Freedom 7 the Historic Flight of Alan B

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Freedom 7 the Historic Flight of Alan B Freedom 7 The Historic Flight of Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Other Springer-Praxis books of related interest by Colin Burgess NASA’s Scientist-Astronauts with David J. Shayler 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-21897-7 Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle with Chris Dubbs 2007 ISBN 978-0-387-36053-9 The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives, Legacies and Historical Impact with Rex Hall, M.B.E. 2009 ISBN 978-0-387-84823-5 Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America’s First Astronauts 2011 ISBN 978-1-4419-8404-3 Moon Bound: Choosing and Preparing NASA’s Lunar Astronauts 2013 ISBN 978-1-4614-3854-0 Colin Burgess Freedom 7 The Historic Flight of Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Colin Burgess Bonnet Bay New South Wales , Australia SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION ISBN 978-3-319-01155-4 ISBN 978-3-319-01156-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01156-1 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013944297 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: David M. Harland Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................. ix Foreword .................................................................................................................... xi Author’s preface ........................................................................................................ xv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... xvii Illustrations ................................................................................................................ xix Prologue ..................................................................................................................... xxv 1 History and development of the Mercury-Redstone program ........................ 1 A rocket for the Cold War ..................................................................................... 1 The fi rst Redstones ................................................................................................ 3 Flight testing ......................................................................................................... 5 Handing over to NASA ......................................................................................... 5 MR-1 launch failure .............................................................................................. 12 MR-1A fl ies .......................................................................................................... 20 Tribute to the Redstone ......................................................................................... 27 2 The Mercury fl ight of chimpanzee Ham ........................................................... 29 Out of Africa ......................................................................................................... 31 Training for space ................................................................................................. 35 Prelude to fl ight ..................................................................................................... 41 Good to go ............................................................................................................. 41 A troubled fl ight into space ................................................................................... 46 Spacecraft recovery ............................................................................................... 48 Unwanted fame ..................................................................................................... 53 Final checkout of the Redstone booster ................................................................ 58 A successful test fl ight .......................................................................................... 60 Russia responds ..................................................................................................... 63 v vi Contents 3 NASA’s fi rst space pilot ...................................................................................... 65 Cheering the Pride of Derry .................................................................................. 67 A family’s history ................................................................................................. 69 Early infl uences ..................................................................................................... 69 The urge to fl y ....................................................................................................... 70 Selecting the Seven ............................................................................................... 74 Training for space ................................................................................................. 77 Settling in .............................................................................................................. 87 “My name, José Jiménez” ..................................................................................... 90 Decision day .......................................................................................................... 93 Stepping up the training ........................................................................................ 94 Caution wins, America loses ................................................................................. 96 4 Countdown to launch .......................................................................................... 103 Thunder over the Cape .......................................................................................... 103 Diminishing chances ............................................................................................. 106 Postponement ........................................................................................................ 110 A day for history ................................................................................................... 112 Delay after delay ................................................................................................... 130 5 Fifteen minutes that stopped a nation ............................................................... 