AER June 2020 OSPACE PRESERVING AVIATION

HISTORY

RUSSIA’S GREEN GOALS TRACKING PILOT INTERVENTIONS

www.aerosociety.com June 2020

Volume 47 Number 6

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EDITORIAL Contents Aviation heritage hanging Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission by a thread The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and social media feedback. analysis and comment. At around this time of year, the summer air show season would be swinging 58 The Last Word into gear – with weekends of aerobatics, flypasts and the like. But today, 11 Pushing the Envelope Keith Hayward considers yet another part of aviation is currently grounded due to the worldwide Rob Coppinger analyses the the effects of the Covid-19 challenges of designing a air transport shutdown on Coronavirus pandemic, with air shows cancelled and museums shuttered. new reusable Moon lander. airports. Some may argue that, compared to the damage being inflicted on the wider air travel and aerospace industries, this loss might seem to be small beer. However, it has to be remembered that many air shows, historic collections Features

and aviation museums are run on a shoestring, depend on volunteers and ©Davidbentstudio 26 Boarding flight 2050 do not have the deep pockets or lobbying power of major airlines and OEMs How might the world of air to survive this crisis. Expensive to run, some of these events were already transport look in 30 years under pressure without the additional challenge of losing the entire summer time? display season. They too are under threat and, if lost, there is every chance Britten-Norman that irreplaceable knowledge and history dies with them. These air shows and museums are not just important in preserving heritage (see To Infinity 14 and Beyond, p 34) but are vital in helping to inspire and educate future generations of aerospace professionals. Lose these air shows and aviation Capturing the art of flight museums, however seemingly small and unimportant, and you also lose the The career and work of 30 chance to inspire a child into finding out more and, perhaps one day, joining visionary aviation artist David Bent. Sparking an electric this community. Finally, it is noticeable in a world where commercial flying revolution has been almost eliminated how much joy and excitement the sighting of Cranfield University Solutions’ ambitious plans to develop a an aeroplane, particularly a historic one or a display team, gives the general 20 Pilot error! What about new British electric airliner. public as aerial messengers that better times will return. pilot saves? The role of pilots in preventing aircraft accidents 34 To infinity and beyond before they occur. Adventures in preserving and Tim Robinson, Editor-in-Chief promoting the UK’s aviation [email protected] and aerospace heritage. Eugene Gerden 38 Editor-in-Chief Editorial Office 2020 AEROSPACE subscription

Tim Robinson Royal Aeronautical Society rates: Non-members, £180 Royal Navy +44 (0)20 7670 4353 No.4 Hamilton Place Please send your order to: [email protected] London W1J 7BQ, UK Wayne J Davis, RAeS, No.4 Hamilton +44 (0)20 7670 4300 22 Deputy Editor Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK. [email protected] Bill Read +44 (0)20 7670 4354 +44 (0)20 7670 4351 www.aerosociety.com [email protected] From red to green Onboard the UK’s [email protected] AEROSPACE is published by the Royal Any member not requiring a print Russia’s first generation Supercarrier Aeronautical Society (RAeS). version of this magazine should Production Manager of environmentally-friendly Aboard Britain’s newest contact: [email protected] Wayne J Davis Chief Executive aircraft. aircraft carrier HMS Prince +44 (0)20 7670 4354 Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS USA: Periodical postage paid at of Wales. [email protected] Advertising Champlain New York and additional +44 (0)20 7670 4346 offices. Publications Executive [email protected] Chris Male Postmaster: Send address changes to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, +44 (0)20 7670 4352 Unless specifically attributed, no Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. Afterburner [email protected] material in AEROSPACE shall be taken Publications Executive to represent the opinion of the RAeS. ISSN 2052-451X 42 Message from our President Annabel Hallam Reproduction of material used in this 43 Message from our Chief Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4361 publication is not permitted without the [email protected] written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. 44 Book Reviews Book Review Editor Printed by Buxton Press Limited, 48 Library Additions Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire Brian Riddle 49 NAL book reviews on-line [email protected] SK17 6AE, UK Distributed by Royal Mail 50 NAL film archive launched 52 Call for EPA assessors Additional content is available to view online at: www.aerosociety.com/aerospaceinsight 53 RAeS Council 2020-2021 Including: Turning aviation green, Aerospace digital and IT transformation, The new AEROSPACE app, Boeing and Embraer – jilted at the altar, A V-shaped or U-shaped recovery? In the May issue of 54 Obituary Online AEROSPACE, New member spotlight, Hope given wings, How businesses can ride out Covid-19. 56 Elections and new member spotlight

Front cover: A Beautiful Jigsaw by David Bent. ©Davidbentstudio

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com JUNE 2020 13 Blueprint

INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT

Availability VoltAero says that the Cassio would be available for 10hrs a day or approximately eight rotations. The company is targeting private owners, air taxi/charter operators and point-to-point regional travel.

Electric experience The Cassio builds on not only the hybrid-electric testing of the earlier Cassio 1 but also the knowledge of VoltAero’s founders, former Airbus CTO Jean Botti and Didier Esteyne, who in 2015 flew the all-electric Airbus E-FAN across the English Channel. VoltAero

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JUNE 2020 News.indd 2 22/05/2020 13:22:12 Cassio specifi cations Endurance 3.5hrs (extension possible to 5hrs) Range 800nm Cruise speed 200kt Take-off/landing distance <1,800ft MTOW <2.5t

Hybrid power The production version of the Cassio will feature an internal combustion engine linked to three 60kW electric motors and driving a rear pusher propeller. Electric power will be used for quiet take-offs and landings, with the internal combustion engine used as a range extender.

W AEROSPACE A volt from the blue

On 6 May, French start-up VoltAero revealed the production version of its Cassio hybrid- electric general aviation aircraft. The concept is for a family of hybrid-electric aircraft, ranging from the four-seat Cassio 330 to the six-seat Cassio 480 and the ten-seat Cassio 600. The all-composite design features twin booms, a single pusher propeller and canards. The Cassio is expected to have a range of 800nm with a speed of 200kt. VoltAero has already fl own a technology demonstrator, the Cassio 1, based on the Cessna Skymaster with its hybrid-electric powerplant earlier this year from its HQ in Royan- Medis, France. VoltAero aims to build the Cassio family at a factory in southwest France.

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JUNE 2020 News.indd 3 22/05/2020 13:22:23 Radome COVID-19 AIR TRANSPORT AEROSPACE UK to implement 14-day Job losses mount across quarantine for arrivals aerospace and aviation Heathrow Airport As the Covid-19  Boeing has said pandemic continues, it will eliminate up to airlines, OEMs and 16,000 jobs. The US companies around the manufacturer says that world have announced it plans to reduce its deep job cuts as they 160,000 workforce by The UK Government is to impose a 14-day quarantine period on passengers arriving grapple with the steep about 10% through to the UK from international destinations as a measure to limit the spread of the drop in air travel and voluntary measures and Coronavirus. The 14-day quarantine, to be brought in this month, will see arrivals asked production rates. These ‘involuntary layoffs as to self-isolate for a fortnight, or face £10,000 fi nes. Airlines and airport groups have include: necessary’. reacted negatively to the proposal, arguing that it will ‘kill air travel’ to the UK and make  Flag carrier Brtitish  UK long-haul carrier short holiday breaks impossible, just at the point when other countries are relaxing their Airways is to press ahead Virgin Atlantic has travel restrictions. with up to 12,000 job announced 3,100 losses. job losses. Additional AIR TRANSPORT  After furloughing 6,000 measures include the staff, Airbus is reported early retirement of some ICAO establishes aviation recovery to be considering further of its Boeing 747-400 job cuts of up to 10% or and Airbus A340 fl eets.

task force ICAO 10,000 of its workforce  Gulfstream under restructuring plans. Aerospace has However, the company announced a new round stressed no decision had of redundancies which been made yet. will see 700 job losses  Air Canada is to cut at globally. This follows an least 20,000 jobs or 60% earlier round of 362 lay- The governing council of ICAO has established an aviation recovery task force which of its workforce. offs in October. aims to identify and recommend ‘strategic priorities and policies’ in the restoration of  Rolls-Royce has  Low-cost carrier international air transport within its 36 member countries following the Coronavirus warned that it will cut at Ryanair is to cut up to crisis. ICAO says the new task force is composed of council members and high-level least 9,000 jobs as part of 3,250 jobs and reduce aviation industry representatives, including the heads of all major air transport industry reorganisation plans. pay by 20%. associations. UN entities such as the World Health Organization and the World  Qatar Airways says that  Lufthansa has warned Tourism Organization are also represented, as well as the heads of several national it will axe more than 9,000 that it will have to and regional aviation administrations. The primary objective is for Governments to work jobs or one-fi fth of its permanently reduce its together on a co-ordinated approach to restoring international travel. workforce. workforce by 10,000.

NEWS IN BRIEF

released on its website on Royal Australian Air Force framework also proposes distancing guidelines On 22 May, a Pakistan 10 May. The fl ag carrier, (RAAF). The RAAF plans ‘safe zones’ around future are followed. However, International Airlines A320 which has a fl eet of 189 to acquire three of the national moonbases recreational GA fl ying in airliner with 107 people aircraft and employs semi-autonomous long- to prevent countries’ Scotland, Northern Ireland on board crashed into the 21,000 people throughout range UCAVs for trials or companies’ mining and Wales is still not residential area of Karachi Latin America, said the with piloted aircraft. operations interfering permitted. while on approach to decision was due to the with human habitats. landing. It had taken off ‘unforeseeable impact of The US Government has The US now plans to United Aircraft from Lahore earlier in the the Covid-19 pandemic’ – drawn up proposals for present these proposals Corporation in Russia has day. As AEROSPACE with revenue dropping by international regulations to to international allies and resumed fl ight-testing the goes to press, there 80% and eating into cash allow for the commercial partners. Irkut MC-21 commercial are no reports yet of reserves. mining of the Moon. airliner while complying casualties on the ground. Under the US-sponsored The UK Government with the current social Boeing has rolled out the ‘Artemis Accords’ has now updated its distancing requirements. Colombian airline Avianca fi rst Airpower Teaming countries would be able Covid-19 advice on GA, The company says that it has fi led for bankruptcy System (ATS) ‘Loyal to own the resources they with recreational fl ying in has developed measures according to a statement Wingman’ drone for the mine from the Moon. The England permitted if social to enable remote-working

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JUNE 2020 News.indd 4 22/05/2020 13:22:24 DEFENCE AIR TRANSPORT Germany sets sights on mixed Project Sunrise put on Eurofighter, Super Hornet buy hold Qantas CEO Alan Joyce flights to London and New has indicated that the York from Melbourne and Australian flag carrier will Sydney from 2022, and delay its order for around had previously carried out 12 Airbus A350-1000 proving flights in October airliners indefinitely in an and December 2019. effort to preserve cash For now this project is on

Boeing amidst uncertain times for the backburner but Joyce The German Government has announced it is to procure a mixed buy of 93 Eurofighter the aviation industry. remains optimistic that Typhoons and 45 Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornets/EA-18G Growlers. The Eurofighters and The airline had previously Qantas will eventually Super Hornets will be used to replace the Luftwaffe’s 90 ageing Tornado fighter-bombers planned to purchase the achieve its target to – with the Super Hornets integrated with the US B61 nuclear bomb currently carried by ultra long-range aircraft extend the boundaries on Tornados as part of NATO’s shared nuclear burden. Meanwhile, 15 EA-18G Growlers will be with a view to opening the long-haul flight when the used to provide an airborne electronic warfare capability. world’s longest non-stop industry recovers.

AEROSPACE GENERAL AVIATION Airbus, Rolls-Royce pull Cessna SkyCourier flies plug on E-Fan X On 24 April, Airbus and demonstrator, Grazia Royce-Royce announced Vittadini, Airbus Chief they were terminating Technology Officer their joint hybrid-electric said that: “Exploring E-Fan X research project the possibilities — and that had been aiming to limitations of — serial fly a BAE Systems RJ100 hybrid-electric propulsion airliner converted to be a also opened up inquiry technology demonstrator. into new technology

The programme was pathways”, adding that Aviation Textron launched in 2017, with both partners had learnt Textron Aviation has announced it has flown the first flight of its Cessna SkyCourier a first flight scheduled much from it in the twin-engine turboprop utility aircraft. The prototype took to the skies on 17 May from for 2021. Discussing past three years, as a the manufacturer’s facility in Wichita, Kansas, for a two-hour, 15 minute flight. The the reasons for axing building block towards first prototype is set to be joined by five other flight and static test airframes. Launch the hybrid-electric decarbonisation. customer is FedEx with a firm order for 50 SkyCouriers and options for another 50.

for design departments reconfigures its fleet plan type certification for its temperature scanning and drawn up schedules to match the slump in The United Arab 6,500nm-range G600 of inbound passengers for carrying out the main passenger demand, short- Emirates’ Mars space bizjet from EASA, opening as part of Covid-19 programme tasks. Four haul aircraft are worst hit probe, Hope, has been up deliveries to European precautions. The trial, MC-21 test aircraft have with 57 deliveries deferred delivered to Japan’s customers. using heat sensitive currently completed 300 in the three-year period. Tanegashima Space cameras, will be carried out of a total of 650 Centre, ahead of its Boeing has announced out in the immigration hall flights required for flight Six members of the scheduled launch in July. a loss of $641m for Q1 of Terminal 2, Heathrow, certification. Canadian Armed Forces The first Arab space of 2020 after it used up before being rolled out were killed when their mission to Mars, Hope, $4.3bn in cash following to other terminals. Other IAG has announced that Royal Canadian Air will be launched by an order cancellations and airports around the it will reduce the number Force Sikorsky CH- H-11A rocket between a lack of new orders. Q1 world have already been of aircraft deliveries it 148 Cyclone helicopter 14 July and 3 August. revenues fell by 26% to screening passengers has scheduled across crashed into the $16.91bn. for fevers in the wake of its carriers for the period Mediterranean Sea off Gulfstream Aerospace Coronavirus, including 2020-2022 from 143 the coast of Greece on has announced that Heathrow Airport has Rome, Singapore and to 75. As the group 29 April in good weather. it has been awarded said that it is to begin Hamad, Doha.

JUNE 2020 7

JUNE 2020 News.indd 5 22/05/2020 13:22:25 Radome

AEROSPACE AIR TRANSPORT Boeing terminates Airlines get ready for loosening of Embraer partnership restrictions Boeing has announced 24 April after Boeing it has terminated an exercised its rights to pull agreement with Brazil’s out, saying that Embraer Embraer to create a did not satisfy the new joint venture in necessary conditions for commercial aviation. The acquisition. Meanwhile,

prospective partnership Embraer responded WizzAir in smaller single-aisle angrily to the withdrawal Some airlines are now announcing new routes as Covid-19 lockdown rules ease airliners, which was and says it is now seeking and travel restrictions relax. European low-cost carrier Wizz Air has announced it widely seen as response damages through the is to begin six new routes from Luton Airport beginning from mid-June. The new to Airbus’ acquisition of courts, alleging that routes include Corfu, Heraklion, Rhodes, Zakynthos, Faro and Marrakesh. Meanwhile, Bombardier’s CSeries Boeing had manufactured Lufthana’s subsidiary Eurowings is adding 40 new destinations from Germany to holiday narrowbody programme, false pretexts to withdraw destinations and doubling its fleet by the end of June. Air Baltic announced on 18 May was terminated on from the agreement. that it too had resumed its normal flight schedule.

SPACEFLIGHT DEFENCE NASA shortlists three lunar Saab GlobalEye landers for Artemis astronauts delivered to the UAE SpaceX On 29 April the UAE from Bombardier. The UAE took delivery of its first placed an order for three Dynetics of potentially five Saab GlobalEyes in 2015 and GlobalEye AEW&C discussions are underway aircraft. GlobalEye is a to increase the order to new airborne early warning five. and control solution  Meanwhile, on 18 May combining Saab’s new Saab announced it had

Blue Orgin Erieye Extended Range won an SEK 1.5bn order NASA has named three companies to begin work on developing a crewed lunar lander Radar and a range of for an undisclosed number for its Artemis project to return humans to the Moon by 2024. The companies and their additional advanced of Saab 2000 Erieye lander concepts are Blue Origin National Team (including Lockheed Martin and Northrop sensors with the ultra-long AEW&C platforms from an Grumman (above left)) Dynetics (above middle) and SpaceX (above, right). range Global 6000 aircraft unnamed customer.

NEWS IN BRIEF

team, Athena, to exploit consider a range of factors surveillance aircraft. Airbus Defence has opportunities for British including fuel range, Thai Airways has been In service since the launched a new expert space and deliver the runway length, weather, granted government 1950s, the U-2s will be forum to address the ‘prosperity agenda’. The terrain and air traffic. approval to begin modified with updated ethical challenges of AI companies are CGI restructuring under the avionics, modern cockpit and the pan-European UK, Inmarsat, Lockheed GKN Aerospace has supervision of the Central displays and new mission FCAS future combat Martin UK and Serco. signed a collaboration Bankruptcy Court of computers designed air system as weapon agreement with electric Thailand. Operations and to securely integrate systems shift to a higher- French airframer Daher will aircraft start-up Eviation flights will continue as with systems across air, level of autonomy. The equip its turboprop TBM to design wing, tail normal with the carrier space, sea, land and panel includes industry, 940 with ‘HomeSafe’, and electrical wiring stressing it will not be cyber domains. Fleet academia, political an automated landing interconnections for its declared bankrupt. modifications are expected scientists and a theologist system which will safely nine-seat all-electric in early 2022. and chaplain. land the aircraft if the pilot Alice aircraft. The first Lockheed Martin has becomes incapacitated. prototype Alice was won a $50m contract Iranian state media Four companies have The system is activated damaged in a battery fire to upgrade the US Air has reported that Iran’s teamed up to form a manually and its software during ground testing in Force’s fleet of U-2 Revolutionary Guard Corps new UK national space is programmed to January. Dragon Lady high altitude launched a small military

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JUNE 2020 News.indd 6 22/05/2020 13:22:27 DEFENCE GENERAL AVIATION Indian Navy to acquire 24 BladeSense shows promise MH-60R helicopters

Sikorsky has signed a following 21 to follow and $905m deal to supply 24 enter service by 2024. In MH-60R multirole/anti- Indian Navy service, the submarine warfare (ASW) MH-60Rs will replace helicopters for the Indian aging Westland Sea Kings Navy. India becomes the and Kamov Ka-27s in fourth foreign operator of the ASW role. This new

the ‘Romeo’ helicopter FMS (Foreign Military Steve Hampson after Australia, Denmark Sale) procurement follows Airbus Helicopters has revealed promising results from a UK-supported health and and Saudi Arabia. The an earlier deal for 16 structure monitoring research project for helicopter rotor blades. Its BladeSense R&D deal will see the first three Sikorsky S-70Bs that was initiative, supported by the ATI, uses optical fibre sensors to measure rotor blade strain MH-60Rs diverted from scrapped in April 2017 and shape in real time, with the potential to reduce lifecycle costs. Ground testing of the the US Navy, delivered over disagreements about system was carried out in the UK using a modified H135 with data being streamed to a from early 2021, with the the cost. ground station using a WiFi link.

