Bob and Marcie love Thai food. They eat there often and bring all their friends. Bowling is fun. Bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty. A single independent clause may have compound subjects (Bob and Marcie), compound verbs (eat and bring), compound adjectives (stinky and sweaty) or other compound elements. Joining independent clauses Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses. They are preceded by a comma when they join independent clauses (but not necessarily when they join other compound elements). Here are the coordinating conjunctions: ,for ,or ,and ,yet ,nor ,so ,but You may combine independent clauses with a semicolon or with a comma plus coordinating conjunction: Bob and Marcie love Thai food; they eat there often and bring all their friends. Bowling is fun, but bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty. You may join more than two independent clauses using the same methods: Bowling is fun, but bowling shoes are stinky and sweaty, so we always bring thick socks. When you combine independent clauses, you create a compound sentence. You may NOT try to join independent clauses with only a comma. This is an error called a comma splice. -
Natural Language Processing Introduction
SYNTAX Sudeshna Sarkar 14 AUG 2019 Syntax • Constituency • Ordering • Grammatical relations and dependency – Heads, agreement, grammatical function • Key formalisms – Context-free grammars – Dependency grammars • Resources – Treebanks 15-Aug-19 Constituency • Basic idea: groups of words act as a single unit • Constituents form coherent classes that behave similarly – With respect to their internal structure: e.g., at the core of a noun phrase is a noun – With respect to other constituents: e.g., noun phrases generally occur before verbs Constituency: Example • Noun phrases in English... • They can all precede verbs • They can all be preposed/postposed Example of Constituent Tree ((Paul (gave Peter (two pears))) .) S VP NP V NP NP Z N N C N Paul gave Peter two pears . 5 Example of Dependency Tree [#,0] ([gave,2] ([Paul,1], [Peter,3], [pears,5] ([two,4])), [.,6]) # gave . Paul Peter pears two 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 6 Words and Phrases • Word (token): smallest unit of the syntactic layer – grammatical (function) words – lexical (content) words • Phrase – Sequence of immediate constituents (words or phrases). • Phrase types by their main word—head – Noun phrase: the new book of my grandpa – Adjectival phrase: brand new – Adverbial phrase: very well – Prepositional phrase: in the classroom – Verb phrase: to catch a ball 7 Noun Phrase • A noun or a (substantive) pronoun is the head. – water – the book – new ideas – two millions of inhabitants – one small village – the greatest price movement in one year since the World War II – operating system that, regardless of all efforts by our admin, crashes just too often – he – whoever 9.12.1999 http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/course/npfl094 8 Evidence of Constituency 1. -
TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional
Traditional Grammar Review Page 1 of 15 TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR REVIEW I. Parts of Speech Traditional grammar recognizes eight parts of speech: Part of Definition Example Speech noun A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. John bought the book. verb A verb is a word which expresses action or state of being. Ralph hit the ball hard. Janice is pretty. adjective An adjective describes or modifies a noun. The big, red barn burned down yesterday. adverb An adverb describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or He quickly left the another adverb. room. She fell down hard. pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun. She picked someone up today conjunction A conjunction connects words or groups of words. Bob and Jerry are going. Either Sam or I will win. preposition A preposition is a word that introduces a phrase showing a The dog with the relation between the noun or pronoun in the phrase and shaggy coat some other word in the sentence. He went past the gate. He gave the book to her. interjection An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling. Wow! Gee! Whew! (and other four letter words.) Traditional Grammar Review Page 2 of 15 II. Phrases A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb in combination. Generally, a phrase is used in the sentence as a single part of speech. In this section we will be concerned with prepositional phrases, gerund phrases, participial phrases, and infinitive phrases. Prepositional Phrases The preposition is a single (usually small) word or a cluster of words that show relationship between the object of the preposition and some other word in the sentence. -
Phrases & Clauses
Phrases What is a phrase? Phrases are like fragments; they do not express a complete thought because they do not have a subject and a predicate. Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases begin with prepositions and end with objects of the preposition. For instance, in the sentence “The snow fell on the ground,” on is the preposition that starts the phrase and ground is the object that ends it. You could also say, “The snow falls on the cold, damp ground.” In this sentence, the prepositional phrase is on the cold, damp ground because it still starts with a preposition and ends with the object of the preposition, even though several words are in between to describe ground. Participle Phrases What is a participle? Participle: verb + ending (ing, -en, -ed, -t) that acts like a modifier. A participial phrase is a participle and all the words that relate to it; participle phrases can function as adjectives or adverbs. How do I find them? Participle phrases have three characteristics: They can be removed and the sentence will still make sense; they have an ending such as “–ing,” “-en,” “-ed,” or “–t”; they can be moved around some and still make sense in the sentence. Can I have an example? "The snow falling at North Greenville is beautiful." In this sentence, falling is a participle because fall is a verb and has had an “–ing” ending added to it. Falling at North Greenville is the participial phrase because at North Greenville describes where snow is falling. The whole phrase—falling at North Greenville—is just describing the word snow. -