139 Liftoff! ................................................................................................................... 139 First to fl y .............................................................................................................. 144 The view from space ............................................................................................. 148 End of weightlessness ........................................................................................... 152 The fi nal hurdle ..................................................................................................... 154 6 Splashdown! ......................................................................................................... 159 Civilians on board ................................................................................................. 160 Eyewitnesses to history ......................................................................................... 163 From the land to the sea ........................................................................................ 165 The man with the camera ...................................................................................... 167 Calling Freedom 7 ................................................................................................. 169 A hero returns ......................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Spacex Launch Manifest - a List of Upcoming Missions 25 Spacex Facilities 27 Dragon Overview 29 Falcon 9 Overview 31 45Th Space Wing Fact Sheet
    COTS 2 Mission Press Kit SpaceX/NASA Launch and Mission to Space Station CONTENTS 3 Mission Highlights 4 Mission Overview 6 Dragon Recovery Operations 7 Mission Objectives 9 Mission Timeline 11 Dragon Cargo Manifest 13 NASA Slides – Mission Profile, Rendezvous, Maneuvers, Re-Entry and Recovery 15 Overview of the International Space Station 17 Overview of NASA’s COTS Program 19 SpaceX Company Overview 21 SpaceX Leadership – Musk & Shotwell Bios 23 SpaceX Launch Manifest - A list of upcoming missions 25 SpaceX Facilities 27 Dragon Overview 29 Falcon 9 Overview 31 45th Space Wing Fact Sheet HIGH-RESOLUTION PHOTOS AND VIDEO SpaceX will post photos and video throughout the mission. High-Resolution photographs can be downloaded from: http://spacexlaunch.zenfolio.com Broadcast quality video can be downloaded from: https://vimeo.com/spacexlaunch/videos MORE RESOURCES ON THE WEB Mission updates will be posted to: For NASA coverage, visit: www.SpaceX.com http://www.nasa.gov/spacex www.twitter.com/elonmusk http://www.nasa.gov/nasatv www.twitter.com/spacex http://www.nasa.gov/station www.facebook.com/spacex www.youtube.com/spacex 1 WEBCAST INFORMATION The launch will be webcast live, with commentary from SpaceX corporate headquarters in Hawthorne, CA, at www.spacex.com. The webcast will begin approximately 40 minutes before launch. SpaceX hosts will provide information specific to the flight, an overview of the Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft, and commentary on the launch and flight sequences. It will end when the Dragon spacecraft separates
    [Show full text]
  • Man High Commemoration
    NewsHopperTM Man High 50th Anniversary August 11, 2007 13 th 50Anniversary Man High Commemoration Please thank the advertisers for making this section possible. And a special thank you to Beverly Mindrum Johnson and the Cuyuna Country Heritage Preservation Society. Man High Schedule of Events Saturday, August 18, 2007 Sunday, August 19, 2007 9 a.m.— “Defeating Pain” symposium at The Hallett Community Center. 10 a.m.—Gathering and ceremonies at the Croft Mine Park open Session 1—Dr. Simons will speak on Trigger Point Therapy. to the public and providing an opportunity for area resi- 10:30 a.m.—Session 1—Carolyn McMakin will speak on Microcurrent Therapy. dents and other to meet the Man High participants. Noon—CATERED LUNCH provided by the Cuyuna Regional Medical Center. The Sunday schedule will include transporting guests to the Ports- Post-session informal discussion. mouth Overlook for a short ceremony. At that ceremony the Depart- 1:30 p.m.—Caravan to space presentation at the C-I High School Auditorium. ment of Natural Resources Man High II Kiosk will be unveiled. Band 2 p.m.—Dr. Simons, former Apollo Astronaut Duane Graveline and Dr. Mar- will perform military numbers. cello Vasquez, NASA liaison scientist with the Medical Department 10:45 a.m.— Return to Croft Mine Park for the Man High Ceremony. of Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, will present a Colors will be presented by the Crosby and Ironton Legion Posts; three-part symposium on cosmic radiation and other hazards to hu- Carla Gutzman & Kris Hasskamp, solists; speakers will include Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • World Relieved by Safe Splashdown
    COSP' TH2 LI33AH? OF 3 R BOCA BAIOI^ FL*\ 33432 Vol. 15, No. 95 BOCA RATON NEWS Sunday^April 19, 1970 30 Pages 10 Cents Wr? Telegrams pouring in World relieved by safe splashdown By United Press International immediately sent President Nixon boulevards as the spacecraft flashed Hundreds of persons gathered in front downtown Tehran, when the news nations applauded, cheered and raised It was a rare example of world unity "assurance of deep admiration . ." into view on television screens. of the U.S. Embassy to watch a series came. United Nations Secretary General glasses of champagne to toast the born of monumental relief and At the American Embassy in Lon- of placards telling of progress in the hi Moscow, the Soviet news agency United States. gratitude at the safe return Friday of Thant was among the first to send don, callers jammed the switchboard, spacecraft's return. Tass praised the "courage and cool U.S. Apollo 13 astronauts James Nixon his congratulations. congratulating the United States on the In Beirut, roars of approval erupted heads" of the Americans. Moscow Sirens of the Buenos Aires Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert. "The entire world is thankful and all safe return of the astronauts. from Arab cafes, jammed with people radio cut into its regular domestic newspapers La Prensa, Clarin and La Vatican aides said the Pope had men will long marvel at the un- "Most of the people were so who heard the landing on transistor newscast to report on Apollo 13's Nation blared at the moment the seldom looked so happy.