AEROSPACE SPACEFLIGHT Study for SABRE hypersonic flying China flies new capsule demonstrator launched in uncrewed test China has successfully flight. This development launched its newest Long comes as part of China’s March-5B rocket on 5 wider human spaceflight April. The country’s largest programme and the need rocket took off from the to shuttle its taikonauts Wenchang Space Launch to its future space station Center in the province of which is set for completion

Reaction Engines Hainan at 18.00 hrs on in 2022. However, the A conceptual study to develop a flying hypersonic test bed for Reaction Engine’s air- 5 April. The rocket was flight test drew criticism in breathing SABRE engine technology has been launched. The project has been initiated carrying a new generation some quarters due to the through the UK Space Agency, under an ESA framework. As well as Reaction Engines crewed spacecraft and uncontrolled re-entry of the itself, the consortium includes Cranfield Aerospace Solutions (including Cranfield an inflatable cargo return rocket’s 18t core stage into University), BAE Systems and Frost & Sullivan. module in an unpiloted test the Atlantic Ocean.

spacecraft into orbit on 9 million customers’ travel 22 April. The Noor (‘light’) Airbus has announced it and email information ON THE MOVE spacecraft was launched has inaugurated its A220 being accessed. The from the Shahroud missile single-aisle final assembly airline has reported the and Reid Grandle as VP range onboard a multi- line at its existing US breach to the National Former Royal Air Force Strategy & Planning. stage Qased (‘messenger’) factory in Mobile, Alabama. Cyber Security Centre Chief of the Air Staff rocket. The purpose of the The company began and the Information ACM Sir Stephen Hillier Brett Hart is the new spacecraft is not known. producing A220s from Commissioner’s Office. has been selected as the President of United Mobile in 2019, with US preferred candidate for Airlines, while Scott Kirby Thales and Skyports are airline JetBlue to receive The US has said that in Chairman of the CAA, is the new CEO, taking to partner on a two-week the first example from the six months it will withdraw effective from 1 August. over from Oscar Munoz. BVLOS trial to deliver new dedicated line later from the 2002 Open Skies Covid-19 test kits and this year. Treaty, which permits US carrier Southwest IAG CEO Willie Walsh is PPE in Western Scotland countries to conduct Airlines has announced to delay his retirement until using a Wingcopter drone. UK low-cost carrier unarmed overflights of the appointment of 24 September, due to the The trial will cut delivery EasyJet has reported a each others territory Tammy Amirault as MD, Coronavirus crisis, when times from 6hrs by surface serious cyber security to verify arms control Technology – Enterprise Iberia CEO Luis Gallego transport to 15mins. breach which resulted in agreements. Management and Analytics will succeed him.

JUNE 2020 9

JUNE 2020 News.indd 7 22/05/2020 13:22:28 By the Numbers Understanding the world of Aerospace through data Spacecraft launch sites

Bryce Space and Technology

10 AEROSPACE Pushing the Envelope Exploring advances on the leading edge of aerospace Robert Coppinger Cold comforts for NASA

he next step in space exploration, a challenge is that liquid oxygen and hydrogen are return to the Moon and specifically its susceptible to heat, becoming gaseous, which south pole, is going to need reusable then increases the tank’s internal pressure, so tank lunar landers for the long term. The thermal management is especially important. It is a US President George Bush’s return technology that is not flight proven. Tto the Moon programme, Constellation, cancelled There are also issues with the rocket engines by President Barack Obama in 2008, found that a that use liquid oxygen and hydrogen. The engines Moon base would soon have a large graveyard of use turbopumps to draw the propellant into the expendable lander descent stages. combustion chamber where an ignition system is One Constellation study even examined how to needed to get the propellants to combust. While turn the descent stages into useful scrap for the base. Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) has shown In April last year, US Vice President, Michael Pence that its Falcon 9 rocket’s first stage engines, which go gave NASA the goal of landing astronauts on the briefly into sub-orbit, can be reused many times, no Moon before the end of 2024 but there will not be turbopump powered engine has ever been left cold enough time to create a reusable lunar lander for this in deep space for months at a time before being fired. goal. Competing landers A lunar service station On 30 April, NASA announced SpaceX, Blue Origin Last year, Aerojet Rocketdyne carried out a lunar and Dynetics had been selected for the competition landing mission architecture study for NASA. Aerojet to provide the 2024 lander and all their designs use says that, without surface refuelling, the physics cryogenic propellants. However, Aerojet’s study found of a reusable descent, ascent system is extremely that a lander using Apollo’s propellants would have challenging. Its study found that the propellant a very high reliability and be the quickest to develop refuelling infrastructure is as important as the fuel for a 2024 landing. NASA Human Landing System choice and expendable descent stages would be Programme Manager, Lisa Watson-Morgan, says needed until lunar surface production begins. the Agency will work with the winning companies to Lunar water ice can be found at the south pole improve their designs. Conceivably they will improve and used to produce liquid oxygen and hydrogen by adopting Apollo’s propellants and Blue Origin’s HYDROGEN AND propellant. This is why the South Pole is the focus team does include Northrop Grumman, which built OXYGEN ARE of space agencies’ exploration plans. Hydrogen and the original Apollo lander. THE PREFERRED oxygen are the preferred propellants because of the During the 30 April media teleconference, PROPELLANTS propulsion performance they deliver, compared to the Watson-Morgan said that, as well as SpaceX, Blue BECAUSE OF THE Apollo programme’s non-cryogenic propellant choice Origin and Dynetics, “there will be another group, PROPULSION which prioritise engine reliability. potentially, who could work on the sustaining side and PERFORMANCE have the longer vision of reusability.” Before Spence’s THEY DELIVER Powering up 2024 landing announcement, NASA had agreed with its Canadian, Japanese and European space agency COMPARED TO There are two key challenges to using liquid oxygen allies to create a lunar space station, the Gateway. THE APOLLO and hydrogen, known as cryogenic propellent This would be used to explore the Moon from 2028 PROGRAMME’S because they are very cold. Even as liquids, neither using teleoperated robots and eventually crewed NON-CRYOGENIC oxygen nor hydrogen are dense, like kerosene, landers. NASA says it does not need the Gateway PROPELLANT so they need large tanks. The design solution for for the 2024 landing. The US Government will likely lunar landers, therefore, is either to place the crew spend money on a lander for 2024 that the Gateway CHOICE WHICH compartment between the tanks, in a rectangular partners will not want because, for the long term, a PRIORITISED concept, or to have a long ladder or powered pulley cryogenic propellant transportation system is more ENGINE at the top of the high tanks. The more troublesome capable. RELIABILITY.

JUNE 2020 11 Transmission

LETTERS AND ONLINE @aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com

Ultra violet aircraft cleaning systems UK to leave EASA From the RAeS photo archives

Dimer I forwarded the very informative ‘UK and EASA breaking formation?’(1)article in the May edition to my local MP who has a number of constituents who work in the aerospace sector. You may be interested in his reply:

According to US manufacturer Dimer, its Germ Falcon “I agree with you that these ultraviolet C (UV-C) aircraft cleaning system can sanitise 54 issues coming together aircraft seats in a minute, compared to one seat a minute using could pose a risk at the end Handley Page HP42E, G-AAVE, Hadrian, of Imperial chemcial disinfectants. of the year but it does seem Airways, at Croydon. Icons of an era, one of only eight to me we are in a position HP42s built, the type acquired a favourable reputation with Could aviation be a ‘leading destroys viruses. The post of strength at the moment, the flying public, particularly for their dependability. It would despite the coronavirus light’ in post-Covid-19 public Covid-19 economy will need accumulate a combined fleetwide mileage in excess of 10 situation – and we could transport? Researchers are its public and transport spaces million miles during a nine-year service life with Imperial come out of the negotiations testing lamps emitting 5EVC to be treated in an economic Airways. When they were finally withdrawn from civil in a much stronger place band UV-C lighting. This manner. Will aviation lead the service on 1 September 1939, they had recorded no major for it.” band avoids the well-known adoption of this technology? accidents or fatalities, prompting someone to comment that:

risk to skin and eyesight “they were as strong as the Rock of Gibraltar and almost as Roger Caesley fast.” of other UV-C bands yet Denis Oglesby MRAeS.

RAeS Scholarship Aviation’s environment RAeS defence report 777 accident webinair success story challenge Fadl I [On RAeS response to Bishnujee Singh [On RAeS Thomas Cross [On Turning House of Commons Defence (4) Centennial Scholarships] aviation green ] Isn’t it Committee Enquiry(6)] It has gone a long way already pretty green at the Pleased to read this well- in my profession. Since moment? written submission. I hope f receiving the First Centennial the messages get through Scholarship in 2003, it has particularly regarding realism been a whole life cycle ever Geoffrey Wardle Thanks and affordability. since – starting with the for sharing this, green aviation 100 years of the RAE design, development of first is really the only way forward. Kevin Bridge [On 777 series of Boeing 777-300ER Covid-19 impact on accident at Dubai Airport and 777-200LR to being (8) industry briefing 2016 webinar ] Listened CEO of Cayley Aerospace in to this webinar today and it Seattle, Washington. was very well presented and Boeing and Embraer very informative, even for parting of the ways someone who is not a pilot but encounters terminology Naveed Kapadia [On and concepts discussed Boeing and Embraer – jilted here, keep up the good work at the altar(5)] COMAC- RAeS. Embraer tie-up could be on Mike Drew [On Journal of Paul Entwistle [On Chris the horizon. Post Covid world Aeronautical History paper Tarry briefing on Covid-19: with increasing isolation on 100 years of research at Impact on industry(7)] A Erika Armstrong My (2) i of populous regimes may RAE ]When this virus goes very enjoyable and well students learn about spool up well work this to do their away (I hope) FAST is running researched presentation by time in this scenario... advantage when it comes to wind tunnels tours of R52 Chris. and Q121. They are stopped Online careers pack Brazil’s and Chinese internal at the moment for obvious tourism markets that are Antoine R. Worth tuning in. Elena Psyllou [On RAeS pretty significant. Interesting reasons but when the world Stephen Pilling A very Careers Dept online times indeed. Well-rounded opens up again, contact Bob interesting and informative schoolpack(3)] That’s a great article capturing key geo- Gentry at FAST and get on perspective. Thank you. the list. initiative! Thanks! political posturing.

12 AEROSPACE Concorde engine for sale on eBay RAeS signs MOU with AIAA

Storing big data

@AshleyHTTW [On Aerospace digital transformation’ Insight blog(9)] What’s the hurry ATM?

@bryanjaywalsh Big lesson @iain_gray One for the @XH487 I’m in! must be 737 Max though. museum in Bristol? A bit pricey though! @SJLyons50 Damn! @IanMac67_SE The last Searched down back of sofa, bit on ‘Data Storage...’ is the SimonWeeksATI don’t think a couple of bottle most crucial in my opinion. All @Brabazon2. tops, a malteser and a 50 the wonderful design data at On 14 May, the Royal Aeronautical Society entered into a rappen coin will be enough. one part of the Org needs to Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the American be maintained whilst being Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) to collaborate @Danish_N_Iqbal A correlated with the MRO data. on future endeavours. bargain. @aiyeethesquid Well, the How that data is exchanged @RichardGearing @hoang_luara A historical old VAAC T2 Harrier is for is often an afterthought. Today the Presidents of moment captured virtually @mark_scourse Why are all sale too and I’m sure it could A complete process must the @AeroSociety and @ today, @AeroSociety and the bids from China...? be made to fit. consider it all if you’re to aiaa signed a new MOU to @aiaa announce their have an effective Occurrence reinforce the longstanding collaboration and sign the Reporting & Corrective bonds between the two MOU! Looking forward to Action System. Data must organisations and to hearing @AIAA_Dan, and be shared securely, and in Hot and bothered Soapy story continue to work together Organisation Presidents an interoperable format that to advance aerospace, Prof Jonathan Cooper and @davidhearn [On airport @GarethJennings3 [On all systems, irrespective of including promoting the next John Langford speak about staff from Rome use thermal Coronation Street actor OEM can read and store. To generation of aerospace the exciting partnership! camera-equipped helmets wanted in Airbus Ghanian me that’s the lesson learned professionals. to scan passengers] How air force corruption case] from working at one end of accurate are these for this We’re basically at the point the chain. task? Great for firefighters for this year when you can Sir Stephen Dalton to @BethDysonPR Oh finding casualties and put any combination of words head UK CAA wonderful news. Many New RAeS Fellow hotspots in buildings but together and it will happen. congrats to Sir Stephen. telling difference between @GuyG_Boffin The @CobraBall3 Deeply 37.5 and 38.1 degrees? remarkable thing is the honoured and humbled Emissivity values vary and appointment of an aviation @TomW18 An excellent to learn of my election need to be known by the @iain_thomson Dammit, professional to head the CAA. appointment. Hopefully better as a Fellow of the Royal IR system to get accurate my card had Eastenders and Personally, I am delighted. times are coming for the CAA Aeronautical Society. absolute values Nigeria.... so close! and us all.

1. AEROSPACE, May 2019, p 34, The UK and EASA – breaking formation? 2. https://www.aerosociety.com/media/13851/paper-2020-03-rood-rae-100.pdf 3. https://www.careersinaerospace.com/career-resources/online-school-resources/ 4. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/turning-aviation-green/ 5. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/boeing-and-embraer-jilted-at-the-altar/ 6. https://www.aerosociety.com/media/13723/final_-hoc_defence_committee-_integrated-review_20200407.pdf 7. https://lnkd.in/dtNy2fM #aviation #avgeeks #covid19 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7Vu2V1wIho&t=7s 9. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/aerospace-digital-transformation/

@aerosociety i linkedin.com/raes f facebook.com/raes www.aerosociety.com JUNE 2020 13

Capturing the art of flight TIM ROBINSON FRAeS visits David Bent Hon CRAeS to learn more about his unique style of contemporary aviation art.

mbedded in the Royal Aeronautical images of a MQ-9B Reaper UAV that are framed by Society’s mission statement is a curious a series of black boxes, suggesting that the sinister line: ‘to further the advancement of drone is watching (or being watched) by someone in aeronautical art, science and engineering’. a traditional Middle East hajib. In another example, the Advances in science and engineering Red Arrows are depicted as under a circus big top Ein aeronautics are relatively easier to categorise – tent – a play on ‘the circus’ of blue-suited ground-crew humans have been trying to fly faster, higher and that keep the aircraft aloft and the team flying. Look further since the first balloon lifted off. But ‘art’? How closer and you can also see the Dye Team, responsible does one advance the ‘art’ of flight? for the Hawk’s coloured smoke. David’s painting One interpretation, of course, is art as in ‘state of celebrates everyone’s contribution and teamwork. In the art’ as a figure of speech, equating to something another painting, featuring Spitfires, the artist’s humour incorporating the latest technology. There is, perhaps, appears as he places himself in a tiny Johnny Red- also an underlying admission that, despite scientific style comic strip detail running from the aircraft. formulae and graphs, some of the aspects of These large scale works, with research and aerospace are still perhaps more an art, than an exact preparation and including sketching, photos and science. models take time with him producing around two a But there is also perhaps a more nebulous and year. abstract meaning – the ability of art to inspire and Outside of purely aviation subjects, Bent’s reflect advances in aeronautics. Sometimes these other paintings also incorporate social themes and different meanings may in fact overlap. Who cannot fail controversial subjects too – such as Chernobyl, facial to be inspired by the shape and beauty of Concorde, the sound of a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, or the sight of two Falcon rockets landing vertically on a landing pad like something out of a 1950s sci-fi movie – a breathless marriage of engineering and inspiration.

Expanding the definition

If we do take this definition to include art itself – one innovative example of ‘advancing the art of aeronautics’ could well be artist David Bent who, since appearing on the scene two decades ago, has been stirring up the traditional art world with his modern paintings of aviation subjects. His original paintings include striking geometric shapes, bold colours and the fusing of aspects of the human and machine in lots of interesting and clever ways. Iconic shapes of classic aircraft are reused and repurposed to create patterns, or even produce landscapes themselves. Bent mainly works in acrylics on canvas for his paintings but also produces photo- collages, and at one point in his career even painted street murals. A number of the paintings also have a double or hidden meaning within. Some challenge, including twin

JUNE 2020 15 AEROSPACE Aviation and the art of flight recognition and climate change. In his ‘Yellow Cake the location of some unique visits, including by U308’ a B-29 bomber flies away from the horror of members of the UK and US F-35 teams who a nuclear mushroom cloud, re-imagined as a cake. exchanged gifts in their garden after the first flying Meanwhile, in his NINE ELEVEN, falling figures from display in the UK. the doomed Twin Towers provide a backdrop against Outside of aviation partnerships, his skill with the head-on shapes of airliners. paintbrush and experience with various styles saw Thus, while his art celebrates the beauty and him appointed as a Brand Ambassador for Daler- freedom of flight and the ‘lonely impulse of delight’ Rowney, the art supplies company. Meanwhile, in above the clouds that W.B. Yeats spoke of, it does 2015, he was named as an Honorary Companion of not shy away from the dark side of military aviation the Royal Aeronautical Society – ‘in recognition of – the deadly purpose for which these machines are his exceptional contribution in transforming aviation built – making his paintings thought-provoking and art with iconic paintings, bringing aviation, technology demanding of reflection. and art together to a completely new audience while, For that reason, his work fits in a unique place at the same time, promoting aerospace far and wide’. – bridging a chasm between aviation and modern He was the first artist in 30 years to be awarded this art – with perhaps only Roy Lichtenstein’s Whaam!!, distinction. the neo-facist Italian Futurism of Tullio Crali or the installations of Harrier and Jaguar in the Tate Modern From a chance encounter in RIAT . . . by Fiona Banner as the closest examples. In Bent’s works, hints of Andy Warhol, David Hockney and Paul Yet David’s story as an aviation artist began almost Nash are to be found. by accident. Though his father had inspired a love Bent’s studio workshop in Swindon’s old town is of aviation in his early years as founder of the Dover an Aladdin’s cave for the art and aviation collector model aircraft flying club and a technician for Alan and enthusiast, with sketches, works in progress Cobham’s ‘flying circus’ and David had flown in and model aircraft for reference. Original paintings Chipmunks as an Air Cadet when young, he followed and large-scale limited edition prints allow visitors his passion by going to art college. Living in Cyprus to appreciate the details that go into all of his work. in the 1970s he was repatriated to the UK during Along with his wife and art partner Carole, he also the invasion on the island in 1974 on a RAF VC10. hosts regular visitors, including test pilots, industry Ironically, he would later return there as a guest of the professionals and aviators. Red Arrows display team. Indeed their However, it was an extra roll of film and stroke home has of luck (along with David’s natural talent) that nearly been 17 years ago had set him on his current path. Taken to the Royal International Air Tattoo by a friend, he rekindled his love for aviation and shot lots of close- up photos of aircraft on the ground. Taking the film to be developed, he took advantage of a two-for-one deal at the time to get a duplicate set of prints developed. What caught David’s eye was that combining these two sets of cockpits, intakes, probes and landing gear together, he created robotic characters with eyes, ears and faces. ‘Aerobots’ – his first aviation-inspired collection was born. “It is powerful on a number of different levels. 1) What’s the aircraft in the first place? 2)The total transformation into something new. Each one This page: Infinity, RIAT has a distinctive character,” 2011 programme, detail says Bent reflecting on these from Hawk Tessellation. having been featured early on Next page: David Bent in by leading futurologist Ray his studio, Bear Hunting. Kurzwei’s A1 News (Spirited Previous page: Jonathan Machines). Monoplane, Tullio Crali, The Royal International Air 1988, Roy Lichtenstein, Tattoo was also the first time Whaam!, 1963, Gerhard David came into contact with the Richter, Düsenjäger, 1963. mysterious, angular-shaped stealth Page 14: Ace Mandala, aircraft which would feature in several of his later of collectors of his work have seen his exhibitions at paintings, including Stealth Mountain lake. “I was kind RIAT, some making contact many years later. of intrigued by them after reading the book ‘Skunk From the Air Tattoo, word of mouth spread Works’,” he said. quickly and this snowballed into further invites and Quirky photo collages based on aeroplane parts opportunities to exhibit – including at the Farnborough might have ended there, except for a chance stroke Air Show, Cotswold Air Show, the Royal Tent at Al of luck at RIAT the following year. Having taken the Ain Aerobatics and the Dubai Air Show in the UAE plunge and bought a small gazebo from B&Q to – all building interest in this unique approach at each exhibit and sell these ‘Aerobot’ photo collages, David event. Time in the UAE led him to produce a series and Carole found themselves at the furthest edge of of Islamic-art inspired tessellations – turning aircraft the airfield and cut off from the main thoroughfare due such as the XB-70, A380 and Typhoon into colourful to aircraft movements on the first day. Separated from mosaic patterns. Contacts forged in the UAE led on to the public, the only visitors they could access were air invites to the South African Air Show and friendships crews, close by with their static aircraft. Many of them around the world. commented favourably on the originality of David’s art. “We had a visceral response,” recalls Carole, with air . . . to collaborating with the Red crews from around the world spontaneously saying Arrows ‘this is the coolest thing we’ve ever seen’. However, what could have been a major Relationships forged at RIAT led to another disappointment and the end of a speculative outing unanticipated opportunity – that of being invited to turned into an unforeseen opportunity. Meeting with collaborate with the RAF Red Arrows, firstly as ‘Artist the organisers some months later, Carole asked if it in Residence’ in 2006 after the team saw David’s first IMAGINATIVE, was possible to ‘be where the pilots were’ and, thanks Red Arrows-inspired painting of their Hawks flying OFTEN to the open-mindedness of members of the RAFCTE through bluebell woods. Their response and visits INTRIGUING AND team, they found themselves in the ‘flight centre’ – a to RAF Scampton and Akrotiri encouraged David location that had previously meant little to them, as to create a new collection of work, some of which DELIGHTFUL. well as committing to a more central pitch. adorns their crew briefing room at RAF Scampton. DAVID’S WORK This twist of fate led to David and Carole returning This goodwill and genuine relationship with the team INCORPORATES to RIAT with a bigger stand and fresh aviation- has seen David return to his former home of Cyprus NOT ONLY inspired art, including stealth aircraft paintings and to record training programmes, including one in 2007. his Spinning Hercules photo-collage. Such was the Interestingly, while David and Carole were thrilled THE PHYSICAL positive response that, the following year, their further to be invited behind the scenes of the Red Arrows IMAGERY BUT request to explore exhibiting in the Patrons Pavillion training, they were recently told by the team’s official A GOOD DEAL was granted, where David’s art was appreciated photographer at the time, Cpl Steve Buckley, that he OF PERIPHERAL by pilots, industry executives and senior military was even more excited than they were, as he had officers, along with their families. “RIAT has been a studied David’s artwork as part of his MA and was PSYCHOLOGICAL main showcase,” says Bent, adding that a number keen to meet him. CONTENT.

