DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF CAMPOBELLO 7.5-MINUTE QUADRANGLE, TUGALOO , INNER PIEDMONT, SOUTH CAROLINA CHAN SOO, Rhonda, WICKARD, Alyssa K., GARIHAN, John M., and RANSON, William A.; Earth and Environmental Sciences, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, SC, 29613; [email protected] SCGS

I. Introduction The hornblende metagabbro body is Polyphase folding in Campobello VI. Summary surrounded by Tallulah Falls gneiss, but the quadrangle contacts of the body are not exposed. Based Campobello 7.5-minute quadrangle (CQ) is Campobello quadrangle has experienced • The metamorphic peak is in the sillimanite on limited field data we tentatively suggest located on the Six Mile thrust sheet within five generations of folding resulting in zone of the upper amphibolite facies for the the hornblende metagabbro lies in the core the Tugaloo terrane of the Inner Piedmont. polyphase deformation. The Motlow Creek rocks in Campobello quadrangle. Localized of an F synform (see cross section D-D’). Geologic mapping of fifteen 7.5-minute 2 F1 isocline outlined by the schist unit retrograde fluids along faults trending If true, it is probably a fairly thin intrusive quadrangles in the Western Inner Piedmont located in the northeast of CQ has been N50 E metamorphosed rocks to greenschist body. In addition, the hornblende of South Carolina by Furman University deformed by the macroscopic Campobello facies, leading to chlorite replacement of metagabbro outcrop area between the North and the South Carolina Geological Survey F2 synform. Other F2 folds are seen as tight amphiboles. and Holly Springs faults may be a . personnel (1995-2010) has investigated the folds found in schist and have • Campobello quadrangle has experienced polyphase deformation, faulting, and deformed F1 aligned sillimanite needles, as multiple deformational events resulting evident from hooks that are visible in metamorphic history of the region. Our Pavement exposures of Tallulah Falls gneiss along highly faulted and polyphase deformed chevron folded schist. F macroscopic mapping traces these structures into CQ. Holston Creek, 2 km south of Campobello, SC. H E 3 geologic units. Small isoclinal fold in biotite gneiss, Lyman quarry. Abundant and fold attitude data was inclined to overturned folds trend northwest • The fold chronology consists of five fold collected from similar exposures in streams across and warp F1 and F2 folds. This can be seen generations. F mesoscopic and the map area. View to the south. F – Inclined to overturned macroscopic 1 2 clearly in the Campobello synform (F2), macroscopic isoclinal folds, F inclined to and mesoscopic F folds deform earlier 2 Calcic Amphiboles 2 Mg-Fe-Mn-Li Amphiboles which is cross folded by F3 folds. F2 and F3 overturned mesoscopic chevrons and 2+ Diagram Parameters: (Ca >= 1.50; (Na + K) < 0.50) Diagram Parameters: (Ca + NaB) < 1.00; (Mg, Fe , Mn, Li)B >= 1.00; LiB < 1.00 B A Ca < 0.50 folds. Orthorhombic A Slabbed coarse-grained Photomicrograph (FOV together create Type-2 interference folding. 1.0 1.0 macroscopic folds, F3 gently inclined to tremolite hornblende metagabbro 2mm) of recrystallized The final two generations of folding are 0.8 0.8 overturned mesoscopic and macroscopic anthophyllite gedrite actinolite magnesiohornblende tschermakite hornblende metagabbro. ) ) specimen with relict 2+ 2+ 0.6 0.6 mesoscopic F4 and F5, two generations of igneous texture (?) cut Hornblende (H) folds, and F4 and F5 gentle folds. 0.4 0.4 Mg/(Mg+ Fe Mg/(Mg+ Fe gentle folding that appear 90° to each other ferroactinolite ferrohornblende ferrotschermakite by thin amphibolite surrounds epidote (E) • The faulting chronology is (oldest- ferroanthophyllite ferrogedrite 0.2 0.2 dikes (?) (left and right grains in the center of in stream pavements creating Type-1 youngest): northeast, northerly, northwest, 0.0 0.0 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 margins). the image. interference folding. Si in formula Si in formula and east-northeast to northerly faults. Amphibole plots identifying the type of amphibole • Dominant trends are N35º-40ºW and Silicified cataclastic rocks based on electron microprobe analyses. The Faults in Campobello quadrangle N55º-75ºE and faults are assumed to be West side of Little Mountain (Collins Mountain). Microbreccia, , and syntaxial anthophyllite occurs in an amphibole quartz The chronology of faulting in CQ is vertical. This prominent ridge in southeast Campobello feldspar gneiss, the actinolite occurs in a calc- quartz veins (“comb quartz”) form narrow quadrangle has 60 m relief and is the highest peak in northeast (oldest), northerly, northwest, and silicate, and the magnesiohornblende was zones of