2014. the Use of Adverb in Article
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Part of Speech Part of speech is word classification based on their function. Sherlock (2012, p.12) says that there are eight kinds of part of speech in English namely noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, conjunction, interjection, and preposition. Noun is a name of person, thing, idea and so on. Noun has functions as a subject, object, and other. For example, song, Angie, table, book, lips and so forth. Pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun. A pronoun is used as a noun such as, her, him, them and so on. Adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may be a single word, a phrase, or a clause such as, beautiful, smart, short and so forth. Adverb is one of the parts of speech. Adverb is used to give more information, also used to modify verb, adjective and adverb such as, faithfully, certainly, quietly and so on. Verb is a word used to express action, being, or state of being such as, work, write, play, cook and so on. Conjunction is the other part of speech. Conjunction has function to connect words or groups of words. For example, and, but, and or. A familiar word has no grammatical to the rest of the sentence and it can be used to express strong feeling such as, oh , ssttt, ouch and so forth. Preposition shows the relations between its object and some other words in the sentence. For example, on, in, above, between and so on. -
Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Worksheets
Adverbial Phrases An adverbial phrase is a group of words that act together as an adverb, giving more information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb in a sentence. The adverbial phrase answers the same questions as a regular adverb: how/how much, when, or where. Underline the adverbial phrase. On the line, write the question it answers. 1. We expect our grandparents to arrive in about an hour. __________________________________________ 2. My cousin watches television almost as much as you do. __________________________________________ 3. The weatherman says it will rain all day. _____________________________________________________ 4. Your brother plays soccer better than my brother does. _________________________________________ 5. Our friend drives on Mondays. ____________________________________________________________ 6. Gerard and Donna will walk on the footpath. __________________________________________________ 7. The frog jumps through the tall grass. ____________________________________________________ 8. Mum combs my hair more gently than Dad does. ________________________________________________ 9. He found his lucky coin in the morning. ______________________________________________________ 10. We raced our toy cars on the playground. ___________________________________________________ 11. Patrick and Anthony were reading their books in the car. ________________________________________ 12. The music teacher played the violin better than her student. _____________________________________ 13. Georgia tried to talk to Ryan -
Clauses-And-Phrases-PUBLISHED-Fall-2017.Pdf
The Learning Hub Clauses & Phrases Writing Handout Series Grammar, Mechanics, & Style When constructing sentences, writers will use different building blocks of clauses and phrases to construct varied sentences. This handout will review how those phrases and clauses are constructed and where they can be placed in a sentence. Clauses Dependent Clauses A dependent clause has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete idea and cannot stand alone as a simple sentence. The two clauses below do not express a complete idea because of the subordinator at the beginning of the clause. Subordinators are words that commonly used to make independent clauses dependent clauses that help a writer connect ideas together and explain the relationship between clauses. Common subordinators like after, although, because, before, once, since, though, unless, until, when, where, and while come at the beginning of the clause. Subordinator Verb Since it is going to rain soon Subject Common Subordinators After Before Since When Although Even though Then Where As Even if Though Whether Because If Until While Independent Clauses An independent clause has a subject and a verb, expresses a complete idea, and is a complete sentence. The soccer game was cancelled Subject Verb Independent clauses are also referred to as simple sentences or complete sentences. Combining Clauses When combining independent and dependent clauses, there is a simple rule to remember. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, there must be a comma that separates the two clauses. If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, then no comma is needed. -
The Pragmatics of Questions and Answers
The pragmatics of questions and answers Christopher Potts UMass Amherst Linguistics CMPSCI 585, November 6, 2007 Background Pragbot This lecture 1 A brief, semi-historial overview of linguistic pragmatics 2 A few notes on the SUBTLE project 3 Some illustrative examples 4 The partition semantics for questions 5 A decision-theoretic approach 6 Research challenges Useful follow-up reading: Chapters 23 and 24 of Jurafsky and Martin (chapters 18 and 19 of the 1st edition) Background Pragbot The merest sketch Background Pragbot The merest sketch “So here is the miracle: from a merest, sketchiest squiggle of lines, you and I con- verge to find adumbration of a coherent scene” “The problem of utterance interpretation is not dissimilar to this visual miracle. An utterance is not, as it were, a verdical model or ‘snapshot’ of the scene it de- scribes” —Levinson (2000) Background Pragbot The birth of Gricean pragmatics In the early 1960s, Chomsky showed us how to give compact, general specifications of natural language syntax. In the late 1960s, philosopher and linguist H. Paul Grice had the inspired idea to do the same for (rational) social interactions. Background Pragbot Rules and maxims Rules Maxims S ⇒ NP VP Quality Above all, be truthful! NP ⇒ N|PN Relevance And be relevant! N ⇒ hippo|··· Quantity Within those bounds, be VP ⇒ Vs S as informative as you can! VP ⇒ Vtrans NP Manner And do it as clearly and Vs ⇒ realize|··· concisely as possible! Syntactic rules are like physical laws. Breaking them should lead to nonsense (or falsification). Pragmatic rules (maxims) are like laws of the land. -