JUNE 2020 17 AEROSPACE Aviation and the art of flight

The global British brand that is the Red Arrows, change – but opts for abstract geometric shapes and the airshows, flypasts and anniversaries that over an industrial landscape of steam engines, they are involved with, makes it almost certain that power stations and quantum computers – you have probably seen David’s work. His representing the past, present and future of work has featured at RIAT, Farnborough and British engineering involved in this aerospace Bournemouth Air Festival’s brochures, leaflets, programme. air show posters and websites – even if you did not recognise it at the time. The partnership Reaching a wider audience with the Reds has led to the team launching the first of each of the iconic Red Arrows-inspired Bent’s work is now highly sought paintings with him and the first print of each after by corporate clients. Significant being signed by each season’s team pilots and commissions and collaborations donated by David and Carole to charity. In 2014 include Saab, Marshall Aerospace the collection of paintings featured in a special and ADS. His work is also a favourite coffee-table art book produced in conjunction with within the small tightly-knit test pilot aviation watch specialists Breitling to celebrate the community and a growing circle of team’s 50th anniversary. A special edition Breitling aerospace and creative professionals print also followed for RAF 100. and art enthusiasts around the world In 2018 Bent dedicated a new series of artworks who appreciate the passion for flight, to mark 100 years of the RAF. These were exhibited drama and hidden details embedded at the National Memorial Arboretum and included in his paintings. poppies created by combining the RAF’s Sopwith While more traditional styles of aviation Camel and Lockheed Martin F-35. Significant art remains highly popular and the Guild Of exhibitions have been held in a number of public art Aviation Artists provides a benchmark for talent galleries and museums, including the Russell Cotes in this genre – more abstract and modern works and the RAF Museum, London. The year-long solo have now been appearing in the Annual Exhibition – ‘Fresh Air’ exhibition was the first of its type for a widening the appeal of aviation art to new audiences living artist where 800 school children were inspired beyond the traditional market of enthusiasts and to make their own Bent-style artworks as part of the aerospace professionals, something that David national Big Draw event, assisted by the Guild of wholeheartedly supports. Aviation Artists (GavA). Bent’s contemporary take on aerospace subjects Bent keeps a close eye on current news and is therefore important as, arguably, it is able to cross aerospace technology that help inspire his art – such generational, gender and cultural barriers and reach as paintings depicting Concorde’s last flight in 2003, new, younger audiences as something different, the RAF’s new Boeing P-8A Poseidon subhunter and exciting and modern. “Imaginative, often intriguing, a topical piece depicting the interception of a Russian delightful, David’s work incorporates not only the ‘Bear’ by a Eurofighter Typhoon. physical imagery but a good deal of peripheral His most recent work has looked to the future psychological content,” says GAvA President Michael with three paintings inspired by the UK Tempest sixth- Turner. generation combat aircraft programme. His ‘Tempest In particular, young people are drawn in by the Triptych’ wisely steers away from trying to paint the exciting geometry and bright colours, while older aircraft itself ‘in action’, as its shape is most likely to viewers may recognise vintage jet aircraft and how

18 AEROSPACE Thus, in addressing the challenges of aerospace in the 21st century, such as climate change, human spaceflight or AI, it may be that with computers able to do the ‘heavy lifting’ of complex equations, human creativity in, for example, designing 3D printed components is just as important as understanding the coding itself. For example, it is noteworthy, that perhaps one of the most iconic and inspiring space images in the last few years was a red Tesla sportscar seen against the backdrop of the Earth. Elon Musk’s SpaceX launching an electric car into space (complete with David Bowie soundtrack) may have been dismissed in some quarters as a publicity stunt, unnecessary and a billionaire cluttering up space – but, viewed as an orbital modern art installation to inspire humans to push higher and further, it is difficult to beat. Indeed, Andrew Smith, arguing in his book Moondust on the value of the US Apollo programme in the 1960s, makes the case that, as a mass entertainment/art spectacle for the entire world, Apollo’s billions were actually a bargain: “It was theatre – the most mind- blowing theatre ever created in fact, at around $120 per American over the nine years of the Sixties it ran, or $13 a year, it was astonishingly cheap theatre”. Previous page: Ninjabot, they have been juxtaposed in fresh and innovative Some may take umbrage at this interpretation Flight of the Red Arrow ways – rekindling a sense of child-like wonder. of Apollo’s technical and engineering achievements, Along Sheikh Zayed Road. In merging the old with the new in unexpected arguing that it devalues the human and material cost This page: JSF Lightning and clever ways or by presenting familiar modern of this endeavour. But it is true that Apollo (alongside Mosaic. aircraft in bold styles, Bent’s art then, may provide a Concorde, the SR-71 and other iconic aircraft) inspired clue to a wider and pressing question facing the global a generation – not just of engineers but also of artists aerospace community: how does it attract the next and creative talent that now shape our modern world. generation of inquiring and creative minds to join the Indeed, Elon Musk and his musician partner Grimes industry? recently surprised the world with an highly unusual name for their baby boy, X Æ A-12, with the A-12, Art for art’s sake? Grimes explained, based on the predecessor to the SR-71 – the couple’s favourite aeroplane. Even today, Much attention has been paid to promoting STEM then these achievements and pop-cultural motifs such (science, technology, engineering and maths) subjects as Star Trek, Star Wars or 2001 – A Space Odyssey in closing the ‘engineering gap’ and inspiring younger continue to inspire future engineers to advance generations to careers in aerospace and aviation. aeronautical art, science and engineering. However, it is worth considering whether STEM could be expanded to STEAM with the addition of A for ‘art’ Summary as an underappreciated motivation. Interestingly, this subject is particularly close to Great art then, has the potential to inspire great Carole whose exploration began 24 months ago engineering and great engineering also has the when she first asked ‘how do we change STEM potential to inspire great art, in a symbiotic relationship to STEAM?’, inviting people to add their names in with each other. Bent, then could be said to be support of her enquiry. The first to add their names advancing the ‘art’ of aerospace, in exploring the included educationalists, pilots, engineers, scientists, boundaries of flight in new and exciting ways and in artists and politicians. Carole’s commitment to this is bringing aviation to fresh audiences and new eyes. firm, stimulating debate through talks and founding a More crucially, with aviation currently experiencing series of co-hosted STEMtoSTEAM Suppers (2019- its darkest hour, with cancelled air shows, grounded 2021). The second was held at Cranfield University airliners and almost the whole world longing to fly with her invited co-host, Director of Aerospace, again, David Bent’s art is perhaps more needed than Professor Iain Gray, and a mix of guests. Further ever – to remind us, whether old or new, of that sense events are planned. of wonder of flight – and that it will return.

All images reproduced courtesy of kind permission from David Bent. All images Copyright: ©Davidbentstudio The full collection of David Bent’s work can be viewed and purchased at: www.davidbentstudio.com

JUNE 2020 19 AIR TRANSPORT Measuring pilot skill Pilot error! what about pilot saves?

Dr Robert E Joslin FRAeS, Associate Professor, College of Aeronautics, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University asks, when designing automated flightdecks, whether we should be measuring those everyday interventions by pilots that prevent small incidents becoming larger accidents.

he National Transportation Safety Board which can then be addressed by either improving has reported that, over the past 20 the technologies or otherwise identifying those years, 85% of accidents were attributed functions or tasks that still need to be fulfilled by to pilot error, defined as an action or a pilot. Pilot interventions are most often required decision made by the pilot that was when (a) the automation has not been designed Tthe cause or a contributing factor that led to an to accommodate a certain contingency (eg accident. dual-engine flameout from bird strikes); (b) the However, to provide a balanced assessment automation has been designed for a contingency of the pilot’s impact on aviation safety, there but is malfunctioning (eg broken hardware); or (c) needs to be a paradigm shift in our safety the automation is working according to the design management systems (SMS) to consider positive but is ineffective (eg slow response). pilot interventions, rather than just focusing exclusively on pilot error. The first finding in the A pilot to the rescue Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) Flight Deck Automation Working Group report states These interventions often require the execution that ‘Pilots mitigate safety and operational risks of adhoc procedures, beyond those published in on a frequent basis, and the aviation system is aircraft flight manuals (AFM) or quick reference designed to rely on that mitigation.’ Hence, it is handbooks (QRH), which may not be achievable critical to assess what operational scenarios have even with sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) 2009’s ‘Miracle on the frequently required pilot interventions to lessen and machine learning (ML) systems. For this Hudson’ saw a US Airways A320 water landing in the consequences of a hazardous condition reason it is critical to continuously evaluate what which all 155 people on or otherwise mitigate an anomalous condition flightdeck functions and tasks required in uncertain board survived carried out altogether. Information on pilot interventions environments and unforeseen situations can be by Captain Chesley ‘Sully’ can reveal gaps in the capability of automation, safely and effectively automated. Sullenburger. SullySullenberger.com Greg Lam Pak Ng

20 AEROSPACE Although these so-called ‘pilot saves’ have been A pilot intervention rating scale generally acknowledged by the aviation industry and the public alike, they are rarely documented unless associated with a high profile accident (eg US Airways Flight 1549 – ‘Miracle on the Hudson’). Furthermore, there is not a standardised taxonomy to ‘categorise’ positive pilot interventions as there is for pilot (human) error, such as threat and error management (TEM) or the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).

Finding intervention

To fill this gap a pilot intervention rating scale (PIRS) is proposed, modeled after the handling qualities rating (HQR) scale. The HQR Scale, commonly called the Cooper-Harper scale, is a decision tree that considers task performance and workload in determining the rating of the qualities or characteristics of an aircraft that govern the ease and precision with which a pilot is able to perform a specified task. The PIRS would follow a similar decision tree and yield a pilot intervention rating (PIR) by considering the scenario (ie normal, abnormal, emergency) and pilot action (ie intervened with existing procedures, intervened with adhoc procedures). The premise is that if the pilot intervened with an existing procedure, numerical value as well as phase of flight and the then the action should be considered primarily highest applicable automation task category for deterministic, hence the function or task could be which the pilot intervened (eg Pilot intervened with automated without demanding complex AI and/or an adhoc procedure to avoid major aircraft damage ML algorithms. (PIR 6) by selecting an action in the take-off phase In contrast, if the pilot intervention involved of flight). an adhoc procedure, then the action should be considered probabilistic and may not be feasible for Gathering data an automated capability. The PIR would increase with the severity of the scenario (ie normal, The mechanism for gathering these data already abnormal, emergency) while considering the type exists through the voluntary Line Operations of procedure used by the pilot in the intervention Safety Audit (LOSA) program, where observers (ie existing or adhoc). The PIR level would reflect ride in the jumpseat during regularly scheduled air the consequences had the pilot not intervened. A carrier flights and collect safety-related data on high PIR would indicate avoidance of major damage environmental conditions, operational complexity, to the aircraft and/or serious injury or loss of life; and flightcrew performance. The LOSA observers mid-level PIR would indicate avoidance of minor utilise an ‘observation form’ to record contextual SullySullenberger.com damage to equipment or property, and/or minor and flightcrew data on every phase of flight, injury; low PIR would indicate avoidance of an regardless of the outcome. LOSA does have inefficiency or inconvenience but without any safety provisions for documenting flaws in automation consequences. design, interface, or adaptation. However, the conceptual framework for LOSA is based on the Automation failure threat error management model which focuses on threats, errors and undesired states. By The tasks that automation performs, in the context incorporating the PIRS in the LOSA observation of pilot intervention, can be broadly categorised in form, data can be obtained from which reliable an ascending order of complexity; (1) Gather data, assessments and valid comparative analyses (2) Analyse data, (3) Determine Choices of Action, could be made of positive pilot contributions to (4) Select an Action, (5) Execute an Action. Tasks aviation safety. Clearly identifying the level of pilot can be further characterised by the phase of flight; contribution could also inform decisions on whether (a) taxi, (b) takeoff, (c) climb, (d) cruise/loiter, (e) to expend resources to develop automation to descent, (f) approach, (g) landing, (h) taxi. Hence, mitigate a specific hazardous condition or rely on a complete PIR statement would encompass a ‘pilot saves’.

JUNE 2020 21 AEROSPACE Russian sustainable aviation Via author Via From red to green

Russia is now advancing the cause of greener regional aviation with its electric Su-2020 Elektrolet, heralding a period of research and production of environmentally-friendly aircraft. EUGENE GERDEN examines Russia’s leap into the green.

ussia plans to accelerate its research institutions in the field of aviation, which is part A Russian hydrogen- in the field of ‘green’ aviation of the National Research Center Zhukovsky powered two-seater technologies during the period of Institute. Sigma-4 on show at the MAKS-19 air show. 2020-2022, according to recent statements made by senior officials Russia’s new electric age Rfrom the Russian Ministry of Transport and representatives of the country’s leading design The new aircraft will be characterised by higher bureaus in the field of aviation. This will begin fuel-savings and will be 30-40% quieter than with the design of Russia’s first domestic aircraft traditional jet aircraft. It will be equipped with powered by an hybrid-electric propulsion system, an electric motor based on high-temperature as well as other aircraft with minimum impact on superconductors (HTSC), that will have the the environment. In the case of the new electric capacity of 500kW (679h/p). aircraft, it will be known as the Su-2020 Elektrolet The design of the motor is currently being and will be used for regional transportation. conducted by SuperOx, the Russian research The design of the aircraft is currently ongoing company in the field of superconductors, together with the participation of engineers at the Baranov with experts from the Russian Foundation for Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development, Advanced Research Projects (RFARP) – an one of Russia’s leading research and scientific advanced military research agency in Russia.

22 AEROSPACE It is planned to begin tests of the new motor replace currently used hydraulic and pneumatic shortly using a Yak-40 testbed, a small, three- technologies with electric alternatives. engined jet airliner and the world’s first commuter Andrei Dutov, General Director of the trijet. Zhukovsky Institute comments: “The latest According to engineers from the Zhukovsky assessments conducted by the experts of the Institute, the increase in specific power of the THE INSTITUTE Institute show that both the Russian and global electric motor will be achieved by the use of ALSO BELIEVES aircraft manufacturing industry will not be able second-generation HTSC materials, cooled to increase its potential by more than 35-40% if by liquid nitrogen. Using this superconductor THAT AIRCRAFT they continue to use current technologies up to technology will achieve a significant reduction of ELECTRIFICATION 2030. Both aircraft engines and aerodynamics electrical resistance. COULD BE have almost hit the ceiling in their development, THE MOST at least for now. Therefore, there is a need for a New from the drawing board new breakthrough, similar to that observed during SIGNIFICANT the transition from propeller to jet aviation in the The Zhukovsky scientists believe the transition INNOVATION past. Such a breakthrough could be ensured by to electric motors opens up prospects for IN AVIATION the more active use of aircraft powered by electric fundamental innovations in the design of civil SINCE THE motors.” aircraft of the future, such as the creation of Almost the same position is shared by Mikhail distributed power systems. INTRODUCTION Gordin, Director General of the Baranov Central Currently, the classic design of civil aircraft OF THE JET Institute of Aviation Motor Development. A involves two thrust centres, featuring two (rarely ENGINE specialised Russian research and engineering four) powerful engines fixed on pylons under the facility operating in the field of aerospace wing. Future designs of electric aircraft may involve propulsion research and aircraft engine the installation of a large number of electric motors technologies, the Institute also believes that along the wing, as well as at its tips. aircraft electrification could be the most significant With regard to fuel savings, the Su-2020’s innovation in aviation since the introduction of the fuel consumption rate will be at least 15% lower jet engine. compared to traditional jet aircraft. Using a large number of such aircraft will, according to experts Creating new markets from the Zhukovsky Institute, achieve a significant reduction of the average cost of transportation Indeed, Russian analysts and aviation engineers, by as much as –75% per passenger, while still think that the new Su-2020 Elektrolet could even ensuring the same high level of reliability and compete with bus and car transport, due to its comfort. ability to offer low ticket prices without the need Analysts from the Russian Ministry of Industry to use major objects of infrastructure typical of and Trade and some independent domestic traditional aviation, such as long runways. experts in the field of aviation believe that According to analysts, the recovery of the the design of such an aircraft will be of great global aviation industry from the Coronavirus benefit to the entire Russian aircraft industry, The Baranov Central may contribute to the growth of the demand for which will provide a powerful impetus for its Institute of Aviation Motor such aircraft. Experts from the Russian Ministry more active development in years to come and Development HQ. of Transport also believe the use of Su-2020 aircraft could also be beneficial for the Russian aviation industry due to the ever-tightening A Savin International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) safety and environmental standards and the need for a constant increase in the efficiency of air transport. The initial version of the Su-2020 will be designed to carry 9-19 passengers, after which a larger 50-seater regional aircraft will be built. It is planned that the new quieter Su-2020 could be used for night flights which may provide an additional growth opportunity for airlines. Experts from the Russian Ministry of Transport estimate that Russia has a good chances to successfully implementing the project, as the country has achieved serious progress in the field of electric aircraft in recent years, while some of its recently designed technologies in this field have few analogues in the world.

JUNE 2020 23 AEROSPACE Russian sustainable aviation Via author Via

Electric charge only in the event of the design of fundamentally Above: The Su- new types of batteries or other electricity sources, 2020 hybrid-electric Although financial details of the project have the capacity of which will be at least three times demonstrator would be based on the Yak-40 not been disclosed, according to sources in the higher than those which are available today. regional trijet. Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade, investment Below opposite page: during the first stage of the project will reach Entering production The hybrid engine for the $300-350m. proposed Su-2020. A In the meantime, the majority of Russian Despite scepticism, the Russian Government, generator was ground independent experts in the field of aircraft together with experts at the Zhukovsky Institute, tested in November 2019. manufacturing consider the prospects for the new are considering commencing series production aircraft and the technologies used in its building of such aircraft in the near future, which may as promising. However, they have also said that take place at the aircraft-building facilities of additional tests are needed in order to reveal its the Russian United Aircraft Corporation. A final full potential. Oleg Panteleev, Head of Analysis decision regarding serial production of the at the Russian Aviaport consultancy said that a Su-2020 will depend on the results of planned further improvement of superconductor technology tests. According to earlier statements from Vitaly used on the Su-2020 project may provide an Davydov, Deputy Director General of the Russian opportunity to design yet more powerful electric Foundation for Advanced Research Projects motors for the aviation industry. (RFARP), the first demonstration flight of the Su- However, in contrast to Panteleev, Oleg Ivanov, 2020 is to be performed in 2020-2021. Head of Marketing Department of A-Group Aero, Analysts from RFARP say that, in addition to one of Russia’s leading fixed base operators (FBO) the Su-2020, the HTSC-electric motor used in its is more sceptical. Ivanov says: “At present batteries design, will also be recommended for installation remain the main limitation for the use of aircraft on electric or hybrid power plants of general powered by electricity. Their specific capacity aviation and rotary-wing aircraft, as well as on is still too low to achieve high speed and range vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) air platforms. characteristics. This makes these electric aircraft too heavy during flight, which negatively affects Hydrogen power their range. Moreover, the battery charging speed takes a long time, which limits the daily flight time In the meantime, the Su-2020 is expected to of the aircraft. Due to the large mass of batteries, be not the only promising Russian development these aircraft will need to have a much larger in the field of green aviation. Last year Russia’s landing mass which means that there will be a need first environmentally friendly and almost silent to radically strengthen their landing gear, which, in piloted aircraft powered by hydrogen was officially turn, will result in reduction of their payload.” presented during the MAKS-2019 air show. Ivanov believes the creation of efficient air Named Sigma-4, the two-seater aircraft has a transport using electric power will be possible 9.8m wingspan and measures 6.2m in length. The

24 AEROSPACE TsAGI

Model of a hydrogen- powered wing in ground effect large cargo vehicle in the wind-tunnel at Russia’s TsAGI.