    [Show full text]
  • BUDGET ADDRESS 2006 Delivered in the House of Assembly on Monday 23Rd January, 2006 by Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Dr
    BUDGET ADDRESS 2006 Delivered in the House of Assembly on Monday 23rd January, 2006 By Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Dr. The Honourable Ralph Gonsalves INTRODUCTION Mr. Speaker, Honourable Members On December 7, 2005, the people of St. Vincent and the Grenadines overwhelming re-elected the Unity Labour Party (ULP) to govern our magnificent country for another five-year term. The ULP secured a whopping 56 per cent of the valid votes cast and won 12 of the 15 seats. This landslide electoral victory was a massive endorsement of the ULP administration’s policies, programmes and performance. It is, too, a mandate for the ULP to consolidate, to refine, to deepen, and to extend its excellent work, policy framework and programmatic platform, as articulated in its Manifesto 2005, Better By Far! and the ULP Youth Manifesto 2005. A copy of each of these Manifestos was tendered as documents of this Honourable House during the recent debate on the 2006 Estimates. Mr. Speaker, it is unfortunate that the overall losers in the recently-concluded general elections unfairly maligned the sound reputation of our country and the good name of honest public officials and political leaders by falsely alleging that they — the overall losers — were in possession of “overwhelming evidence” of electoral fraud and electoral irregularities on a scale so large as to vitiate the verdict of the electorate. They falsely alleged that there was somehow a conspiracy of monumental proportions, involving election officials and the top brass of the Unity Labour Party, to steal the elections. They further alleged, falsely too, that the elections were in fact stolen and that they had the so-called “overwhelming evidence” to prove it all in the High Court by way of election petitions.
    [Show full text]
  • ICAO Safety Report |2020
    SAFETY Safety Report 2020 Edition Foreword A Coordinated, Risk-based Approach to Improving Global Aviation Safety The air transport industry plays a major role in global economic activity and development. One of the key elements to maintaining the vitality of civil aviation is to ensure safe, secure, efficient and environmentally sustainable operations at the global, regional and national levels. A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. ICAO promulgates Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) to facilitate harmonized regulations in aviation safety, security, efficiency and environmental protection on a global basis. Today, ICAO manages over 12 000 SARPs across the 19 Annexes and five Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), many of which are constantly evolving in tandem with latest developments and innovations. ICAO serves as the primary forum for co-operation in all fields of civil aviation among its 193 Member States. Improving the safety of the global air transport system is ICAO’s guiding and most fundamental strategic objective. The Organization works constantly to address and enhance global aviation safety through the following coordinated activities: • Policy and Standardization; • Monitoring of key safety trends and indicators; • Safety Analysis; and • Implementing programmes to address safety issues. The ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) presents the strategy in support of the prioritization and continuous improvement of aviation safety. The GASP sets the goals and targets and outlines key safety enhancement initiatives (SEIs) aimed at improving safety at the international, regional and national levels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turtle Club
    The Turtle Club The Turtle Club was dreamed up by test pilots during WWII, the Interstellar Association of Turtles believes that you never get anywhere in life without sticking your neck out. When asked,” Are you a Turtle?” Shepard leads you must answer with the password in full no matter the Corvette how embarassing or inappropriate the timing is, or and Astronaut you forfeit a beverage of their choice. parade, Coca Beach, FL. To become a part of the time honored tradition, you must be 18 years of age or older and be approved by the Imperial Potentate or High Potentate. Memebership cards will be individually signed by Wally Schirra and Schirra rides his Sigma 7 Ed Buckbee. A limited number of memberships are Mercury available. Apply today by filling out the order form spacecraft. below or by visiting www.apogee.com and follow the prompts to be a card carrying member of the Turtle Club! A portion of the monies raised by the Turtle Club Membership Drive will be donated to the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation and Space Camp Scholarships. Turtle Club co-founder Shepard, High Potentate Buckbee and Imeperial Potentate and co-founder Schirra enjoy a gotcha! Order your copy today of The Real Space Cowboys along with your Turtle Club Membership _______________________________________________ Name _______________________________________________ Address _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ City ___________________________ __________________ State Zip _______________________________________________ email ______________________ _____ __________________ Phone Age Birthdate You must be 18 years of age or older to become a member of the Turtle Club. __ No. of books @ $23.95 ______ Available Spring 2005 __ No.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential City' Hampton Dunn