GRAMMAR TIME for Law Students
И. Н. Айнутдинова GRAMMAR TIME for law students with short comments, training exercises, tests and much more Под общей редакцией доктора педагогических наук И.Н. Айнутдиновой Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов юридических факультетов вузов часть IV Институт международных отношений, истории и востоковедения/ Отделение Высшая школа иностранных языков и перевода/ Кафедра иностранных языков для социально-гуманитарного направления КФУ Рецензенты: доктор педагогических наук, профессор Э.Р. Хайруллина кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Г.А. Арсланова Айнутдинова И.Н. GRAMMAR TIME for law students (with short comments, training exercises, tests and much more): учеб. пособие по английскому языку для студентов юридических факультетов вузов: в 4 ч./ И.Н. Айнутдинова: под общ. ред. И.Н. Айнутдиновой. – Казань, Изд-во Казан. университета, 2016 – 288 с. GRAMMAR TIME for law students (часть IV) является продолжением серии пособий по грамматике английского языка, состоящей из 4-х частей, для студентов юридических факультетов высшей профессиональной школы. Пособие по грамматике английского языка содержит нормативные разделы грамматики, необходимые для развития навыков и умений по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» для неязыковых вузов; содержит краткие теоретические материалы (комментарии и инструкции), комплекс упражнений для аудиторной и самостоятельной (автономной) работы, а также дополнительные разделы по развитию коммуникативных навыков владения иностранным языком в соответствии с образовательными стандартами, установленными для неязыковых -
Preposition Stranding Vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation
languages Article Preposition Stranding vs. Pied-Piping—The Role of Cognitive Complexity in Grammatical Variation Christine Günther Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Universität Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Grammatical variation has often been said to be determined by cognitive complexity. Whenever they have the choice between two variants, speakers will use that form that is associated with less processing effort on the hearer’s side. The majority of studies putting forth this or similar analyses of grammatical variation are based on corpus data. Analyzing preposition stranding vs. pied-piping in English, this paper sets out to put the processing-based hypotheses to the test. It focuses on discontinuous prepositional phrases as opposed to their continuous counterparts in an online and an offline experiment. While pied-piping, the variant with a continuous PP, facilitates reading at the wh-element in restrictive relative clauses, a stranded preposition facilitates reading at the right boundary of the relative clause. Stranding is the preferred option in the same contexts. The heterogenous results underline the need for research on grammatical variation from various perspectives. Keywords: grammatical variation; complexity; preposition stranding; discontinuous constituents Citation: Günther, Christine. 2021. Preposition Stranding vs. Pied- 1. Introduction Piping—The Role of Cognitive Grammatical variation refers to phenomena where speakers have the choice between Complexity in Grammatical Variation. two (or more) semantically equivalent structural options. Even in English, a language with Languages 6: 89. https://doi.org/ rather rigid word order, some constructions allow for variation, such as the position of a 10.3390/languages6020089 particle, the ordering of post-verbal constituents or the position of a preposition. -
Chapter 5 Syntax Summary of Sentence, Clause and Group Sentence Structure
Chapter 5 Syntax Summary of sentence, clause and group Sentence structure Proposition (Pp) – the structural name for the independent clause. Link – logical (Ll) – a coordinate or correlative conjunction etc. that connects two ic. dialogic (Ld) – a polar conjunction that serves as, or begins, a response to a question. Speaker’s Attitude (Sa) – an adverb or relative clause that comments on the independent clause. Topic (T) – a prepositional group that anticipates the Subject of the independent clause. Vocative (V) – a noun that calls, or addresses, the Subject of the independent clause. Tag Question (Q) – X/v + S/pn, or informal marker, that changes the speech function of the ic. False Start (F) – an incomplete Proposition prior to the Pp/ic. Hesitation Filler (H) – a verbalized hesitation before, or during, a Pp/ic. Feedback (D) – a word or sound, without semantic content, that indicates the decoder is listening. Discourse Marker (M) – a formulaic word that carries a boundary marking speech act etc. Clause class Independent clause (ic) – complete in itself as Pp/ic, includes a finite P/v. Relative clause (rc) – begins with a relative conjunction, and includes a finite P/v. Subordinate clause (sc) – begins with a subordinate conjunction, and includes a finite P/v. Non-finite clause (nfc) – includes, and often begins with, a non-finite P/vb. Alpha-beta clause complexes (ααββ) – two interdependent clauses; the beta begins with a beta conjunction Clause structure Subject (S) – the first participant in the nucleus realized by n, pn, ng (including ajg), rc, or nfc. Predicate (P) – the second event in the nucleus realized by v, vb, vg in ic, rc, sc, nfc Complement (Co/d/s/p/a) – the third positioned goal in nucleus realized by n, pn, aj, ajg, ng, pg, rc, nfc.