Sigma-4 has a take-off weight of 600kg and a The return of the airship flight range of up to 300km. The new Sigma-4 is a joint development of Finally, Russia also has plans to revive the concept scientists from the Russian Institute of Problems of airships for the first time after 60 years, of Chemical Physics and engineers from the following the loss of interest in its development Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors from the Soviet Government and World War II. A (which is part of the Zhukovsky Institute). Its design concept of a semi-rigid airship known as main distinguishing feature is a power cell which SW60000 Skywalker, has been recently presented converts energy of the non-burning reaction of in Russia. According to reports, the cruising speed hydrogen with oxygen into electricity. of the newly designed airship will be 100km/h, Scientists at the Zhukovsky Institute are that will allow it to fly at a height of 2,000 metres also currently working on the design of an and ensure a maximum flight range of 4,000km. environmentally-friendly cryogenic-fuelled Initially, these airships will be used for the aircraft, which is expected to have an energy needs of the domestic aerospace industry, efficiency significantly higher than aircraft which particular for the search and rescue of use traditional fuel. This new aircraft will be able astronauts after a planned or emergency landing to carry up to 500 tonnes of cargo and will use (splashdown). According to Igor Kulikov, a senior standard runways. It will operate at ultra-low engineer of the Russian Gagarin Cosmonaut altitudes of 3-12 metres which, according to its Training Center, the current fixed-wing aircraft developers, will allow the ground effect of the used for patrolling, transporting personnel and aircraft to significantly improve its aerodynamics special equipment are not designed for use from and fuel economy. unprepared aerodrome sites, limited endurance and cannot perform VTOL. However, according Via author to Kulikov, all these tasks can be performed by airships. Such aircraft could perform missions such as finding and rescuing crews on land and on water and providing transport and logistical support for the operation of remote space infrastructure. At the initial stage, the fleet of such airships will comprise of ten units, a number which this could then be significantly expanded. The cost of building each airship will amount to RUB 2bn ($30m). According to some Russian analysts, such airships could be considered as perfect replacements for An-2 aircraft which are becoming significantly outdated. If plans go ahead, the commercial production of this airship will begin within the next 2-3 years and will be probably be carried out at some of Russian aircraft manufacturing enterprises, such as the United Aircraft Corporation.

RAeS Climate Change Conference 2020 – Steps to Greener Aviation 3-4 November 2020, RAeS HQ, London JUNE 2020 25 AEROSPACE The future of aviation in 2050

Boarding flight 2050 Despite the current Covid-19 crisis, in the longer-term aviation will still need to meet the challenge of climate change with ever more efficient aircraft. DAVID DEBNEY, Head of Technology for Whole Aircraft, Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI), looks ahead.

s many press releases, commentators parts and work seamlessly together from the and observers have noted, the aviation perspective of the travelling public. This will industry is on the cusp of a third require close cooperation and coordination flight revolution, enabled by advances between governments, funding agencies, in electrical technology. Popular regulators, equipment manufacturers and referencesA to the dream of personal and widely service providers. accessible flying machines in films and television Even with this visionary system in programmes are numerous. place, most passenger miles will be still We believe that aviation connects the be flown on larger aircraft (>50 seats). world, and air transport can make a real It’s likely that large aircraft will not change difference in the way that passengers and very much in appearance, but they will goods are transported as part of a wider multi- become significantly more sustainable modal system. This transport system must be through new vehicle technologies including considered in its entirety rather than individual electrification, operational improvements and sustainable aviation fuels becoming available. Development of better connectivity solutions will connect passengers to the internet in flight as they would be on the ground. Automation and autonomy will make air traffic control and aircraft systems ever safer and more resilient and will enable routine single pilot operation for large commercial aircraft. Drones delivering services and small aircraft using electrical propulsion technology to land and take off vertically will start to help

26 AEROSPACE address mobility challenges across cities. hard-earned position as the safest form of travel New designs for small regional aircraft (sub- per passenger mile. regional) using hybrid power and alternative energy sources will enable commercial flights Large aircraft need to change under between population centres where ground the skin transport does not currently exist, or there is SIGNIFICANT fluctuating demand. Smaller aircraft will lead in We define this category as any aircraft with 50 IMPROVEMENTS the introduction of autonomous technology to seats or more. This category is currently the beating CAN BE enhance safety, increase available passenger heart of the aviation industry and it’s what most capacity and to reduce costs. These innovative people see when they fly. It can be broadly split ACHIEVED air transport solutions will form part of an down into the following segments: regional (50-120 WITH CURRENT increasingly integrated transport system seats), single-aisle (120-220 seats) and widebody AIRCRAFT where transfers between different modes of (twin aisle and generally more than 250 seats). For transport within a single journey, to meet the a multitude of reasons, it is unlikely there will be a ARCHITECTURES: preferences of individual passengers, are move away from a tube-and-wing design for large AIR VEHICLE common. commercial aircraft in the 2050 timeframe. TECHNOLOGY, The aviation industry recognised the importance FLIGHT AND The world is changing of a proactive environmental approach some years ago. Targets were released by the Advisory GROUND Aviation has performed a critical role in connecting Council for Aviation Research and innovation in OPERATIONS, people around the globe for the last 70 years. Europe (ACARE)5 covering topics from emissions DESIGN Boarding Global access and understanding have improved reductions to journey time improvements. The UK REQUIREMENTS significantly as a result of the travel opportunities Department for Transport recently commissioned a offered by aviation. Whilst the aviation industry has report assessing the benefits of current technologies AND been setting itself environmental targets for over 20 in development. This assessment can be used to ALTERNATIVE years, aviation is a very visible target. Social media consider what progress the industry has made ENERGY flight 2050 has contributed to the escalation of sustainability towards the targets, and what more needs to be in the public perception, resulting in actions such done to achieve them in the 2050 timeframe. The SOURCES as protests, physical blocking of runways, and UK Government’s Committee on Climate Change ALL PROVIDE drone airport-disruption threats. In some European (CCC) target of net-zero carbon by 2050 is an even OPPORTUNITY countries there have been social pressures to more challenging target. The ATI is working closely reduce flying, in Swedish there is even a new with industry to consider how to respond to this word ‘flygskam’ which translates as ‘flight shame’. challenge. A pre Covid-19 local reduction in air passenger Significant improvements can be achieved demand has been noted in Sweden, with some with current aircraft architectures: attributing this directly to the effect of the flygskam air vehicle technology, movement, though the trend does not yet appear to flight and ground extend more widely. Some airlines even launched operations, design advertising campaigns asking people to consider requirements alternative modes of transport. and The UK Committee on Climate Change (CCC) alternative released a report proposing a target of net-zero energy carbon emissions for the UK by 2050, to which sources all the government has committed. Aviation must set, provide opportunity. communicate and deliver an ambitious sustainability Single-aisle is the largest agenda to demonstrate commitment to driving market segment, with reduced environmental impact. The ATI has set approximately 16,000 single-aisle aircraft in-service down this challenge in our new UK technology globally. Introducing an additional type of regional strategy, Accelerating Ambition. or single-aisle aircraft would provide an opportunity to take advantage of typical missions that these Safety must remain a priority aircraft fly in service. Today, around 85% of missions are 800nm or less, compared with typical Top opposite page: One of the reasons commercial air transport aircraft capability of 3500nm. Splitting the design easyjet-Wright Electric. has become such a success story is a universal requirements could enable technology avenues such (easyJet) commitment to safety. Whatever the technological as electrification to have a greater impact in the Bottom opposite page: KLM tu Delft flying V. change, this fundamental principle must remain at large commercial aircraft segment by 2050. (KLM/Delft) the heart of the aviation industry. Certification takes For widebody aircraft, even a hybrid solution is This page: A DLR concept time and can be very costly. We need to find and unlikely before 2050 given the power and energy idea of efficient flight with implement new more efficient ways of regulating requirements. To summarise, the smaller the aircraft electric-tail propulsion. and ensuring safety, but aviation must not lose its and the shorter the range, the sooner electrical (DLR)

JUNE 2020 27 AEROSPACE The future of aviation in 2050

propulsion technology is likely to have an impact. development around the world in this category. The challenge for introducing electrical Based on the projected size of this market, some propulsion technology into large commercial aircraft of the world’s largest companies have invested is based on power and energy. Estimates vary, but significant capital. It has also attracted small according to Airbus CTO Grazia Vittadini, battery companies with innovative ideas. Many of these technology would have to improve energy density by companies are new to aviation but have been around 30 times before a battery powered single- attracted by the opportunity to innovate and aisle aircraft becomes viable. Based on optimistic contribute to solving the mobility challenge. projections of current battery development rates, Countries around the world have been showing this would take around 50 years, taking us beyond interest in sustainable aviation solutions. Norway the 2050 timeframe. Hydrogen fuel cells are a has publicly stated an intent to have all-electric possible alternative to batteries and currently offer domestic commercial flights by 2040. The aircraft performance benefits, though there are issues with that are likely to meet this demand are small aircraft the production, usage and storage of hydrogen in a segment known as ‘sub-regional’. These aircraft which need to be resolved. The ATI is working with will carry 12-40 passengers and are small enough industry to develop and launch projects which will that battery electrification and hydrogen fuel cells directly address these technological challenges. offer solutions in the 2050 timeframe. The ATI already has programmes looking to progress the Smaller aircraft offer innovation related propulsion and power technology. opportunities Historically aircraft of this size have struggled to make an impact in the market, but electrical At the small end of the scale, say 40 seats or propulsion technology could make operating fewer, there are many more opportunities for visible costs for these aircraft significantly cheaper. innovation which can be realised in the 2050 Using electricity or hydrogen generated from timeframe. This is where the general public is likely renewable sources would also make them much to first see visual evidence of the technological more environmentally sustainable. Operating routes changes we have described. between cities with these aircraft could compete The biggest change that electrification allows with other transport modes on an emissions basis is to enable an increase in the number of ‘engines’ and offer flexible solutions where ground-based or propulsion units. This enables a range of options are impractical or expensive. distributed propulsion architectures, where there are more propulsion units than power sources. Sustainable fuels provide an These propulsors can be actively used to enhance important part of the puzzle the vehicle aerodynamics or produce active aircraft control capability. Internal combustion engines It has been asserted by some commentators that become less efficient as they reduce in size and electrification will deliver significant decarbonisation the maintenance costs multiply with each engine, of air transport by 2050. Electrification can provide so evolutionary designs have ended up with the part of the solution but will need to be combined smallest number of the largest-size engines with a range of other technologies including possible. Furthermore, design, development sustainable low carbon impact fuels. Around 95% and certification costs do not scale linearly with of UK aviation emissions are produced by large size. Electrical machines do not have the same commercial aircraft, and electrification will have efficiency issues and their associated costs are low most impact in smaller aircraft. in comparison to gas turbines. Various technologies for Small aircraft known as eVTOLs (electric sustainable low carbon vertical take-off and landing), which could impact aviation fuels accommodate up to five passengers, offer the are already potential to change transport across and between cities. Using electrical technology to distribute the propulsion means these new designs should be more efficient, quieter and cheaper to operate than helicopters. There are currently around 200 different aircraft concepts in

28 AEROSPACE Conclusions Left: The Airbus Bird of Prey concept design. (Airbus) Ultimately, it should be remembered that air Below: The NASA double transport provides global benefit to millions of bubble D8. (NASA) people, and the problem is emissions, not aviation Opposite page lower left: DLR distributed power available as a transport mode. The aviation industry has an regional airliner concept. or under opportunity to demonstrate disruptive innovation (DLR) development to address this challenge, following 50 years of Opposite page middle left: but more investment and research are needed to evolutionary development. Investments in improving Single aisle turbo-electric make them scalable. Preferably, these new fuels vehicle technology through the ATI programme aircraft concept. (NASA) should be interchangeable with existing fuels. To must continue and accelerate; but other areas such achieve maximum sustainability within the UK transport system, hard decisions need to be made to prioritise sustainable fuels for aviation over other transport modes where alternative solutions exist, such as electric cars. However, the aviation industry needs to take the lead in this area; it cannot wait for other industries to develop solutions and then expect to claim the sustainable fuel produced..

There will also be changes in the cockpit

Pre-pandemic projections for global growth in aviation predicted a major shortage of pilots. While this may not be an issue in the current situation of significantly fewer flights, it is likely to return as an as operational changes and sustainable fuels will industry-wide challenge which may impact industry make an important contribution. These changes will growth in the medium and long term. One solution make air transport more sustainable and able to may be to reduce the number of pilots in the offer new solutions to mobility challenges. Some of cockpit. This trend already has precedent as aircraft the improvements outlined need multinational co- in the 1960s often had five crew on the flight deck operation in order to be realised, and the UK should and aircraft only have two crew on the flight deck take a leading diplomatic role in brokering these today. Many aerospace companies are already discussions. working on systems to enable this, though it is An opportunity exists to introduce a new likely require a major redesign of cockpits to ensure type of aircraft within the regional or single-aisle the pilot can access the required information in segment which has significantly lower fuel burn or any scenario while avoiding getting overloaded. even zero tailpipe emissions, through incorporation While single pilot operation may become a of new technology, though it will not outwardly reality in the 2050 timeframe, it is unlikely that appear much different to existing designs. Serious fully autonomous aircraft (no pilot) will be flying consideration needs to be given to accelerating commercial passenger operations in this timeframe. the introduction of this type of aircraft, as current This is partially related to the technology, regulatory market conditions do not incentivise aircraft and legal challenges, but also due to manufacturer manufacturers to pursue this. product timescales.. Smaller aircraft types offer opportunities to provide different types of air transport service Fundamental system-of-system providing greater flexibility to the travelling public, changes are needed but they must be sustainable from the outset. Electrical and hydrogen technology will have a Air traffic management will need to be major impact on this sector, and this is where fundamentally changed to increase capacity and the general public will first see the impact of offer more efficient flight paths for large aircraft. electrification. This will allow the sharing of airspace between Right now, many within the global aerospace existing platforms and new types of passenger air sector are focused on their short-term survival vehicles and drone platforms. Enabling aircraft to in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. The ATI is fly optimised or direct routing has been estimated doing all we can to support UK industry in these to offer up to 10% reduction in fuel usage for unprecedented times. We believe it is vital for the large aircraft. Ground infrastructure will need to sector to not lose sight of what we all hope can be enable aircraft to taxi emission-free, and provide achieved in the next 30 years and hence continue standardised high capacity electric charging.. to invest in research and technology at pace..

JUNE 2020 29 AEROSPACE Electric aircraft Sparking an electric revolution

Could the UK produce its own regional electric aircraft design? BILL READ FRAeS reports from Cranfield University on the work of Cranfield Aerospace Solutions and its ambitious plans to compete in the emerging market for ‘green’ electric-powered aircraft.

ranfield Aerospace Solutions (CAeS) is a aerospace OEMs,” explained CAeS CEO Paul Hutton. company owned by Cranfield University “This also means that for projects such as these with aircraft design organisation we are completely at the whim of these companies’ capability/approval (DOA) for complex discretionary spend and we can have good years and modifications to existing aircraft, which bad years depending on how many projects we are Ccan also design and create new concept aircraft working on.” or flying demonstrators. CAeS also has production organisation approval (POA) from the UK Civil Aviation An electric opportunity Authority (CAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Authority (EASA) for complex modifications, as However, CAeS recently announced plans to use its well as a similar range of military approvals . design and manufacturing capabilities to branch out Over the past 20 years since the company was in a new direction with the ambitious aim of restarting set up, CAeS has been working on projects for the manufacturing of complete aircraft in the UK. major OEMs, such as Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed “The core capability of Cranfield Aerospace is that we Martin and Raytheon. It also designed and built the have retained all the engineering disciplines to enable X-48 dynamically scaled jet engined blended wing us to design a whole new aircraft concept or one-off demonstrator for Boeing/NASA. “Because we are flying demonstrator for clients,” declared Hutton. a small company we are more agile and can do “However, we can also use these core capabilities to one-off demonstrators more quickly than the large develop our own projects.” Loganair Airbus Rolls-Royce

30 AEROSPACE CAeS has been looking at particular aircraft Dennis Ferranti the electric motors; and Warwick manufacturing sectors where a new entry might be Manufacturing Group will do the battery testing. feasible. “How do you introduce a new competitor Also involved is Scottish regional airline Loganair in the aircraft market?” asks Hutton. “You clearly which plans to introduce the electric version of the don’t begin by entering the very competitive single Islander on its shortest ‘island-hopping routes’ in and twin-aisle aircraft market. The answer is to find the Orkney islands. Critical to solving some of the a niche. We think that where we could be credible tougher technical challenges will be the support of and able to compete is in the small sub-regional Cranfield University. nine to 19-seat aircraft market. This is currently Half the money for the project has come from a neglected sector as, in the present market, the partner companies with the other 50% of such small aircraft are not economical to operate funding being providing by the UK Government’s with conventional fuels and airlines have largely Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI), as part of a upgraded to larger aircraft. However, there has match funding programme. been a lot of attention in the past 12 months on ‘green’ aviation and the potential market for these Hybrid design smaller sub-regional electric aircraft. With electric propulsion, all of a sudden, a sector that didn’t Phase 1 will begin with partners starting on their make any economic sense, now makes a lot of own individual projects. CAeS is considering sense.” acquiring more than one Islander from Britten- Flickr/Brakspear Norman, one to fit the new electric engines to and Project Fresson another non-working airframe for engineers to work on. So that it will be easier for the regulators to CAeS is not merely proposing entering the electric certificate, the aircraft will feature a hybrid-electric aircraft market, it has already done so with Project architecture. The conventional engines will be Fresson. Named after Scottish aviation pioneer Ted replaced by two electric motors fed by a battery Fresson, the £18m project aims to refit a nine- pack. Behind the battery packs will be a hybrid seat twin-engine Britten-Norman Islander with an element – a fuel-efficient conventional motor. electric propulsion system (see Electric pioneer, “The architecture will be capable of pure February 2019, p38). CAeS is currently leading electric flight,” explained Hutton. “The aircraft will a consortium with Britten-Norman, Rolls-Royce, be able to fly on batteries for around 20min. The Delta Motor Sport, Dennis Ferranti and Warwick range extender will allow the aircraft to have an Manufacturing Group. Britten-Norman is providing endurance similar to the current conventionally- Ted Fresson’s statue the airframe; Rolls-Royce will provide the critical engined version, with necessary safety reserve. We at Inverness Airport in power management design and implementation; are hoping to have a flying demonstrator within 30 Dalcross. Delta Motor Sport will supply the battery pack; months.”