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications 1-1-1960 Key West is truly a 'presidential city' Hampton Dunn Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/flstud_pub Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Community-based Research Commons Scholar Commons Citation Dunn, Hampton, "Key West is truly a 'presidential city'" (1960). Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications. Paper 2781. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/flstud_pub/2781 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KEY WEST IS TRULY A 'PRESIDENTIAL CITY' By HAMPTON DUNN KEY WEST --- The first President to discover the delights of this Southernmost City in the U.S. was president Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America. He came here in 1867, shortly after his release from prison following the South's defeat. The first U.S. President to visit here was Ulysses S. Grant, the famed Civil War General, who touched down here on a world tour in 1880. President William Howard Taft came down on Henry Flagler's Overseas Railroad in 1912, with Flagler proudly showing him the sights. Grover Cleveland was one of the early Presidents who liked Key West. President Hervert Hoover, a real Isaac Walton, loved the Keys and stayed here aboard his yacht often during his Presidency.
    [Show full text]
  • Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: a People's History of S)
    [PDF] Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Colin Burgess, Francis French, Paul Haney - pdf download free book Download Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) PDF, PDF Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Popular Download, Read Online Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) E-Books, Read Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Full Collection Colin Burgess, Francis French, Paul Haney, Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Full Collection, I Was So Mad Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Colin Burgess, Francis French, Paul Haney Ebook Download, Free Download Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Full Version Colin Burgess, Francis French, Paul Haney, PDF Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Free Download, PDF Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History Of S) Full Collection, Download PDF Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers Of The Space Era, 1961-1965 (Outward Odyssey: A People's History
    [Show full text]
  • Colonel Gordon Cooper, US Air Force Leroy Gordon
    Colonel Gordon Cooper, U.S. Air Force Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr. was an American aerospace engineer, U.S. Air Force pilot, test pilot, and one of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first manned space program of the U.S. Cooper piloted the longest and final Mercury spaceflight in 1963. He was the first American to sleep in space during that 34-hour mission and was the last American to be launched alone to conduct an entirely solo orbital mission. In 1965, Cooper flew as Command Pilot of Gemini 5. Early life and education: Cooper was born on 6 March 1927 in Shawnee, OK to Leroy Gordon Cooper Sr. (Colonel, USAF, Ret.) and Hattie Lee Cooper. He was active in the Boy Scouts where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. Cooper attended Jefferson Elementary School and Shawnee High School and was involved in football and track. He moved to Murray, KY about two months before graduating with his class in 1945 when his father, Leroy Cooper Sr., a World War I veteran, was called back into service. He graduated from Murray High School in 1945. Cooper married his first wife Trudy B. Olson (1927– 1994) in 1947. She was a Seattle native and flight instructor where he was training. Together, they had two daughters: Camala and Janita Lee. The couple divorced in 1971. Cooper married Suzan Taylor in 1972. Together, they had two daughters: Elizabeth and Colleen. The couple remained married until his death in 2004. After he learned that the Army and Navy flying schools were not taking any candidates the year he graduated from high school, he decided to enlist in the Marine Corps.
