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Ancient Greece SECOND EDITION Ancient Greece from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times

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Ancient Greece SECOND EDITION Ancient Greece from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times Ancient Greece SECOND EDITION Ancient Greece From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times Thomas R. Martin New Haven & London Published with assistance from the Mary Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Cady Tew Memorial Fund. Publication Data First edition 1996. Updated in 2000 Martin, Thomas R., 1947– with new suggested readings and illus- Ancient Greece : from prehistoric to trations. Second edition 2013. Hellenistic times / Thomas R. Martin.— Second Edition. Copyright © 1996, 2013 by Yale Uni- pages cm. versity. Includes bibliographical refences and All rights reserved. index. This book may not be reproduced, in ISBN 978-0-300-16005-5 (pbk. : alk. whole or in part, including illustra- paper) 1. Greece—History—To 146 tions, in any form (beyond that copying B.C. I. Title. permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of DF77.M3 2013 the U.S. Copyright Law and except by 938—dc23 2012043154 reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. A catalogue record for this book is avail- able from the British Library. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, This paper meets the requirements of business, or promotional use. For infor- ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence mation, please e-mail sales.press@yale. of Paper). edu (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). 10987654321 Set in Joanna type by Integrated Publishing Solutions. Printed in the United States of America. This book is dedicated to the students who have over the years asked questions that continually kept me thinking anew about the history of ancient Greece, to the colleagues who have so often helped me work through the challenges of presenting that history in the classroom, to the readers who have sent me comments and suggestions, and to the people of Greece, past and present, whose xenia has always inspired and humbled me, in good times and bad. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Timelines appear on pages 15, 26, 47, 66, 92, 123, 159, 187, 222, 254 List of Maps, Plans, Tables, and Figures ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xii List of Abbreviations xiii Note on Citations, Sources, and Dates xiv Chapter 1: Backgrounds of Ancient Greek History 1 Chapter 2: From Indo-Europeans to Mycenaeans 23 Chapter 3: The Dark Age 46 Chapter 4: The Archaic Age 65 Chapter 5: Oligarchy, Tyranny, and Democracy 91 Chapter 6: From Persian Wars to Athenian Empire 121 Chapter 7: Culture and Society in Classical Athens 158 Chapter 8: The Peloponnesian War and Its Aftermath at Athens 186 Chapter 9: From the Peloponnesian War to Alexander the Great 221 Chapter 10: The Hellenistic Age 253 vii viii Contents Epilogue 281 Suggested Readings 283 Index 297 MAPS, PLANS, TABLES, AND FIGURES Maps 1. Neolithic, Minoan, and Mycenaean periods 11 2. Areas of Indo-European language groups 25 3. Phoenician and Greek colonization, c. 800–c. 500 b.c. 71 4. Magna Graecia, Greece, and Anatolia 95 5. The Persian Wars 130 6. The Peloponnesian War 189 7. Alexander’s route of conquest, 334–323 b.c. 244 8. The Hellenistic world, c. 240 b.c. 257 Plans 1. Attica showing Battle of Marathon (490 b.c.) and Battle of Salamis (480 b.c.) 132 2. Athens near the end of the fifth century b.c. 150 Tables 1. Examples of words in Linear B script 38 2. Examples of letters from early alphabets 55 ix x List of Illustrations Figures 1.1 Fifth-century b.c. Athenian inscription 6 1.2 Mount Olympus 12 1.3 Neolithic sculpture of a man 18 2.1 Minoan palace at Knossos 35 2.2 Gold “Death Mask” of Agamemnon from Mycenae 36 2.3 Fortification wall and gate at Mycenae 44 3.1 Sculpted metal bands from Nimrud, showing trade goods and timber 48 3.2 Dark Age model of grain storage containers 53 3.3 Dark Age figurine of a centaur 61 4.1 Theater and temple of Apollo at Delphi 76 4.2 Metal hoplite helmet 80 4.3 Archaic Age marble statue of an unmarried girl wearing finery 88 5.1 Vase painting of trade at Cyrene 93 5.2 Temple of Apollo at Corinth 105 5.3 Vase painting of a wedding procession 117 6.1 Vase painting of warriors 125 6.2 The Parthenon temple on the Acropolis at Athens 152 6.3 Bronze statue of a god 156 7.1 Painting of preparations for an animal sacrifice 162 7.2 Theater at Epidaurus 167 7.3 Vase painting of a symposium, including a hetaira 177 8.1 Both sides of a silver coin (an “owl”) of Athens 193 8.2 Vase painting of a comic actor 209 8.3 Statuette of Socrates 215 9.1 Mosaic scene of Plato’s Academy 229 9.2 Reconstructed head of Philip II of Macedonia 241 9.3 Gold medallion with portrait of Alexander the Great 251 10.1 Sculpture of a queen or goddess from Hellenistic Egypt 261 10.2 Hellenistic statue of veiled female dancer 269 10.3 Statuette of goddess Isis in Greek