Right clockwise from left: Britten-Norman Islander operated by Loganair, Airbus automated assembly facility in Hamburg, Rolls- Royce ACCEL electric demonstrator. Left clockwise from top: Aston Martin’s Volante Vision concept, Loganair Islander in snow at Fair Isle, the Boeing X-48 BWB. Aston Martin NASA Dave Wheeler

JUNE 2020 31 AEROSPACE Electric aircraft

Towards an all-new electric aircraft the wider UK aerospace industry. We are now seeking third-party investment funding to allow CAeS to grow However, the conversion of the Islander is only the its capabilities so that we can be correctly sized and beginning of a longer-term plan. CAeS plans to use structured to play a key role in this. the knowledge and technology learned from Phase 1 to move onto Project Phase 2 which is the electric SETTING UP Evolution not revolution conversion of a larger 19-seat aircraft (such as a de A NEW UK Havilland Canada/Viking Air Twin Otter). ‘From the MANUFACTURING Hutton explained how the plan to create a new architecture that we develop from converting the CENTRE WILL electric aircraft design would come in stages: Phase 1 aircraft, we can then scale up to convert the “We’re not going to introduce all-new technology Phase 2 aircraft,” said Hutton. TAKE MORE THAN straightaway, as that would delay certification and, Phase 3 of the project is even more ambitious and US. TO BUILD so, introduction. Instead, we want to find the quickest is nothing less than the design and manufacture of an THESE AIRCRAFT way with existing proven technology. We decided that all-new British regional electric aircraft. Hutton asserts IN THE UK ..., IT the quickest route to electrically-powered commercial that the UK is uniquely placed to take the lead in the WILL ALSO BE passenger service was to begin with adapting an emerging market for electric-powered commercial existing airframe. We can then go to the regulator aircraft. “The UK has largely lost its own whole aircraft NECESSARY TO with an aircraft that they already know. It’s not an end design and manufacturing capability because we’ve INVEST IN THE in itself, it’s a means to an end to prove that electric focused (for good financial reasons) on being part CREATION OF A aircraft can be certified for commercial operation.” of the global supply chain of larger non-UK aircraft NEW INDUSTRY “We’re following the lead taken by automotive OEMs,” he explained. “However, with our proven manufacturers who don’t begin by designing a new aerospace expertise and approvals, CAeS is well 4.0 FLEXIBLE engine for a new car but with a new engine for an positioned to develop our own aircraft products. We AIRCRAFT existing car. Then, you wrap a new car around that can therefore play a critical role as an early stage new MANUFACTURING engine. We intend to follow the same path. In Phase 1 aircraft integrator, working with aerospace partners, to FACILITY we will get approval for a new propulsion architecture enable the UK to lead the green aerospace revolution. for an existing airframe. An evolution of that new When asked by AEROSPACE whether this meant propulsion system architecture can then be used in that CAeS intended to set itself up as a new British a new aircraft. Once the engine design is approved, aircraft manufacturing OEM, Paul Hutton had an we can then go to regulators with modifications – for interesting reply: “Setting up a new UK manufacturing example, more efficient lithium-oxide batteries.” centre will take more than us. To build these aircraft in the UK (and deliver other disruptive whole Creating an electric supply chain aircraft projects), it will also be necessary to invest in the creation of a new Industry 4.0 flexible aircraft Hutton also explained that another reason why this manufacturing facility. It will need a collaboration of gradual approach was important was to generate government, local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) and business for companies supplying to the electric

G-CUEING: making flight simulation more immersive Another area that CAeS is involved in is flight simulation with a particular specialisation in ‘G-cueing’. G-cueing is a simulation of the g-force experienced by fighter pilots during their normal operations. “Normal flight simulator can’t replicate this, as they’re on legs,” explains Paul Hutton. “This is fine for commercial pilots as, if they experience significant g-forces, then they’re doing something wrong. However, for military pilots, this is part of their job. You can train them in a centrifuge but this is very expensive and you can’t do much operational training in a centrifuge. What this system does, rather than producing an actual g-force, is confuse the brain into thinking it’s experiencing g-force. So, we start with a basic ejector seat; we use high fidelity actuation pressure behind the seat and seat back, we move the whole seat up and down through a few centimetres to move the pilot’s eye line, we compress the spine through the harness and through the g-suit. The latest generation of fighters also have special helmets for pilots, such as the BAE Systems Striker II. These advanced helmets ‘paint’ a high definition video picture inside the visor of the operational information necessary during real flight. We can plug those helmets into the g-seat during training and create a fully immersive virtual training experience. There are also other applications in simulating other motion experiences, such as in corporate entertainment or in fully immersive driving or flight sims – either individual or linked.” Over 20 armed forces around the world use CAeS simulation solutions for their airborne training because of their ability to produce realistic onset and sustained G-cues. CAeS recently delivered 33 seats to the US Navy for the F-18 Hornet fleet. Says Hutton: “Using data inputs from the aircraft flight model, our systems provide extremely realistic physical simulation which complements the visual simulation CAeS motion-cueing seat. available from existing fixed-base solutions and so provide added value to training around the world.”

32 AEROSPACE goldencondor/goldencondor

aircraft market. “The reason that’s important to the cars. Flexible batch manufacturing can be used to UK is that it creates the supply chain necessary to work on different aircraft projects in the same factory. create that aircraft,” said Hutton. “On the back of In addition to battery-power, CAeS is also looking at Stage 2 of the that supplemental type certificate (STC) we will have the potential of fuel cells which would have 100% created a supply chain in the UK for battery packs zero carbon emissions. Fresson Project and electric motors. If that supply chain is created in envisages another country, then it will be much harder for UK All this and a flying car too converting a suppliers to enter this new market at a later date.” larger 19-seat In addition to the Project Fresson, CAeS was also Twin Otter Window of opportunity involved with Aston Martin’s Volante Vision concept launched at the Farnborough Air Show in 2018, to to electric Hutton believes that there is a brief window of create a new eVTOL aircraft aimed at the premium propulsion. opportunity for the UK aerospace industry to take eVTOL market which would not be dependent on the the lead in electric-powered aircraft. “The UK has creation of urban ATM environments necessary for currently got a very significant presence in aerospace air taxis in cities. As well as working on these new but, unless we continue developing new technology, enterprises, CAeS will also continue working on other we won’t be able to be involved in new projects,” he projects with OEMs. declares. ‘The UK has got the experience and know- how to develop electric aircraft but we need to move Future challenges quickly or we will lose the race and other countries are taking the lead.” There are still many issues to be resolved. As However, Hutton is optimistic for the future of Project Fresson is still in the early stages of its Project Fresson now that both the UK Government first phase, it is too early to speculate what form and major companies have become involved. “The the Phase 3 aircraft might take. However, some ATI money is very important,” he stated. “It also helps issues are already being considered, such as that when getting investment for our other projects from of intellectual property (IP) rights. “As the projects third parties if they see that the UK Government develop, we will decide who has ownership of what,” is investing in the project, as it gives you a level of said Hutton. “There will be some joint IP but partner credibility. It’s also good that we’ve now got a major companies will retain IP that they develop in their OEM in the form of Rolls-Royce involved on Project own fields.” Fresson Phase 1, as well as experts who know about Another question is whether the new electric battery packs, testing and electric motors.” aircraft should be piloted. “The aim is for the first Hutton also believes that Fresson Phase 3 will future electric aircraft to be piloted because it will be be able to take advantage of new manufacturing quicker to certify,” said Hutton. “Then, as technology techniques adapted for line manufacture of super develops, we might look at autonomous versions.”

JUNE 2020 33 AEROSPACE Aerospace heritage To infinity and beyond

In the 21st century, how do aviation museums and archives remain relevant in the aerospace industry, society and future generations? TONY PILMER, National Aerospace Library, Dr TIM POWELL, The National Archives and PETER ELLIOT, Chair of the RAeS Historical Group look at preserving and promoting the records of Britain’s

aviation and aerospace heritage. Bristol Aerospace

ur industry is littered with stories of Aerospace giants, such as BAE Systems and amazing historic material being sent Boeing, are putting time and money into using their to the dump – whether it is the story history as a key asset. The conference heard from of a chief draughtsman solving the two of the key figures in the aero corporate archives problem of a lack of space for paper sector – Howard Mason from BAE Systems and, via Oplans by dumping the dusty old blueprints, or a CEO a video, Michael Lombardi from Boeing, about how proudly saying that they cut costs by giving the they use their company’s past to support the day-to- order to destroy the archive. However, hundreds of day business of their companies. AN EFFECTIVE enthusiasts, both volunteers and professionals, not ARCHIVE only profoundly disagree with them, but work week- Looking back to look forward in, week-out to make these collections live. Over IS ALSO A one hundred people came together at Aerospace The past provides concrete examples of how the WAY TO WIN Bristol in February to discuss why an understanding organisation meets its key values and shows how CONTRACTS. of our aviation past is a key asset for today’s the cultural DNA spreads across the generations. THE ARCHIVE aerospace professionals and how to best make their In the case of BAE Systems, it can draw on many resources available for the aerospace community examples of where it has been ‘Trusted, Innovative IS THE and beyond. and Bold’ – all the way back to the creation of COMPANY’S CV

34 AEROSPACE RAF Museum the Woolwich Royal Arsenal in 1560. In the case of organisations such as the Royal Aeronautical Society, this is done by all new members of staff receiving tours of both No4 Hamilton Place and the National Aerospace Library to show how the Society has supported its members over 150 years, many of whom are playing similar roles to those who came before them. These organisations are also the guardian of their company’s reputation. Michael Lombardi gave an example of the growth of interest in Boeing prompted by its 2016 centenary. By being the proactive authoritative source of historical knowledge, Boeing was able to correct some of the more ‘interesting’ assertions. Millions of dollars have been saved by Boeing through the use of archive RAF Museum documents to support legal claims. However, the biggest use of the Boeing archive is to support current Boeing projects, through acceleration of innovation and new product development, solving current problems and verifying details. After all, why reinvent the wheel when you can see how things were done in the past? Staff at the RAF Museum’s reading room have helped one firm research the Valiant’s undercarriage to gain ideas for their next project and there are rumours that NASA looked at Major Mayo’s patents for the release system used in the composite aircraft of the 1930s when adapting the 747 that carried the Space Shuttle. Who knows how many answers to today’s problems can be found in the pure science held in the Royal Aircraft Establishment’s technical reports, now cared for by the FAST archive, or the lectures and papers published in The Aeronautical to read their reports, listen to their lectures and read Aviation museums today Journal? Has technology caught up with some failed their autobiographies. Aerospace has had great are shifting from the display advanced aircraft scheme that was well before its leaders, not least William Allen of Boeing, Lord Hives of objects to the telling of personal stories to attract time? Can a successful concept inspire a new way of Rolls-Royce and Sir George Edwards of BAC. a wider family audience of thinking? The idea that could become the ‘next Inspiration can be given to everyone in the beyond the traditional big thing’ may already be in the archive. organisation; it is proof that what we do makes enthusiasts. An effective archive is also a way to win history. It shows that we have overcome problems contracts. The archive is the company’s CV – it in the past, whether getting into space, designing shows how the company has succeeded in similar and building Concorde or, further in the past, projects. Governments and corporate customers can designing and building the Spitfires and Hurricanes be won over by a carefully created package showing that played such an important part in winning the how they have received excellent service from the Second World War. Just handling and using archive company over previous generations. Links can material inspires. also be formed throughout the organisation when We can use our archives to inspire the next customers realise that their archive is not as rich as generation of aerospace professionals. With the they might wish and an appeal to a well-organised sound of school children drawing inspiration from BAE Systems company archives at Farnborough. archive for historical images and other information Concorde in the background, the conference heard can create good new contacts. from Amy Seadon, Aerospace Bristol’s Learning and Community Engagement Manager, on its approach to Deciding the future engaging the young. Here the keys were concept and practicality; firstly, you need to find a story, put your Archives can also be a key asset for leadership, audience in the shoes of those behind the story and giving managers an understanding of why a decision create awe. Practically – you also need to impress the was made in past years, and can be used to draw teachers. Teachers work very hard, want to take their inspiration from the leadership styles of past feet off the accelerator during school visits and you leaders. How better to understand the motives and must make it easy for them! You also need to be safe,

personalities of the leading aircraft designers than reliable, stress-free and good value for money. BAE Systems

JUNE 2020 35 AEROSPACE Aerospace heritage

Amy touched on another aspect that affects all RAeS/NAL attention to social history tend to be those that can heritage collections. Though our collections hold still trade on visitors’ personal memories.’ (Making obvious appeal for those wanting to tap into the Histories in Museums: Making Histories in Transport STEM subjects of science, technology, engineering Museums, (Leicester: Leicester University Press, and maths, we can use our collections in a multi- 2001) p 81). Museums are now often seen as disciplinary approach, with art, languages, RE and somewhere that families can go for a day out, rather social studies, not to mention history. This goes than temples where the faithful enthusiasts can go much wider; though aviation historians will always to worship. It is much easier for people to get close be the core users of aviation collections, archives to aircraft in museums than at airfields – the days can and do help many others. For example, in the when spotters could wander around hangars are creative arts, we help set designers, art students, long gone. How better to inspire a two-year-old than novelists, documentary makers, design historians putting her behind the wheel of a McLaren F1 car and playwrights. One of the National Aerospace and asking her ten-year-old sister to build a model Library’s lithographs of the 18th century balloonist aeroplane using machinery once used in the Vickers Balloon lithograph from the Vincenzo Lunardi was used by the Chicago RAeS National Aerospace factory. Symphony Orchestra as part of a backdrop to a Library’s collection. live orchestra performance of Haydn Beyond the The NAL is kept busy A squadron of aero-archives Score and there are no prizes for spotting one of answering queries from all the library’s spare issues of The Aeronautical Journal around the globe. The other big theme from the conference was being read by Prince Philip in The Crown. finding ways in which the aero archives community The balance between humans and technology is could work together, learn from each other, learn shifting for all aero heritage collections. For a long together and, by doing so, get a louder voice for time, the emphasis has been on the latter, perhaps aero archives. driven by those who have a fascination for the This process began in November 2018 when shapes, sounds and overall excitement associated a group of archivists, librarians and those working with aircraft and other forms of transport. It has Bristol Brabazon with corporate archives met at the Leonardo been argued that this market has become saturated works, Yeovil. From this meeting the Aviation and and museums are turning to the non-specialist lands at Aerospace Archives Initiative was begun. Its focus visitor. In their book, Making Histories in Museums, Farnborough over was on encompassing archives, in whatever form, Divall and Scott comment on the ‘Wow factor’ its famous ‘Black relating to the design, manufacture and operation associated with the large scale of transport objects. Sheds’. of aircraft flying within and beyond the Earth’s They point out the trend for transport museums to atmosphere. turn to social history ‘for a pressing practical reason: From the beginning, a clear preference was to stem the loss of visitors. Museums which pay little expressed, not to adopt a formal structure for the BAE Systems Boeing

group, but to retain a loose coalition which could will also be used to identify significant gaps, and can lead to strengthening partnerships and creating new help suggest appropriate approaches to fill those ones, bringing in the whole range of custodians: gaps, perhaps by carrying out activities such as oral Boeing’s never- established aviation and science and technology history projects. museums; aviation societies and other heritage The third task was to provide help and support. realised Sonic bodies; professional bodies; businesses and Already we have had calls to help volunteer Cruiser design companies; individual pioneers and workers; archive archivists with an ABC of how to organise their from 2001. services holding records; and enthusiasts. collections, and we will soon launch an online guide The company The first task was to give the people who do the at www.aviationarchives.uk. The conference also work some opportunities where they could come heard presentations on how to undertake collection maintains an together. With the support of the Royal Aeronautical moves, work with volunteers and some top tips extensive working Society, Aerospace Bristol and the National from one of the biggest volunteer-run collections archive which Archives, 100 such people came together at our – those held by the Farnborough Air Sciences helps inspire conference in Bristol. We also launched an e-mail Trust (FAST). We also had calls to hear more about discussion list and people can sign-up via www. basic conservation work, so delegates could see new recruits, jiscmail.ac.uk/AVIATIONARCHIVES. what the National Aerospace Library’s conservation solve current The second task was to find out what material volunteers do in action and speak to Preservation engineering is held by those groups and individuals in the aero Equipment Limited, one of the UK’s biggest community and in the wider archives community and conservation material suppliers. challenges and to let people know about them. If you want to learn lessons on leadership from Sir Peter Masefield, Protecting the past you first need to know that his papers have been beautifully catalogued and conserved at Brooklands. How can this work be seen as a success? We have started this process by exploring who cares Encouraging greater exploitation of our amazing for the surviving material from the UK’s airframe collections to inspire a wide audience, certainly. manufacturers. In the future we will move to those Coming together to exchange ideas and mutual organisations involved in other aerospace research, support, definitely. However the toughest test will be development, manufacturing and operations in the making the owners of archives, especially those at UK. If you want to contribute information towards the top of today’s aerospace companies, agree the the survey, contact Alison Turton at alisonturton@ business case for exploiting our aero archives. We hotmail.co.uk. Once the map of existing archive don’t want to hear of more former CEOs boasting holdings is complete, it will provide an online guide that they had destroyed yet more decades of our to aero archives that will enable the aero community aero history, thereby losing many opportunities to link references and collections online to improve for their companies, the industry and the wider searches across the complete network. The survey community.

JUNE 2020 37 DEFENCE UK aircraft carriers

n 28 February, the Royal Navy’s The QE-class carriers were designed to operate second Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft using Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning IIs, the short carrier HMS Prince of Wales (R09), take-off and landing (STOVL) variant of the Joint sailed up the Mersey to dock at the Strike Fighter. However, the type of aircraft expected port of Liverpool for a week-long to operate from the PoW has been subject to the Ovisit before continuing her sea trials in the Irish Sea. number of changes in Government decisions. At one Construction on the ship first began in May 2011 point there were plans for the PoW to be built with a when HMS Prince of Wales was built in sections at catapult assisted take-off barrier arrested recovery six different shipyards by a number of contractors (CATOBAR) to enable the carrier to use the F-35C led by a consortium of Babcock, BAE Systems, naval variant of the JSF but, due to escalating costs, Thales UK and the MoD. Assembled at Rosyth, this was not fitted. As a result, both carriers feature a the carrier was floated out in December 2017 and raised ‘ski jump’ at the bow end of the flight deck and commissioned in December 2019. can only deploy aircraft capable of STOVL operations

BILL READ FRAeS reports from Liverpool where the Royal Navy’s second Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier HMS Prince of Wales paid a visit earlier this year to showcase the new warship’s capabilities. Onboard the UK’s Supercarrier

38 AEROSPACE Right: View to the iconic or rotary wing vertical take-off and landing aircraft. Liver building and Three The first impression on seeing the HMS Prince Graces of Liverpool’s of Wales, is one of size. Together with her sister ship dockside from the PoW flight deck. HMS Queen Elizabeth, the two new supercarriers are the largest ships ever built for the Royal Navy. Below: HMS Prince of Wales will be equipped According to figures from the Royal Navy, the 284m with Wildcat and Merlin long, 65,000t carrier has a 280m x 70m flight deck helicopters. – equivalent to the space needed for three football pitches. The carrier has a minimum crew of 700, rising to 1,600 with aircraft on board.

Twin islands

The QE-class carriers can carry up to 40 aircraft, either all helicopters or up to 36 F-35s and four helicopters. Unlike many aircraft carriers which feature a single island superstructure, the QE- class carriers have two, a forward island for the navigation bridge and an aft island for controlling Alex Ceolin flying operations. Beneath the flight deck are nine more decks. The hangar deck is 155m x 33.5m with enough storage space for 20 fixed and rotary wing aircraft. Two lifts can carry two F-35-sized aircraft or one Chinook-sized helicopter to and from the hangar and the flight deck.