    [Show full text]
  • The John Glenn Story – 1963
    Video Transcript for Archival Research Catalog (ARC) Identifier 45022 The John Glenn Story – 1963 President Kennedy: There are milestones in human progress that mark recorded history. From my judgment, this nation’s orbital pioneering in space is of such historic stature, representing as it does, a vast advancement that will profoundly influence the progress of all mankind. It signals also a call for alertness to our national opportunities and responsibilities. It requires physical and moral stamina to equal the stresses of these times and a willingness to meet the dangers and the challenges of the future. John Glenn throughout his life has eloquently portrayed these great qualities and is an inspiration to all Americans. This film, in paying tribute to John Glenn, also pays tribute to the best in American life. [Introductory Music] Narrator: New Concord, Ohio wasn’t on many maps until February 20, 1962. It came to fame in a single day with an American adventure that history will call the John Glenn Story. Fashioned in the American image, this pleasant little city typifies a nation’s ideal way of life. A man might make a good life here in the circle of family and friends. And a boy might let his imagination soar. [Music] He might explore the wonders of the wide world all about him, life’s simple mysteries. With bright discovery daily opening doors to knowledge, he can look away to distant places, to exciting adventures, hidden only by the horizon and the future. Like this boy, like boys everywhere, young John Glenn dreamed of the future as he looked to far away new frontiers – why he might even learn to fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrate Apollo
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth “…We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share. … I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish …” President John F. Kennedy May 25, 1961 Celebrate Apollo Exploring The Moon, Discovering Earth Less than five months into his new administration, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy, announced the dramatic and ambitious goal of sending an American safely to the moon before the end of the decade. Coming just three weeks after Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space, Kennedy’s bold challenge that historic spring day set the nation on a journey unparalleled in human history. Just eight years later, on July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module, taking “one small step” in the Sea of Tranquility, thus achieving “one giant leap for mankind,” and demonstrating to the world that the collective will of the nation was strong enough to overcome any obstacle. It was an achievement that would be repeated five other times between 1969 and 1972. By the time the Apollo 17 mission ended, 12 astronauts had explored the surface of the moon, and the collective contributions of hundreds of thousands of engineers, scientists, astronauts and employees of NASA served to inspire our nation and the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft of Today. Aerospace Education I
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 068 287 SE 014 551 AUTHOR Sayler, D. S. TITLE Aircraft of Today. Aerospace EducationI. INSTITUTION Air Univ.,, Maxwell AFB, Ala. JuniorReserve Office Training Corps. SPONS AGENCY Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 179p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Instruction; National Defense; *PhysicalSciences; *Resource Materials; Supplementary Textbooks; *Textbooks ABSTRACT This textbook gives a brief idea aboutthe modern aircraft used in defense and forcommercial purposes. Aerospace technology in its present form has developedalong certain basic principles of aerodynamic forces. Differentparts in an airplane have different functions to balance theaircraft in air, provide a thrust, and control the general mechanisms.Profusely illustrated descriptions provide a picture of whatkinds of aircraft are used for cargo, passenger travel, bombing, and supersonicflights. Propulsion principles and descriptions of differentkinds of engines are quite helpful. At the end of each chapter,new terminology is listed. The book is not available on the market andis to be used only in the Air Force ROTC program. (PS) SC AEROSPACE EDUCATION I U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO OUCH) EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN 'IONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EOU CATION POSITION OR POLICY AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC MR,UNIVERS17/14AXWELL MR FORCEBASE, ALABAMA Aerospace Education I Aircraft of Today D. S. Sayler Academic Publications Division 3825th Support Group (Academic) AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA 2 1971 Thispublication has been reviewed and approvedby competent personnel of the preparing command in accordance with current directiveson doctrine, policy, essentiality, propriety, and quality.
    [Show full text]