dress 279 PREFACE The first edition of this book came out in 1996, as a companion and a supplement to the overview of ancient Greek history included in the Per- seus Project. At that time, before the explosion of the Internet, Perseus was released on CD-ROM, which was the only medium then available that al- lowed the integration of narrative, illustrations, and access to the full texts in translation and the original languages of ancient sources. That original overview has now been online for more than a decade as part of the Per- seus Digital Library (www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/) under the title An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander (www.perseus.tufts. edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0009). As best as can be es- timated, it has been viewed online more than a million times from all around the world. I take heart from that figure that the history of ancient Greece retains its fascination for many, many people, myself included. As a policy decision taken for multiple reasons, the overview in Perseus has remained unchanged over the years. This printed book has now been updated twice (though with the same coverage and arrangement of top- ics). It can no longer be said to be a companion to the Perseus overview, but its inspiration remains the spirit and dedication to the goal of the wide dissemination of knowledge that has motivated the Perseus team throughout the history of that groundbreaking project. For this and more, the world of those interested in ancient Greece in particular and digital libraries in general owe a boundless debt of gratitude to and admiration for Gregory Crane, Professor of Classics and Winnick Family Chair of Technology and Entrepreneurship at Tufts University and Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the University of Leipzig, scholar and friend and fellow Red Sox fan through thick and thin. xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Again, I want to express in the first place my abiding appreciation for the patience, encouragement, and guidance that Jennifer Banks (senior editor, Yale University Press) has repeatedly given me; her many contributions have been invaluable. Piyali Bhattacharya and Heather Gold (editorial as- sistants) were unstinting in their attention to the project, as was Suzie Tibor in her art research in locating the new images for this edition. Kate Davis (copy editor) earns warm thanks for her prompt and meticulous editing to improve the text, as does Margaret Otzel (senior editor, Yale University Press) for her unfailingly responsive and encouraging work to turn the manuscript into a book. The honest criticisms and thorough analysis of the anonymous reviewers aided me greatly in improving the narrative from beginning to end. My wife and fellow philhellene, Ivy Sui- yuen Sun, has supported me from the very beginning forty years ago, when we began our marriage and our love of things Hellenic during our first sojourn in Greece. xii ABBREVIATIONS CAF Theodorus Kock. Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta (Leipzig, Germany: Teubner, 1880–1888; reprint, Utrecht, Netherlands: HES, 1976). D.-K. Hermann Diels. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. Ed. Walther Kranz. 11th ed. (Zurich: Weidmann, 1964). FGrH Felix Jacoby. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Leiden, Nether- lands: Brill, 1954–1964). GHI Russell Meiggs and David Lewis, eds. A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century b.c. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). IG Inscriptiones Graecae. Vol. 4, 2nd ed.; vol. 1, 3rd ed. (Berlin: De Gruy- ter, 1929–; 1981–). OGIS Wilhelm Dittenberger. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (Leipzig, Germany: S. Hirzel, 1903–1905; reprint, Hildesheim, Germany: Olms, 1970). xiii NOTE ON CITATIONS, SOURCES, AND DATES The term primary sources, as used here (and commonly in classical stud- ies), refers to ancient texts, whether literary, documentary, epigraphic, or numismatic. To help readers find the passages in primary sources that are embedded in the text of this book, citations will be presented wherever possible using the standard internal reference systems of those sources that are conventional in modern scholarly editions and that are used in many, but not all, modern translations. So, for example, the citation “Pausanias, Guide to Greece 4.2.3” means that the passage is book 4, section 2, subsection 3 of that work by Pausanias. This will enable readers to find the passage in question in any modern edition or translation that includes the internal reference system. Secondary sources accordingly refers to postclassical or modern scholarship about these ancient sources and the history that they describe. The embed- ded citations of secondary sources contain the name of the author or a short title, with the relevant page numbers or, in the case of catalogued objects such as inscriptions or coins, the reference number of the object.
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