Wildcat defence

Protection for the Prince of Wales against surface and sub-surface threats will be provided by Leonardo AW159 Wildcat and AW101 Merlin helicopters while the carrier will also be fitted with the Phalanx anti-aircraft and anti-missile gun system, as well as miniguns and 30mm cannon for close-in threats. The role of helicopters in the maritime task group was outlined by Leonardo’s Maritime Marketing Manager, Louis Wilson-Chalon. He explained how the naval AW159 Wildcat helicopters used on destroyers and escort frigates were fitted with ship-air additional interfaces, including negative thrust, lashing points and deck lock to keep the aircraft on the deck; castoring nose wheels to facilitate manoeuvering while on the deck; and manual blade folding to enable the helicopters to fit into the smallest possible space when not being used. The naval variant Wildcat can perform a number of missions, ranging from aerial reconnaissance, anti-surface warfare (ASuW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search and rescue. The aircraft can protect a maritime task group by using its radar, automatic identification system (AIS) and electronic support measures (ESM) to detect a potential threat at ranges of up to 199nm. It then identifies it at ranges of up to 50nm and can deploy a range of different weapons to attack the target (MBDA Sea Venom missiles or Thales Martlet lightweight multirole air-to-surface missiles for surface ships

JUNE 2020 39 DEFENCE UK aircraft carriers

or Stingray torpedos for underwater threats). The Wildcat is fitted with a tactical processor and human- machine interface which can be used to display a wide range of data, from situational awareness images to weapon and target information. Leonardo is also flight testing new ‘weapon wings’ for the Royal Navy Wildcat helicopter which can carry anti-ship missiles, each wing capable of accommodating two Sea Venoms or ten Thales Martlets. The weapon wings are designed in such a way that they can also provide additional lift for the helicopter in forward flight. The Leonardo AW101 Merlin helicopters used on the QE-class carriers are customised for maritime operations with folding rotors and other features. They can be also be used for ASW task group From top to bottom: On the protection. The new upgraded AW101 Merlin Mk4 bridge of the HMS Prince Commando will be used for amphibious transport of of Wales, heraldic feathers of the Prince of Wales on equipment and personnel. the second island, PoW Additionally, Leonardo equips the HMS Prince of cruises the Mersey, view Wales with an internal and external communications along the flight deck. network which connects crewmembers stationed throughout the 65,000-tonne warship.

A celebration of engineering

During her eight-day visit to Liverpool, HMS Prince of Wales was visited by over 20,000 people. Following two open days for the general public, the PoW hosted a Celebration of UK Engineering event for apprentices and engineering students. The internal hangar was utilised as an exhibition space for all the different people and companies involved in the ship’s creation, operation and future. MoD Advertised as ‘a celebration of UK engineering excellence’, the event was organised by UKNEST (UK Naval Engineering, Science and Technology) representing the companies and organisations involved in the naval sector. In addition to Leonardo, other companies on show were Atlas Elektronik UK, Babcock International Group, BAE Systems, BMT, Cammel Laird, DE&S, Dstl, GE Power Conversion, IMarEST, L3Harris, Lloyd’s Register, Lockheed Martin UK, Rolls-Royce, Systems Engineering and Assessment (SEA) and Thales. A lecture theatre space in the hangar featured a number of presentations on the building and operation of the carriers, as well as information on careers in engineering. There was also an address from Jeremy Quin MP, Minister for Defence Procurement.

The future

Looking to the future, the Royal Navy sees the role for the two new carriers as the centre of a carrier strike force for carrier strike missions, enforcing no-fly zones, deploying Royal Marine Commandos, delivering humanitarian aid and building international partnerships with Britain’s allies.

The Route to Air Power 2040, Conference 6-7 October 2020, RAeS HQ, London 40 AEROSPACE Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

An artist impression of a SpaceX Crew Dragon docking with the International Space Station as it will during a mission for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. As AEROSPACE goes to press, the first crewed test flight of Crew Dragon is scheduled to lift off on 27 May from Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. SpaceX.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 50 NAL Film Archive – President One Giant Leap, Handbook of Aviation and Space The National Aerospace Library has launched a new Medicine, Crew Resource Management and Air online heritage film archive which displays over 30 “As a Fellow of both the RAeS and the AIAA, I was Transport. films stored at the Society for many decades. very pleased to be able to participate in a signing ceremony for a new Memorandum of Understanding between the AIAA and the RAeS, the two leading 48 Library Additions 52 Call for EPA Assessors membership aerospace organisations.” Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. The Society’s new End Point Assessment service to support Apprenticeship Standards for the – Chief Executive 49 Online Book Reviews aerospace sector is now well underway. “The unrelenting progress of Covid-19 continues Full-length reviews of recent publications 54 Obituary to dominate our lives and the fortunes of the are included in two of the Society’s monthly aerospace and aviation sectors. Self-evidently, publications. Pdfs of these are then published on Geoff Howell CEng FRAeS, regulatory freedom to fly and the generation the Society’s website. RAeS President 1990-1991. of individual passenger confidence are the key building-blocks for recovery.”

JUNE 2020 41

Afterburner_June2020.indd 3 22/05/2020 11:56:28 Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

Prof Jonathan Cooper Sharp-eyed readers of the last edition of the Society’s Accreditation staff to discuss best AEROSPACE will have noted that due to the ongoing practice in meeting these challenges, not only for Covid-19 situation and the resulting exceptional the current academic year but also for the 2020- circumstances, the Trustees have determined that 21 session which is likely to be ‘virtual’ to a certain the ‘Presidential-Clock’ is stopped. Consequently, I extent. A lively discussion resulted with many good have the honour of being the first President since the ideas being voiced. I hope to run a similar session 1940s to have two consecutive years in office. I hope in a few months’ time. This meeting was a good that by the time my ‘second innings’ has finished, we example of the Society facilitating discussion will be well-over the worst of the effects of Covid-19 between interested parties on a pressing topic and and that the aerospace and aviation industries will be determining a way forward. on the long road to recovery. Looking back at my first As a Fellow of both the RAeS and the AIAA, AEROSPACE Presidential Message in June 2019, I was very pleased to be able to participate in I see that I wrote: “I often tell the undergraduates a signing ceremony for a new Memorandum that I teach that this is a good time to start a career of Understanding between the AIAA and the in aerospace or aviation. There are many challenges RAeS, the two leading membership aerospace that need to be addressed, for aviation this is most organisations. Over 200 people from across Europe, notably the reduction of the environmental impact; the US and Australia were able to tune in to see this goal will be achieved through the development John Langford, President of the AIAA, and myself of new technologies, configurations and modes of sign the MoU. The MoU will enable both Societies operating air-vehicles.” While these environmentally- to co-operate to our mutual benefit in the areas of focused technical challenges are still going to exist learned activities, information and digital services, for the foreseeable future (See ‘Boarding flight and awards, to develop opportunities for tomorrow’s 2050, p 26), much effort will be required to ensure aerospace professionals as we embrace the future that air travel can become safe once again for of flight and strive to reach new frontiers, while the travelling public. Given the seismic reductions also tackling the hard questions on climate change in passenger flights and the loss of jobs across and sustainability and, of course, the effects of the the industry, it is likely that government-funded Covid-19 outbreak. I look forward to helping to GIVEN THE programmes will be required world-wide to help develop further collaborative activities between the SEISMIC achieve these goals. two societies in the near future. REDUCTIONS In the same article, I also mentioned my three A good example of potential cross-Atlantic IN PASSENGER Presidential themes: facilitation of the technologies activities is the webinar that is being organised needed to develop the 21st century aerospace by Bill Voss, who leads the RAeS Washington DC FLIGHTS, AND industry, getting the universities more involved with Branch, that will involve a ‘Transatlantic Conversation’ THE LOSS OF the Society, and more work on attracting youngsters between leading aerospace figures from the US JOBS ACROSS into engineering. These are all still very worthwhile and UK about the current state and future of THE INDUSTRY, aims post-Covid and I look forward to continuing aerospace research. Our Corporate Partner activities with them during the next year. They also fit in and also the Specialist Groups, are busy planning IT IS LIKELY THAT neatly with the Society’s key themes of The Future programmes for a future that will be digitally-enabled GOVERNMENT- of Flight, Tomorrow’s Aerospace Professional and for a long time to come and I encourage all of our FUNDED Climate Change & Sustainability. Branches to start organising for the forthcoming The ongoing Covid situation has provided 2020-2021 season using similar platforms. It would PROGRAMMES many challenges to the university sector due to the be good to hear what you are planning and, as I will WILL BE curtailment of the current academic year and the not be able to visit the Branches for the foreseeable REQUIRED need to find alternative means of finishing teaching, future, please contact me on president@ WORLD-WIDE TO assessing students and meeting professional aerosociety.com to explore whether I can tune accreditation requirements. I recently chaired into your events personally or perhaps investigate HELP ACHIEVE a meeting between 25 of the universities that whether lectures or other activities can be shared THESE GOALS offer RAeS-accredited aerospace degrees and among all the Society’s members.

42 AEROSPACE

Afterburner_June2020.indd 4 22/05/2020 11:56:28 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Sir Brian Burridge ● First, my thanks go to all our members who voted ● As a further example of our digital immersion, the in the 2020 Council elections. A warm welcome venue team took part in Virtually Live London, a first to the Council to Yvonne Elsorougi, Laura Hoang, of its kind interactive video conference which was Jamie Sayer and Nigel Scopes and congratulations designed to showcase venues across London to over to Hilary Barton and Martin Broadhurst on their 100 corporate buyers. Our Senior Events Manager re-election. It is encouraging to see the progressive gave attendees a virtual 3D tour of our beautiful increase in the number of candidates standing for Edwardian townhouse which you can watch via our Council and I would encourage those who were blog on the Hamilton Place website. Alternatively you not successful this year to remain engaged and can contact our venue team on [email protected] continue your contributions whether as a regular to book in for your own personal tour and hear more volunteer or an occasional contributor. The full about what we can offer at No.4. list of the Council is included on p 53 and also ● We are by no means new to the digital environment listed here: www.aerosociety.com/about-us/ given that we have just reached a milestone of governance/council releasing 100 recordings of Society lectures and ● The unrelenting progress of Covid-19 continues interviews from our archives. If you have yet to listen to dominate our lives and the fortunes of the to any of the tracks, I recommend visiting www. aerospace and aviation sectors. Self-evidently, aerosociety.com/podcasts and listening to Sir regulatory freedom to fly and the generation Alan Cobham taking us for our first flying lesson in of individual passenger confidence are the key a de Havilland Moth (https://www.aerosociety. building-blocks for recovery. Much effort at ICAO com/news/audio-from-the-archive-how- and IATA is focused on the creation of a common to-fly-an-aircraft-by-sir-alan-cobham-hon- international biosecurity regime for air travel. fraes/). Thanks must go to library volunteer, Mike Meanwhile, it seems that the UK’s own quarantine Stanberry FRAeS, who has patiently edited each rules on travellers arriving here are hardening-up. recording, to the National Aerospace Library (NAL) The impact on airline economics will be profound team and to the RAeS Foundation who have made with an obvious effect on airports, aerospace it possible. manufacturing and their respective supply chains. ● In the same vein, the NAL team has digitised more With 66% of the global airline fleet now out of than 30 movies from our historically significant service, the consensus is on 2023 for a return collection and launched the official NAL YouTube to 2019 levels of activity with long-haul the last channel last month (see pp 50-51). In recent years, to recover. For the Society, this means that the we have worked hard to get copyright release on adjustment to our posture, particularly in terms of precious archive film, some of which has been digital delivery, will not just be for the short term. gathering dust for 80 years. This online collection ● To that end, we are rapidly transitioning our output. provides an opportunity for members and the public As a professional engineering institute, with the to view these unique movies and share important exception of physical accreditation visits, all the historical moments with the aviation enthusiasts activity and associated governance related to our of the day. Please visit www.aerosociety.com/ Engineering Council licence continues virtually. movies. Also, our e-books service is proving As a learned society, we have delivered a number popular which much increased access of late. of webinars recently on topics including Mental ● It is possible that some of you are reading this on Wellbeing and Human Performance, the Boeing the AEROSPACE magazine app that we launched 777 Accident at Dubai Airport and Covid-19 – in May. The app allows members to download the Helicopter transport challenges and experiences. magazines, search copies from the past two years IT IS POSSIBLE We are progressively becoming more ambitious and access the Insight blog. Over the coming THAT SOME as we find that we are attracting significantly weeks, you will also notice the desktop web viewer OF YOU ARE larger and geographically wider audiences than will be upgraded. While we have so far successfully READING we would normally expect at live events. Of note, maintained the hardcopy delivery service, it would a recent early careers webinar attracted some be worth downloading the app in case of delays in THIS ON THE 680 participants, giving us the confidence to run a the future. Next will come the launch of our online AEROSPACE series of such events. By the time you receive this CPD platform. The speed and extent of this digital MAGAZINE editorial, we will have also delivered a Corporate transformation is a testament to the Society’s APP THAT WE Partner brief on doing business with COMAC and staff and, particularly, to our highly professional within the next few days a panel discussion with volunteers who, in spite of the rigours of life in these LAUNCHED IN Alix Partners on Commercial Aerospace Crisis strange times, have remained actively engaged to MAY Management Amidst Covid-19. promote our continued profile and relevance.

JUNE 2020 43

Afterburner_June2020.indd 5 22/05/2020 11:56:29 Book Reviews ONE GIANT LEAP

The Impossible Mission that Industrial-academic partnerships are commonplace today but this level of collaboration on a mission- Flew Us to the Moon critical system seems unthinkable now. Some may feel that the book’s technical content leans too By C Fishman heavily towards computing. This is understandable, given its impact on consumer electronics. Apollo’s Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, 1st Floor, 222 Gray’s Inn groundbreaking aerodynamics, materials and Road, London WC1X 8HB, UK. 2019. xiii; 483pp. structural design undoubtedly benefited future Illustrated. £25. ISBN 978-1-5011-0629-3. aerospace projects but their influence on Fishman’s typical reader would be less obvious. A summer flurry of new Apollo books can be reliably Apollo was revolutionary not just for its expected to appear in every year ending in a 9. This technology but its management of it. Spaceflight book belongs to the category that places Apollo in a celebrities are necessarily mentioned – Neil socio-political context – not just in terms of the Cold Armstrong and Wernher von Braun to name War but also domestically, perhaps more so than the just two – but the book also mentions unsung Eugene Cernan, Apollo 17 grandfather of Apollo books We Reach The Moon individuals whose efforts were just as pivotal, if Mission Commander, makes (Bantam Books. 1969) by John Noble Wilford. The not life-saving. NASA’s Bill Tindall receives his own a short checkout of the Lunar Roving Vehicle during the New York Times put this book on sale only three chapter, entitled ‘The Man Who Saved Apollo’. This early part of the first Apollo 17 days after the Apollo 11 splashdown; Fishman’s is no exaggeration, having brought MIT’s software extravehicular activity at the book – which references Wilford in a meticulous down to size (it exceeded memory capacity by 40%) Taurus-Littrow landing site on bibliography of nearly 100 pages – appears 50 and putting deliveries back on schedule – sobering 11 December 1972. NASA. years later but benefits from hindsight and extensive reading for even modern-day project managers. journalistic experience. A faulty abort switch nearly doomed Apollo 14 Fishman openly states that his book is a mix but was fixed at MIT by Don Eyles (‘longhaired, of journalism and history; his account is more a peace protesting with John Lennon wire glasses’). reporter’s rather than an astronaut’s or engineer’s. With its hard-wired code, transmitting a software Understandably, the book is written from an patch to the spacecraft was impossible; instead American perspective, and contextualises Apollo in Eyles formulated and tested a procedure on MIT’s terms of Mercury, Gemini, the Shuttle and the ISS, Lunar Module (LM) simulator in just two hours. and also describes how the USSR’s Sputnik and Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell safely landed their Vostok programmes spurred an otherwise ‘not that LM at Fra Mauro. John Houboult also receives interested’ President Kennedy into urging a Moon much-deserved coverage. Houboult’s answer to the landing ‘before this decade is out’. chapter’s titular question (‘How Do You Fly to the Many authors, now as then, address the Moon?’) was his oft-ridiculed but finally adopted, economic aspects, attacking the huge cost of Apollo. Lunar Orbital Rendezvous (LOR) mission mode, Predictably, Fishman notes the Vietnam War cost the which required just one, and not two, of the huge US five times more; however, he startlingly points out Saturn V launchers per landing (and had no need that the annual cost of the space programme, even of the monstrous Nova rocket, whose development at its height, was the same as the amount the US would have delayed the landing well into the spent yearly on cigarettes and cigars. 1970s). Despite lacking a technical background, LOR required a LM, built by Grumman Aircraft. Fishman still describes engineering research and Grumman, the author notes, produced 14 Hellcat development with admirable accuracy and clarity. fighters daily during WW2 but such was the Charles Stark Draper’s 1953 test flight with inertial LM’s complexity that it took a decade to build 14 Grumman, the guidance – a vital technology for not merely flight-ready LMs. Yet the LM still had spare capacity: author notes, aeronautics but also astronautics – is detailed, with towards the close of both the Moon landings and Draper himself taking a central role developing the book comes the frantic development of the produced 14 Apollo’s embedded computing. Moore’s Law and the electric lunar rover, designed by General Motors Hellcat fighters continual shrinking of electronics are familiar to any to fold into the LM and built by Boeing. Rover daily during smartphone user but the enormous gulf between development started late – Apollo 11’s landing was WW2; such the room-sized reality of 1960s punched-card just weeks away – but took a mere 17 months, in computing and the one-cubic-foot Apollo Guidance time for a first drive on Apollo 15. was the LM’s Computer (AGC) highlights the revolution that By focusing on Apollo, the book inevitably leaves complexity spaceflight demanded. What may surprise some out much material. However, a couple of omissions that it took a readers was that the AGC, though built by industry, are surprising. While the book unflinchingly decade to build was designed by a university (the Instrumentation describes the US’s farcical first rocket launches, the Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology impact of the Apollo 1 fire and its fatalities are only 14 flight-ready [MIT]) which at one point had 400 employees. briefly touched upon. LMs

44 AEROSPACE

Afterburner_June2020.indd 6 22/05/2020 11:56:29 The book makes a few errors (Ed White, for around anyway – but Fishman’s book is still example, wasn’t one of the original Mercury 7 fascinating, and even instructive, half a century astronauts; Apollo 7 launched on a Saturn 1B, not a since Armstrong’s one small step. Moreover, few Saturn V) but these are forgivable given the highly authors will tell you how Moon dust smells. readable account the author provides. This is neither an astronaut’s memoir nor a Dr Andy Sinharay technical overview – there are plenty of those MEng ACGI MRAeS

HANDBOOK OF AVIATION AND SPACE MEDICINE Edited by N Green et al

CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742, USA. 2019. Distributed by Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN, UK. xxi; 400pp. Illustrated. £49.99. [20% discount available to RAeS members via www.crcpress.com using AKQ07 promotion code]. ISBN 978-1-138-61786-5.

It has been my privilege over the years to review most of the textbooks on aviation and space medicine, the last one being the most recent fifth edition of Ernsting’s Aviation and Space Medicine (reviewed in AEROSPACE February 2017). To review this new handbook is – to the aviators reading this review – somewhat akin to reading the Pilots Notes to the main aircraft operating manual. By chance I have also been reorganising my library and the other book on the desk is H EMS helicopter of Global help anyone remember them for future use and Graeme Anderson’s Medical and Surgical Aspects Medical Response. Airbus. reference. of Aviation (London: Henry Frowde and Hodder Being a handbook, it obviously cannot contain & Stoughton. 1919). Published exactly 100 years every bit of information. In the section on protective ago, this was the first textbook about aviation clothing, no mention was made of Nomex, which has medicine. It is about the same size as this new saved countless lives and prevented many serious book. The main difference is that the new handbook burns. The fatigue chapter makes no mention has so much more information page per page. It of the differences between acute and chronic has many abbreviations, which can be misleading, fatigue. Other readers may also find things missing as the reader, if not familiar with such terms, has which might have been expected to be included. If to keep going back to find the description of the everything is included it becomes a textbook and abbreviation. This is not so much a criticism but an not a handbook. observation for future editions. Lord Weir in his Introduction to Graeme This is not a reading book but one to refer to. There are Anderson’s book a century ago stated this “present It gives excellent guidelines to various problems work is the first to deal with this new and important and conditions. It covers the broad spectrum of also good branch of medical study, and will serve to stimulate our speciality from the ground to outer space. instructions further research into the many and varied problems It is not a book to use to make a diagnosis but, and checklists which still require elucidation.” if the diagnosis is known, then, it explains, in a on how to get I hope that the Handbook of Aviation and Space brief format, what to do to get a pilot back to Medicine will do the same today. flying duties and what medication is permitted. It a passenger/ lists what the aviation regulations are and what casualty, very Dr Ian Perry an aviation medical examiner does. There are ill or otherwise, FRAeS also good instructions and checklists on how to flown safely get a passenger/casualty, very ill or otherwise, RAeS members can access an e-Book edition of flown safely back to a full medical facility. The back to a full this title online via the National Aerospace Library’s explanations are precise and in a format that will medical facility e-Book service www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

JUNE 2020 45

Afterburner_June2020.indd 7 22/05/2020 11:56:30 - Book Reviews CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Third edition Edited by B G Kanki et al

Academic Press, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK. 2019. lvi; 607pp. £112. ISBN 978-012- 812995-1.