outcrop, boulders, and resistant the area. View to the east. identified within a hornblende metagabbro. east-northeast to easterly faults. Dominant float. Discontinuous cataclastic rock bodies fault sets consist of older and shorter N35 - References up to 1.3 km in length and trending N 60°- 40 W striking faults and younger but longer Tallulah Falls Formation schist 70°E adjacent to the Pax Mountain Fault N55 -75 E striking faults. Garihan, J.M., Orlando, K.A, Preddy, M.S. (Neoproterozozic) have been traced across the entire Overturned F2 synform in interlayered biotite quartz- feldspar gneiss and amphibolite, Motlow Creek. and Ranson, W.A., 1990, Kinematic Interlayered schist and schistose muscovite- Campobello quadrangle. On a ridge 1.6 km Zones of microbreccia boulders lie along History of Mesozoic Faults in biotite gneiss. northeast of Liberty Church, two main Hammer lies on the gently dipping upright fold limb; to the right, layers abruptly bend and are overturned the Pax Mountain fault and trend N30 - Northwestern South Carolina and zones of outcrops and boulders of in the background at the narrow ledge crossing the 60 E, with individual sets trending N30 E, Adjacent North Carolina: South The original stratigraphic order of microbreccia and comb quartz are 10m and creek. F2 fold hinge plunges to the upper left at N40 -50 E, N55 E and N60 E. In an Carolina Geology, V. 33, No.1, p. 19- 30°/N59°E metamorphic units in CQ is obscured by 25m long. In general, linear cataclastic rock exposure of microbreccia in a roadside 32. polyphase folding and faulting. Schists bodies are a few meters long and up to 3m ditch at GPS location 387668/3883602, Garihan, J. M., and W. A. Ranson, 1992, F – Inclined to overturned macroscopic now lie structurally above the Tallulah Falls high. 3 near Morrow Road and less than 10m north Structure of the Mesozoic Marietta- Formation gneiss. Schist and gneiss in the and mesoscopic F3 folds deform earlier and View to the northeast across peach orchards and of the trace of the Pax Mountain fault, Tryon , South Carolina and F folds. rolling pasture land typical of northern Campobello map unit have either biotite or muscovite or 2 extensional veins up to 1ft long were adjacent North Carolina, in M. J. quadrangle. Blue Ridge Front visible in the distance. both present. Common lithologies include oriented N25 E 68 NW, N50 E 60 NW, Bartholomew, D. W. Hyndman, D. W. View to northeast. Each year, South Carolina grows F and F – Upright gentle folds. Not known garnet (up to 5 mm)-mica schist; mica 4 5 and N55 E 82 NW. Northeast of this Mogk, and R. Mason (editors), more than 200 million pounds of peaches. The state from macroscopic map patterns schist interlayered with pegmatite; fine- microbreccia exposure and still less than Basement 8: is the No. 2 peach producer in the nation, behind crystalline, limonitic-stained and beige- California. Georgia is No. 3. 10m from the Pax Mountain fault, the Characterization and Comparison of weathered, leucocratic, muscovite- orientation of syntaxial veins was measured Ancient and Mesozoic Continental sillimanite schist with sheared quartz Microbreccia body 12 m wide of Pax Mountain fault zone and enclosing leucocratic biotite quartz- as N50 E, E-W, and N40 -70 E. Two Margins: Proceedings of the Eight lenses, 1-3mm thick and 0.5-2cm long; and feldspar gneiss is exposed along Rt. 176 in separate, north-trending syntaxial quartz International Conference on Basement a fine-crystalline, darker limonitic stained, Campobello, SC. View to northeast. veins (0.5-1 km long) lie 2 km northeast of Tectonics, Kluwer Academic muscovite schist. Gowensville. Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 539-555. II. Rock Type Garihan, J.M., Preddy, M.S., and Ranson, With a decrease in modal mica and an W.A., 1993, Summary of Mid- Tallulah Falls Formation gneiss increase in quartz and feldspar, schist Mesozoic Brittle Faulting in the Inner (Neoproterozoic) grades into gneiss. The gneiss varieties Piedmont and Nearby Charlotte Belt Interlayered biotite quartz feldspar gneiss, include muscovite-biotite-garnet-quartz of the Carolinas: CGS Fieldguide. hornblende quartz feldspar gneiss, gneiss, with garnet comprising up to 40% of Pavement of biotite quartz feldspar gneiss along Garihan, J.M, and Ranson, W.A., 2010, amphibolite, amphibole quartz feldspar the rock composition and muscovite-biotite- SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, EQUAL AREA STEREOPLOTS OF POLES TO FOLIATION. Geology and Hydrogeology of the Pax quartz-plagioclase (oligoclase) gneiss. Meadow Creek, displaying a Type I interference fold gneiss, calc-silicate gneiss, and garnet SURFACES ARE USED TO DETERMINE STATISTICAL FOLD HINGE ORIENTATIONS