Kanki, Helmreich and Anca’s book on CRM first published in 2010 reflected a comprehensive review of CRM whose principles originated from a 1979 NASA workshop on Cockpit Resource Management. The book became a valuable resource for many aviators interested in effective communication within the cockpit. In the first edition the authors explored views from experts on the development and integration of CRM into safety and quality assurance as well as showcasing a variety of CRM models. By the second edition the authors had supplemented the basic structure of the book with more case studies and included the newly founded LOFT (Line Oriented Flight Training) concept, as well as cultural aspects of Rolls-Royce Trent XWB virtual been expanded on or studied. We get a tantalising CRM. Having read and used both of these textbooks reality engine training. glimpse of behavioural markers but little instruction to with aviation students I was delighted to review the Rolls-Royce. their usage which would have been good. third edition of the resource. LOFT has now been replaced with a chapter by This third edition (now edited by Kranki, Anca Kotesky, Hagan and Lish on the value of LOS (Line and Chidester) has been extensively reviewed and Operations Simulation) as a training strategy, while the updated and reflects advancements made in the book still retains LOSA (Line Operations Safety Audit) conceptual foundation of CRM, as well as five new as an audit tool for error evaluation. Although scorned chapters discussing well-researched methods and by some, LOSA remains an ICAO gold standard for approaches to applying CRM in addition to evolving assessing where improvements or changes can be concepts of the future. I was particularly pleased made to increase that safety envelope of flight. to read chapters by Wayne Martin on individual The emergence of cultural issues that reflect resilience discussing his research on startle/surprise aviation safety is explored at length in later chapters in unexpected events, including three case studies that have been updated or replaced, with the future of as illustration, as well as a chapter discussing Safety CRM occupying a complete new final chapter by the Management Systems (SMS) which, in light of the authors themselves. regulatory requirement to implement SMS throughout This new edition retains its character of enhancing airlines worldwide, is a necessary chapter. Models of flight safety by applying CRM principles but has SMS are explained but I would have liked to see more emerged nicely into the new generation of training, as ‘how to’s’ and instruction on application. well as the operational and regulatory environments It was pleasing to see CRM being extended that are continually evolving. The new authors are to other disciplines such as cabin crew and ATC exciting and give a refreshing perspective which is but in particular to maintenance which was given well researched and presents interesting case studies some much needed air time with the outstanding This new to illustrate points. New concepts in aviation has been researcher Manoj Patankar discussing maintenance included such as SMS, individual resilience (startle/ resource management for technical operations. edition retains surprise), cultural dimensions and maintenance It has been recognised that many latent errors sit its character issues, as well as practical applications to enhance within a maintenance environment, yet maintenance of enhancing learning. professionals don’t get the same amount of HF flight safety by training or emphasis. This is slowly changing, so this Dr Laurie Earl chapter is well received. applying CRM MRAeS Hayward, Lowe and Thomas extended the principles but Assistant Professor of Human Factors concept of human factors further to other comparable has emerged Coventry University safety-critical industries, such as healthcare, maritime, nicely into the rail and offshore operations, though I would have liked RAeS members can access an e-Book edition of to see examples – there have been a number of high new generation this title online via the National Aerospace Library’s profile accidents in these industries that could have of training e-Book service www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

46 AEROSPACE

Afterburner_June2020.indd 8 22/05/2020 11:56:34 -

AIR TRANSPORT A Tourism Perspective Edited by A Graham and F Dobruszkes

Elsevier, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK. 2019. xxi; 253pp. Illustrated. £95.95. ISBN 978-0-12-812857-2.

Air Transport: A Tourism Perspective is the first of its kind to bridge this gap by addressing issues and challenges facing commercial air transport, tourism development and competitiveness. It argues on Queues at London Luton managers is Chapter 7, which provides interesting the need of sound research and data collection as Airport. oatsy40. methodological observations in the analysis of airport necessary condition to improve policy advice and choice among prospective passengers. strategic planning for relevant stakeholders. The third part of the book presents a handful This book provides a wide collection of works of interesting observations and conceptual from established scholars and leading experts in air advancements in the study of airport experience travel, economic planning and geography, with insights (Chapter 13), while the final part addresses the from mainly Europe, North America and Australasia. current and potential advancements of integrated It addresses the complex phenomenon of air travel strategic planning combining airlines, DMOs and and tourism through data-driven chapters and case This book airports (Chapters 15 and 16). studies across the world. Its longitudinal approach and Overall, this edited book considers the insights on future trends and challenges provides provides a socio-demographic, political, technological, service and valuable food for thought, as well as interesting points wide collection logistic aspects of air travel and tourism and provides of reflection for both academics and professionals. of works from a quite overarching appraisal of the phenomenon for The core structure of the book is fourfold. The established managers and professionals to reflect upon. first part (Chapters 2, 3 and 4) provide a rather straightforward appraisal of trends in the demand, scholars and Alberto Amore reason for flying and likely market saturation. The leading experts School of Business, Law and Communication second part delves into key aspects of air travel, in air travel, Solent University airport and tourism management, including public economic policy and regulation (Chapter 5) and the potential RAeS members can access an e-Book edition of of self-connectivity in European airports (Chapter 8). planning and this title online via the National Aerospace Library’s Of particular interest for both researchers and airport geography e-Book service www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY

Further to the UK Government’s guidance, the National Aerospace Library has been closed to external visitors since Friday, 20 March, to ensure the health and wellbeing of our staff, members and volunteers.

Our online services remain available so you can continue to browse the catalogue and download e-books as well as contact our expert Librarians for advice and enquiries. E [email protected] NAL www.aerosociety.com/nal Catalogue www.aerosociety.com/catalogue e-books www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

JUNE 2020 47

Afterburner_June2020.indd 9 22/05/2020 11:56:36 Library Additions BOOKS

SERVICE AVIATION ships, vessels and boats SYMPOSIA Missions’, ‘Optimal Control of of Transport Technologies’, involved in one of the most Space Debris Deorbit Using ‘Transmission and Reception Schweinfurt-Regensburg major operations of WW2. Spaceflight Mechanics Space Tethered System’, ‘Flight of Energy from Laser Space 1943: Eighth Air Force’s 2019: Proceedings of the Dynamics and Control Strategy Solar Power Plants’, ‘Current costly early daylight Wings of Night: the Secret 27th AAS/AIAA Space of Flexible Electric Solar Wind Issues of International Space battles. M L Michel. Osprey Missions of Group Captain Flight Mechanics Meeting Sail’, ‘Parallel Optimal Control Law’, ‘Current Issues of Publishing, Bloomsbury Charles Pickard DSO and held 13-17 January 2019, for Partial Space Elevator’, Mining Activities on Celestial Publishing, Kemp House, two bars, DFC. A Hamilton. Ka’anapali, Maui, Hawaii. ‘Analysis and Simulation of Bodies: International Law Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Crecy Books. 1993. 206pp. (4 vols + CD-ROM). American Robotic Hopping Maneuvers Aspects’, ‘Space Debris Oxford OX2 9PH, UK. 2020. Illustrated. ISBN 0-947554- Astronautical Society (AAS) Inside the International Safety and Mitigation: Some 96pp. Illustrated. £14.99. ISBN 34-3. Advances in the Astronautical Space Station with Astrobee’, International Legal Aspects’ 978-14728-3867-4. Sciences Series Vol 168. ‘Cogitation of Space Curve and ‘The Regional African A biography of one of Principles for Laplace Orbit Satellite Communications Illustrated throughout the leading airmen of WW2 Edited by F Topputo et al. with maps, diagrams and Univelt, PO Box 28130, San Determination’ are the subjects Organization (RASCOM)’ are who, after serving with RAF discussed over the 250 the subjects discussed over numerous contemporary No 99 Bomber Squadron Diego, CA 92198, USA. 2019. photographs, a detailed xxxii; 4356pp. Illustrated. separate papers presented at the 83 separate presentations and subsequently the Czech this conference. including this proceedings. account of the USAAF 311 Squadron, was to fly $820. ISBN 978-0-87703- Eighth Air Force attempted many clandestine missions 659-3. bombing raids during WW2 for the Special Operations ‘Orbit Determination First IAA/AAS SciTech Guidance, Navigation and on the German industrial Executive (SOE) but later died Sensitivity Analysis for the Forum on Space Flight Control 2019: Proceedings sites at Schweinfurt and on 18 February 1944 during Europa Clipper Mission Mechanics and Space of the 42nd Annual AAS Regensburg on 17 August a daylight raid on a prison Tour’, ‘Initial Relative Orbit Structures and Materials: Rocky Mountain Section 1943 and 14 October 1943 at Amiens while flying the Determination Solutions Proceedings of a Guidance and Control and the Luftwaffe air defences de Havilland Mosquito ‘F for using Polynomial Systems’, conference held 13-15 Conference held 31 mounted against them. Freddie’ of 21 Squadron. ‘Mars 2020 Mission Design November 2018, RUDN January to 6 February and Navigation Overview’, ‘On University, Moscow, 2019, Breckenridge, Alighting Daintily at Jupiter: Russia. (1 vol + CD-ROM). Colorado. (1 Vol + CD-ROM). With Prejudice: the War Castles in the Air: the story Innovative Methods for American Astronautical American Astronautical Memoirs of Marshal of of the B-17 Flying Fortress Efficiently Achieving Jovian Society (AAS) Advances in Society (AAS) Advances in the the Royal Air Force Lord crews of the US 8th Air Orbit’, ‘High-Performance the Astronautical Sciences Astronautical Sciences Series Tedder GCB. Cassell & Force. M Bowman. Patrick Interpolation of Chebyshev Series Vol 170. Edited by Y Vol 169. Edited by H Hallowell. Company Ltd, London. 1966. Stephens, Wellingborough. 728pp. Illustrated. Ephemerides’, ‘Charting a N Razoumny et al. Univelt, Univelt, PO Box 28130, San 1986. 211pp. Illustrated. ISBN PO Box 28130, San Diego, Diego, CA 92198, USA. 2019. The WW2 memoirs of Course to the Sun: Flight Path 0-85059-786-2. xxvi; 1161pp. Illustrated. $250. the former Marshal of the Control for Parker Solar Probe’, CA 92198, USA. 2020. xxxv; Illustrated throughout ‘Modeling and Optimization of 1017pp. Illustrated. $250. ISBN 978-0-87703-661-6. Royal Air Force (MRAF) in with many contemporary which he relates in detail Aero-Ballistic Capture’, ‘NASA ISBN 978-0-87703-663-0. Guidance, Navigation photographs and incorporating his personal experiences Exploration Mission 2 Mission ‘High-Altitude Near- and Control of Asteroid the vivid personal recollections of the conflict over North Design’, ‘Quasi-Satellite Circular Orbits for a Lunar Mobile Imager and Geologic of aircrew involved, a history Africa serving as Air Officer Orbit Transfers Via Multi- Orbital Station’, ‘Optimal Observer (AMIGO)’, ‘Motion of the Boeing B-17 operations Commanding-in-Chief Middle Revolutional Periodic Orbits’, Flyby of Space Debris Planning on an Asteroid over Europe during WW2. East and Air Commander- ‘Robust Trajectory Design for Objects on a Geostationary Surface with Irregular Gravity in-Chief Mediterranean and Asteroid Orbiters’, ‘Attitude Orbit’, ‘Dynamical Aspects Fields’, ‘An Autonomous then subsequently as Deputy SPACE Dependent Evolution of Orbits of Spatial Use of Gravity Passive Navigation Method for Supreme Commander for about Active Comets’, ‘Analysis Assist Maneuvers for the Nanosatellite Exploration of the ‘Overlord’ which culminated John Houbolt: the Unsung of Disturbance Anomaly Solar Probes’, ‘Distribution Asteroid Belt’, ‘Demonstration in the Allied landings in Hero of the Apollo Moon of Interplanetary Micro- of Correction Thrusters of Stereo Vision for Deorbit under Delta-V Constraints in Normandy on 6 June 1944 Landings. W F Causey. Spacecraft Procyon’, ‘Analytic Descent and Landing’, ‘Small Probability Density Model of Local Horizontal Plane’, ‘The (D-Day). Purdue University Press, Spacecraft State of the Art Satellite Swarms’, ‘Spacecraft Optimization of Interplanetary in Guidance, Navigation, and Stewart Center, 504 W. State Rendezvous Guidance in Flight to Phobos with a Jet Control’, ‘Attitude Control of Evader. T D G Teare. Hodder Street, West Lafayette, IN Cluttered Environments Via Engine of Combined Low an Inflatable Sailplane for & Stoughton, London. 1954. 49707-2058, USA. 2020. xxiii; Reinforcement Learning’, and High Limited Thrust’, Mars Exploration’, ‘Honeywell 256pp. Illustrated. 347pp. Illustrated. $29.99. ‘Trajectory Design for Lumio ‘Space Trajectory Optimization: 3-Axis HG4934 Space Rate ISBN 978-1-55753-946-5. The personal experiences CubeSat in the Cislunar Space’, Differential Evolution Sensor for Small Satellites’, of a RAF aircrew member ‘Mascot: Flight Dynamics Redux’, ‘Interstellar Flights ‘CloudSat – Development of who after baling out from his STRUCTURES AND Activities in Support of an Via Alcubierre Warp Drive’, a Thruster Only Maneuvering burning Lancaster bomber MATERIALS Asteroid Landing Mission’, ‘Optimal Tether-Assisted and Delta-V Capability’, was then to spend a year ‘Differential Lift and Drag Space Debris Disposal’, ‘A ‘Fast Attitude Maneuvers for evading capture in occupied Metallurgy for Physicists Constellation Control Historical Review and Future the Lunar Reconnaissance France during WW2 are vividly and Engineers: Using Trimmed Attitude’, Prospects of Space Tourism’, Orbiter’, ‘Sextant Navigation recalled in these memoirs. Fundamentals, ‘Optimal Guidance for Mars ‘The Program for Estimation on the international Space Applications, and Aerocapture Maneuver’, of the Earth Remote Sensing Station’, ‘Analyzing Mission Dunkirk. A D Divine. Faber & Calculations. Z Huda. CRC ‘Insight Orbit Determination’, Plans’, ‘Nano Star Tracker Opportunities for Earth to Faber Limited, London. 1945. Press, Taylor & Francis Group, ‘Mars Sample Return Orbital AZDK-1’, ‘Development Mars Roundtrip Missions’, 306pp. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway Rendezvous Detection of a Universal Ultrasonic ‘Development Plan for a A detailed day-by-day NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, Methods’, ‘Maneuver Design Reactor for Processing of Fission and Fusion Powered account of Operation Dynamo FL 33487-2742, USA. 2020. Overview of the 2018 Rare Earth Metal Ores on Propulsion System to Reach – the mass evacuation of Distributed by Taylor & Francis Insight Mars Lander Mission’, the Moon’, ‘Architectural Mars in 45 Days’, ‘The Air 338,226 men (around two- Group, 2 Park Square, Milton ‘Chemical and Solar Electric Design and Structures on Force Research Laboratory’s thirds of whom were British) Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN, Propulsion Orbit Matching for the Moon’, ‘Lithological Study in-Space Propulsion Program’, from the French coastal UK. xx; 360pp. £100. [20% Mars Sample Rendezvous’, of Mars Surface by Planet ‘PROBA-3 Precise Orbit town of Dunkirk during 26 discount available to RAeS ‘Hayabusa2 Mission Solar Orbital Stations and Rovers’, Determination Based on May–4 June 1940. Concluding members via www.crcpress. Conjunction Trajectory for ‘Hydrogen Energy in the GNSS Observations’ and appendices record the names com using AKQ07 promotion Hovering Satellite’, ‘Parking International Energy Strategy ‘Sensor Analysis, Modeling, of all the 848 British, Polish, code]. ISBN 978-0-367- Orbit Design for Generic and its Relationship with the and Test for Robust Propulsion Dutch, Belgian and French 19838-1. Near-Earth Object Flyby Prospect of the Development System Autonomy’.

For further information contact the National Aerospace Library. T +44 (0)1252 701038 or 701060 E [email protected]

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 10 22/05/2020 11:56:36 NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY Book Reviews

One of the popular regular features of AEROSPACE are the book review pages. As well as assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a particular book, the reviews are often a concise digest of knowledge on the subject by specialists in the field. Full-length reviews of recent publications are included in two of the Society’s monthly publications. Technical textbooks on subjects such as aerodynamics, fluid dynamics, materials, structures, radar, mathematics, orbital dynamics etc are reviewed in The Aeronautical Journal. Books of a more practical nature on subjects such as airline safety, economics, aerospace/aviation history, aviation medicine, air law, air power etc, are reviewed in AEROSPACE. In addition to the reviews being published in the hardcopy journal publications, pdfs of the book review pages for both publications (a retrospective file dating back to January 2014) are also available to be viewed online via the ‘homepage’ of the National Aerospace Library’s website www.aerosociety. com/nal by clicking on the ‘AEROSPACE Book Reviews’ box http://aerosociety.com/News/ bookreviews which also incorporates a ‘link’ to a similar retrospective file of Library Additions where all publications received by the National Aerospace Library are first recorded: https://www. The Aeronautical Journal (all reviews published aerosociety.com/news-expertise/national- back to January 2014 being linked in this way). For aerospace-library/library-additions/ example, enter the search term Willy Ley. The National Aerospace Library catalogue For any enquiries about the books featured of over 100,000 records is now available online please contact the librarians (E nal@aerosociety. for anyone around the world to research www. com). aerosociety.com/catalogue and within the main database catalogue record you can now access – For any enquiries about the book review process where a book has been reviewed in recent years please contact the Society’s Book Review Editor – a link to the published review in AEROSPACE/ Brian Riddle (E [email protected])

The Journal of Aeronautical History

The Royal Aeronautical Society’s free-to-access online journal, the Journal of Aeronautical History Airship R101 alongside its mooring mast at Cardington. https://aerosociety.com/news-expertise/ RAeS (NAL). journals-papers/papers-of-the-journal- of-aeronautical-history is a growing online the writings of Sir George Cayley through to the archive of detailed research papers on a wide evolution of the BAe Hawk can be perused and range of subjects throughout aviation history from studied (see also p 57).

JUNE 2020 49

Afterburner_June2020.indd 11 22/05/2020 11:56:38 NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY Film Archive Online

On 30 May 1935 a particularly distinguished audience gathered at the Science Museum in London to listen to Donald Wills Douglas – founder of the Douglas Aircraft Company – deliver the Royal Aeronautical Society’s 23rd Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture entitled ‘The Development and Reliability of the Modern Multi-Engine Air Liner’. The lecture did not begin until 9.15pm in the late evening – as it had been preceeded by the annual Council Dinner – and following the lecture Mr Douglas showed a film which as recorded in the Society’s Journal of November 1935 he described Above: Douglas World as follows: Cruiser. The ‘Chicago’ “ ... I am hopeful that the moving picture film photographed over Asian I am about to have shown you will so engross waters during the historic you attention that any defects in my talk will be 1924 flight circumnavigating the globe. unnoticed. As might be said in Hollywood, film by Right: A screen shot of the Fox, Warner and others – sound effects by Douglas! Miles M39B Libellula from the The film to be shown is somewhat historical in film ‘The Miles Libellula– a that we shall see at the start the first really successful New Basic Design’. airliners, namely, the early Fokker and Ford tri- Below: Donald Wills Douglas engined planes ....” Sr, 1892-1981, c.April 1939. RAeS (NAL). Entitled ‘Principal Air Transports in America ... Prepared for Donald W. Douglas’ the two-reeler 20 minute black-and-white silent film began with film footage of Fokker single and tri-motored aircraft including the Fokker F.VII ‘Josephine Ford’ Byrd Arctic Expedition, 1928 Pan American Airways US/ This very film – which has lain unseen for over Cuban Mail Delivery Fokker F-10 ‘De Luxe’ (with 80 years – has recently been digitised by the Charles Lindbergh), 1928 Richard E Byrd’s Antarctic National Aerospace Library and is among many flight, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith’s ‘Southern Cross’ highlights from its historic film archive which can aircraft and Ford Tri-Motor of Scenic Airways. The now be viewed via www.aerosociety.com/ film then proceeded with various Lockheed designs, movies including the polar flights of Sir Hubert Wilkins and Arranged by suggested ‘Playlists’ viewers can Wiley Post’s round-the-world ‘Winnie Mae’ flight watch aviation history come ‘alive’ in black-and- and Lockheed Vega (with brief glimpse of Amelia white and colour from educational films showing Earhart), the Burnelli UB-20 NR397N aircraft animations of the early days of ballooning and transporting a car and aircraft designs of Northrop the pioneering work of the Sir George Cayley (including Frank Hawks Gamma 2A ‘Sky Chief’ and and Henson and Stringfellow through to modern the transantarctic polar flight of Lincoln Ellsworth in times as aviation pushed the boundaries in the jet the Northrop Gamma ‘Polar Star’), Vultee Transport age – the tumultuous reception given to Charles monoplane and Boeing. Lindbergh in New York following his epic 1927 The second part of the film included footage solo transatlantic flight, a day in the life of Croydon of the Curtiss-Wright Condor and its sleeper bed, Airport and how the tandem wing Miles Libellula Lockheed Electra, the Pan American Airways actually flew are among the highlights that can be Sikorsky Clipper and Martin M-130 flying boats and seen in a collection of over 30 films that have not of the Douglas DC-2 operated by Eastern Air Lines been watched for over 50-60 years. (NC 13734, NC 13736, NC 13738) and American The digitisation of the Library’s historic film Air Lines (NC 14283) including scenes from the archive – arranged through the MAX company first inflight movie ‘Baboona’, concluding with film with the work being undertaken by Mark Rance footage of the round-the-world flight of the 1924 of Watchmaker Films – was funded by the Royal Douglas World Cruisers. Aeronautical Society Foundation.

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 12 22/05/2020 11:56:41 For any enquiries about the National Aerospace Library Film Archive please contact the librarians (E [email protected]). The Society’s Chief Librarian Brian Riddle would like to acknowledge the assistance of Jane Poynor (Shell Film Services), Ben Mayfield (BP Video Library), William Raillant-Clark (ICAO), Simon Brooks (Lockheed Martin Corporation), Heather Anderson and Michael J Lombardi (The Boeing Company), Kevin Rhoney (Eastman Kodak Company), Chris Singley (American Airlines), Dan Libertino (Igor I Sikorsky Historical Archives) and Robert Bruce Arnold (grandson of Donald Wills Douglas) among others to enable these historic films to be shared with the world. More content will be added to the site as permissions are arranged. It is the latest of the National Aerospace Library’s digital online resources via which we Above: Jensen Model 21, have made available in an extensive number of NX31224. historic items held in our archives, including the Right: A screen shot of the web-based catalogue (www.aerosociety.com/ Jensen Model 21 from the nal), images collection (www.aerosociety. film ‘Rotary News’ No.1– com/printsandposters), heritage collections Helitone News in Glorious Rotorcolour. September – (www.aerosociety.com/heritage) and the November 1948. National Aerospace Library Sound Archive (www. RAeS (NAL). aerosociety.com/podcast) attracting a number of favourable comments/interest via social media from around the world.

Left: A screen shot of a Martin M130 from the film ‘Air Transport in America ... Prepared for Donald W. Douglas. Part 2’. Below: Martin M130, NC14716, of Pan American Airways. RAeS (NAL).

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 13 22/05/2020 11:56:44 END POINT ASSESSMENT Call for EPA assessors – paid opportunity for registered engineers

The Society’s new End Point Assessment service to support Apprenticeship Standards for the aerospace/airworthiness/advanced manufacturing engineering sector is now well underway since the Society became a registered End Point Assessment Organisation (EPAO) in 2018 and we are delighted to be working with employers across the sector to support the next generation of aerospace professionals. While we will expect some turbulence following members who have professional engineering the impact of Covid-19 on the sector, our long-term registration at EngTech, IEng or CEng status can forecast predicts an increasing need for assessors THE RAES, be considered to become Professional Competency from the Society’s membership to support our EPA Assessors. Training is provided and you will be service. THROUGH ITS supported throughout the process by our EPA EPA is a new Government requirement to MEMBERS, HAS Service Team and will be paid for each assessment conduct independent occupational competency CONSIDERABLE you undertake. assessment of apprentices in England at the end- We are also keen to hear from registered point of their apprenticeship. These Apprenticeship RESOURCE TO Engineers with teaching experience or experience Standards are aligned to the Engineering Council DELIVER THIS of apprenticeships and those with transferrable UKSPEC competency framework and include a SERVICE AND skills or experience applicable to other engineering professional competency assessment. SUPPORT SKILLS sectors (eg Civil, Maritime/Naval, Electronics, The RAeS, through its members, has Nuclear, Software). If you would like to be considerable resources to deliver this service and DEVELOPMENT considered please contact our EPA team at epa@ support skills development in our sector. Society IN OUR SECTOR aerosociety.com for more details. RAeS Final design layout.qxd 05/07/2012 09:19 Page 1

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 14 22/05/2020 11:56:46 RAeS COUNCIL 2020-2021

Following the 2020 Council elections, the following Miss Laura Hoang MRAeS were elected to serve three years until May 2023: Miss Kerissa Khan MRAeS Miss Hilary Barton FRAeS Mr Daniel Olufisan MRAeS Mr Martin Broadhurst OBE FRAeS Dr Thurai Rahulan FRAeS Mrs Yvonne Elsorougi FRAeS Mr Robert Savidge FRAeS Miss Laura Hoang MRAeS Mr Jamie Sayer MRAeS Mr Jamie Sayer MRAeS Capt Nigel Scopes FRAeS Capt Nigel Scopes FRAeS Dr Alisdair Wood FRAeS

The Council 2020-2021 is: Co-opted members AM Sir Christopher Harper FRAeS President Air Cdre Peter Round FRAeS Prof Jonathan Cooper FRAeS Mr Nick Shave FRAeS

President-Elect Division Presidents Mr Howard Nye FRAeS AM Salim Arshad FRAeS (Pakistan Division) Mr Des Ashton FRAeS (New Zealand Division) Past-President Ms Marié Botha MRAeS (South Africa Division) Rear Admiral Simon Henley MBE FRAeS AVM Mark Skidmore FRAeS (Australian Division)

Elected Members Branches Committee Chair Dr Sophy Antrobus FRAeS Dr Simon Hall MRAeS Miss Hilary Barton FRAeS Mr Martin Broadhurst OBE FRAeS Specialist Groups Committee Chair Dr Alice Bunn FRAeS Mr Bernard Chan MRAeS Mr David Chinn FRAeS Mrs Yvonne Elsorougi FRAeS In attendance at Council and Board of Dott Francesca De Florio FRAeS Trustee Meetings Lt Cdr Richard Gearing FRAeS Chief Executive: Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS Miss Zoë Gell MRAeS Governance and Compliance Manager: Mr Trevor Higgs FRAeS Mrs Saadiya Ogeer

National Aerospace Library e-book Service

New Environmental Aviation Titles View/Read/Download Books Online at www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

Click on the highlighted ‘Log in’ to ‘Create a User Account’

All enquiries to National Aerospace Library E [email protected]; T +44 (0)1252 701038/701060

Afterburner_June2020.indd 15 22/05/2020 11:56:48 Obituary GEOFFREY COLSTON HOWELL MA MSc CEng FREng FRAeS FRSA 1932-2020

After a varied and distinguished career in aeronautical research and research leadership, Geoffrey Howell died peacefully, at the age of 87, on 30 January in a care home in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, where he had lived for the previous nine months. He was the Society’s Senior Past President. Born on 17 July 1932 in Hammersmith, London, he was educated at Latymer Upper School and St John’s College, Cambridge. There he took first class honours and the college prize in mathematics Geoff Howell chairs the 1,000th Council Meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society on 30 October 1990 in the presence of The in his first year but by his final year had converted Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Hon Past-President. RAeS/NAL. to mechanical sciences – the Cambridge term for engineering. On graduation in 1955 he joined the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough to do invaded Kuwait and in the next six months, preceding research on flight control. His evident ability in this the opening of the first Gulf War, air travel reduced field led to his promotion in 1971 to be Head of drastically and the economy of the air transport the Controls and Displays Division at Farnborough. industry was badly hit. The negative consequences There followed a move in 1972 to RAE Bedford to for Society activity, particularly conference be Head of the Blind Landing Experimental Unit, attendance, room lettings and recruitment of which had pioneered and led the field internationally members, were significant but the efforts of the in the development of automatic all-weather landing team in No.4 Hamilton Place managed to reduce capability. the impact. He did succeed in making a number In 1975 he was appointed Chief Superintendent of overseas visits, giving lectures to Divisions and of RAE Bedford, with responsibility for both the large Branches and promoting the Society’s aims. airfield and wind tunnel-sites before, in 1980, moving At home, the highlight of his Presidential year Geoff Howell at the 34th back to Farnborough to become Head of Flight was the 1,000th meeting of Council on 30 October Royal Aeronautical Society Systems Department. Here his responsibility was 1990, attended by the Duke of Edinburgh, our Henson and Stringfellow to lead the work of a number of research divisions Honorary Past-President, followed by a lunch to Lecture and Dinner at the at Bedford and Farnborough, covering all aspects which all available Past-Presidents were invited. Yeovil Branch on 16 February 1990. RAeS/NAL. of flight control. At this time he was the national At the end of his Presidential year he continued to Research Area Leader in that major field of national serve on Council as a Past-President until May 1994 research, responsible for the overall management and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of of all Government-funded research in research Engineering in 1992. establishments, industry and universities. Away from work he was a man of wide interests In 1982 he moved to London to the headquarters and capabilities. At Cambridge he had rowed for his of the Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive, college as a member of the Lady Margaret Boat Club as Director of Aircraft Equipment and Systems. (whose bright red club jacket is the origin (1825) of Two years later he transferred from the Ministry of the term ‘blazer’). He was a talented musician, pianist Defence to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to and choral singer, good at driving, sailing, flying, become its Director of Research. In 1988 he was house building, a true polymath. appointed CAA Chief Scientist, a position he held He married Betty in 1957 in Cambridge. They until retirement in May 1992. had two sons and two daughters, the younger son He was elected to the Council of the Society in Antony dying suddenly in 2017 and Betty dying in May 1983 and, in 1988, was chosen by the members 2018. After a divorce he married Margaret, a work of Council to succeed Hugh Metcalfe in May 1990 colleague and, on his retirement in 1992, they built as President of the Society. When he did so, he was a ‘dream house’ in the Dordogne. In later years also stepping in the footprints of another engineering they returned to live in Bedfordshire. Margaret died graduate of St John’s College, Cambridge, Sir suddenly in November 2019. He is survived by Charles Pringle, who was President in 1975-76 Martin, Jacqueline and Phillipa. (and preceding two other Presidents who read engineering at St John’s, myself in 1996-7 and Chris John Green Atkin in 2016-17). CEng FREng FRAeS FAIAA Three months into his Presidential year, Iraq RAeS President 1996-1997

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 16 22/05/2020 11:56:52 Free-to-view heritage films, documentaries and lectures from the National Aerospace Library archives. See footage of aeroplane and helicopter test flights, experience going through Croydon Airport in the 1930s and follow Charles Lindbergh as he takes off across the Atlantic. All these unique historical moments just one click away.

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 17 22/05/2020 11:56:53 Elections

FELLOWS Musawar Hussain Samuel Charlton Nikolaj Thuesen Umar Ali WITH REGRET Colin Russell Nikolaus Liebenberg Craig Clark Nipuni Karunaratne E-ASSOCIATES The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the David Atkinson Richard Pemberton following members: Josiah Choms Shaun Mayhew Damian Verbakel Capt Arthur ‘Andy’ Anderson FRAeS 97 Julie Kitcher Sindhura Vijayaragavan Muddasir Tahir Mahd Hameed Sukhdeep Sandhu Robert McVitie Browne CEng MRAeS 79 Marco Pittini Taimoor Virk AFFILIATES Arthur Hugh Everett IEng AMRAeS 93 Mark Bentall Viktoriia Myroniuk Michael Henry Richard Jeffries MRAeS 88 Omar Qazi Wye Kay Seok Rebecca Prowse Richard Crockett Haydn Arthur Lewis MRAeS 82 Richard Kerbey ASSOCIATE STUDENT AFFILIATES Leslie Robert Millar MRAeS 79 San Tun MEMBERS Suhail Akhtar Antonia Dragic Professor Colin James Pennycuick HonCRAeS 89 Timothy Robinson Adam Dack David Hobbs Robert Charles Leslie Sample CEng MRAeS 90 Victoria Howells Ian Walsh Elmer Junior Caballero Robert Charles Stephen Tucker CEng MRAeS 69 Gabriel Smythe MEMBERS ASSOCIATES Ronan Wood Simon Nimmo Chetwyn Clarke Charles Miles-Hobbs Yijun Lin David Gabbott Dario Valenza Yue Zhang Michael Roberts James Bradfield

NEW MEMBER SPOTLIGHT

Dr Tom Fisher ARAeS, 30 What made you join the Royal Aeronautical Location: Manchester, UK Society? I joined the Society when I was part of the Air Cadets and I was looking at pursuing Job Title: Wind-Tunnel Project Supervisor aerospace engineering as a degree. I knew that the What inspired you into aerospace? A few Society could help me with career advice, online things, I was quite in awe of Concorde and Apollo materials and lectures to support my learning and when I was very young. Trying to understand how understanding. It also helped me to engage with you design an aircraft to safely fly at such high and feel part of the wider engineering community. speed was fascinating and I wanted to be part What do you hope to get out of your of that. I then made it my goal to understand the membership? I am hoping to further my physics and found it exciting enough to want to professional development to full membership become an engineer. and chartership. I am wanting to play a part in the One of the other memories was watching the development of future engineers through giving film Apollo 13 for the first time and seeing the talks, and increasing the diversity of the profession. pivotal role that the ground engineers and flight What three items would you take with you to controllers played in safely getting them home. the ISS? Camera, music player and tea. The now iconic CO2 canister scene sums up engineering very well. How do you solve a problem What’s your favourite aircraft? It’s a tie between with what you have to hand? the English Electric Lightning and the North What is the best thing about your current American X-15. role? I feel lucky to work on the high-speed wind Piece of advice for someone looking to enter tunnel. It’s a unique Mach 3.8 capable facility your field? Engineering allows you to be daring within the UK and it is giving me an opportunity to and to solve challenges. It enables you to break apply flow diagnostic methods I have developed down barriers of distance, knowledge and health through my PhD research to solve new, real-world to everyone. Removing these barriers and helping challenges. It’s exciting to be working with a team others is an implicit part of being an engineer. at the forefront of future aircraft development and Anyone can be an engineer. If you like solving testing. The dream of an aerospace engineer is to problems and helping others then go for it! If make something which flies and I get to work on you need career advice, ask. Don’t be afraid to that every day. challenge ideas and conventions.

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 18 22/05/2020 11:56:53 Society News Journal of Aeronautical History

The first three Journal of Aeronautical History papers of 2020 have been added to the Society’s website and are free to view or download:

https://www.aerosociety.com/news-expertise/journals-papers/papers-of-the-journal-of-aeronautical-history/

Reginald Brie – Pioneer of Autogyros and Helicopters Compiled by David Gibbings MBE FRAeS

Farnborough and the Beginnings of Gas Turbine Propulsion By Frank W Armstrong FRAeS

The Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough: 100 years of Innovative Research, Development and Application By Dr Graham Rood

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Afterburner_June2020.indd 19 22/05/2020 11:56:57 The Last Word Commentary from Professor Keith Hayward FRAeS

Airports in the age of Covid-19

ack in the mists of analytic time, I recall and immigration lines at busy times. Ah, there’s looking at the civil aviation value chain: the rub – how busy will airports be over the next building and flying the aeroplanes were few months or even years? Will 747s be operated, in the bottom quartile of the graph; given the rate at which the likes of BA and Virgin operating seat reservation systems are dumping their Jumbos? A piece of Job’s Band running airports were near the top. The future comfort is to speculate that the traffic through today looks like misery all round for the civil an average airport will be a fraction of pre-Covid aviation ‘system of systems’. The only reasonably rates, taking the pressure off people-management buoyant element is the dedicated cargo sector. problems. However, this is certainly no comfort to the Airports were valuable properties ancillary business and resulting revenues that put airports so high up the value chain. How profitable The value of a well-located airport is pretty obvious would socially distanced cafes and duty-free to identify. London Heathrow, despite its capacity outlets be? Would all the car hire operators have limits, had most of the key situational advantages enough business: ditto long stay car parks or to make money out of real estate – at its crudest privately-run mass transit systems? £20m plus for a few minutes runway occupancy makes staying at the Ritz look cheap. Air transport And the poorer brethren geography is not always fixed in terms of value – I recall a Gander stopover for Atlantic westbound More structurally for regional economies, how long refuelling and Prestwick still has a useful runway. can the smaller airports stay in business at all? So Technological change does have an impact as far, in the UK the central government has yet to does, to a degree, consumer choice either for offer targeted assistance to the sector – indeed THE FUTURE a direct flight or a rest from long-haul blues. moving belatedly towards quarantining incoming TODAY LOOKS Nevertheless, usually it is easier to keep an airport passengers may only make things worse. The in the black than an airline. Southwest and Northeast, hitherto identifiably LIKE MISERY Covid-19 is blowing a hole right through economically and connectivity poor areas, may be ALL ROUND conventional wisdom about air travel and business especially vulnerable. A number of local authorities, FOR THE CIVIL models up and down the value chain. Airports, with some, such as Manchester, doubly hit by both lost AVIATION their dense transient and international populations, revenue and macro-economic effects, have already are an obvious pinch point for infection and its begun to be hurt badly. ‘SYSTEM OF transmission. The more adept national authorities Foreign ownership of several major UK airports SYSTEMS’. cut right to airport closures as a means of curbing may also complicate recovery and its financing. Of THE ONLY infection. course, long term and long running plans for airport REASONABLY expansion are looking dubious. Heathrow runway From the mile-high club to the mile three had few friends outside of the airport owners BUOYANT long queue? and it is likely to have even fewer supporters post- ELEMENT pandemic. IS THE We can all now imagine what social distancing Recovery will come, its timing and speed as measures might mean for an airport. Several yet hard to discern or to quantify but the medium DEDICATED affected parties have cited the kilometre-long term is going to be hard for all in the air transport CARGO queue to load a Boeing 747 with standard health system. Money for old runway rope is unlikely to be SECTOR. requirements in place; even worse the security as plentiful as it once was for a long time yet.

58 AEROSPACE NEW FOR MEMBERS IN 2020

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...and now to your phone and tablet! Prepare for an awesome launch! AEROSPACE is now available as an app! AEROSPACE has continued to grow in stature and influence as the informative and expert source of aviation, aerospace and space news, opinion and analysis. Revitalised from a design refresh, the clearer sharper magazine now presents key stories in a crisp stylish setting now seamlessly integrated into a convenient app. Notifications when new issue is available Download and browse past issues from the previous two years Download issues to read offline Search function Includes the twice weekly AEROSPACE Insight blog Available on Android and Apple devices. Search AEROSPACE on Google Play or iTunes, Download the app and log in using your aerosociety.com member portal username and password. The AEROSPACE App is the one-stop destination to the latest news in the fast-moving world of aerospace from The Royal Aeronautical Society. Download a copy now!

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