pattern due to polyphase deformation. The white Mountain / the Cliffs at Glassy / biotite quartz feldspar gneiss. The different (BETA) OF F AND F FOLDS tape measures mark the axial traces of two gentle Landrum area, Greenville and 2 3 synforms which trend northwest and northeast. Rose Diagram showing fault strike frequencies for rock types are interlayered within CQ. The Thin, criss-crossing microbreccia and “comb quartz” Spartanburg Counties, South Carolina, Q CQ gneiss unit underlies ca. 95% of the veins (striking N40 -80 E and N 18 W) are exposed 18th Annual David S. Snipes/Clemson quadrangle area. over a 17m zone south of the 12m-wide Campobello Symposium Field Trip Guidebook microbreccia body. Pinkish enclosing rock is leucocratic biotite quartz-feldspar gneiss. Griffin, V. S., Jr., 1974, Analysis of the III. Cross Sections IV. Metamorphic History V. Deformation: Piedmont in Northwest South M/S G Faults and Folds Carolina: Geological Society of Schist with tight Photomicrograph (FOV A-A': In the northwest of CQ, Tallulah Falls Although peaked in the America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1123-1138. 2mm) of chlorite- chevron folds (F2) that schist lies structurally above Tallulah Falls sillimanite zone of the upper amphibolite Griffin, V. S. Jr., 1967, Folding styles and deform cm scale garnet-muscovite schist gneiss in the nose of an overturned Folds in Campobello quadrangle showing isotropic garnet facies, we observe a range of metamorphic migmatization within the Inner isoclines (F1). Exposure F1 – Isoclinal folds are found at all scales. (G), fine-crystalline mix synform. The synform is truncated by a conditions in the rocks of the CQ. Most Piedmont belt in portions of Anderson, lies north of the vertical fault. The F1 designation is used for the oldest Beaverdam fault and is of fibrous sillimanite (S) notably, chlorite is developed in most of the Oconee and Pickens counties, South and muscovite (M), and B-B': In the northeast of CQ and to the folds we observed in CQ. Foliation and structurally on the north amphibole quartz feldspar gneiss lithologies Tape and brunton map of pavement. Foliation form Carolina: Geologic Notes; Division of anhedral quartz crystals compositional layering are affected by F1 limb of an F2 synform. southeast of the Pax Mountain fault, schist in which the amphibole is altered to lines are shown. A at X (GPS Geology, State Department Board (Q), some with undulose folding. Hence it is unknown whether the View to south. forms a long, sinuous belt which has been location 390978/3876805) is formed by two cross- extinction. Crossed chlorite. Microprobe data indicate that N60°-70°E fault in gently folded Tallulah Falls Columbia, SC: v. 2, n. 3, p. 37-52. Interlayered migmatitic biotite gneiss and deformed by F , F and F generation compositional layering in gneiss is in fact cutting, gentle synforms: a N53 W fold axial trace polars. 1 2, 3 several amphiboles exist, which indicates a gneiss, Lyman quarry, southeastern Campobello Wetmore, C. C., and Griffin, V. S. Jr., 1977, hornblende gneiss with irregular intrusive bodies of axial planar to a fold set older than our F labeled S1-S1’ and a N37 E axial trace labeled S2- folds. The cross section shows part of this range of temperatures and pressures from 1 quadrangle. View to the southwest. An outcrop perspective on the pegmatite visible in the west wall of Lyman quarry, set. Macroscopic F folds were probably S2’. southeastern Campobello quadrangle. Axial planes schist belt, which is structurally an the greenschist facies to the upper 1 tectonics of the Walhalla , Holly Springs Hornblende Metagabbro overturned (recumbent?) originally, with a Synoptic stereoplot of overturned, tight-isoclinal folds are warped by Continuous zone of microbreccia exposures and overturned synform and consists of amphibolite facies. On the geologic map of analysis of 24 hinge northwest South Carolina: Geologic later upright, gentle folds. View to the west. A hornblende metagabbro body (3 x 0.5 float (32 ft long) trends N45°E along Pax Mountain northwest- consistent with interlayered Tallulah Falls gneiss and schist. Campobello quadrangle a trend appears for orientations of F2 and F Notes, Division of Geology South km) is located between Lyman Lake and fault. Ridge 1.6 km northeast of Liberty Church. Griffin’s nappe emplacement concepts for The earlier F1 isoclinal fold was later four of the locations of retrograded F3 hinge data display Carolina, v. 70, n. 4, p. 116-132. Holly Springs, SC. It is partly truncated and the Inner Piedmont (Wetmore, C.C., and two hinge orientations. refolded by F2 folding. amphibole gneiss at N50 E and is a similar offset by east-northeast faults. Metagabbro C-C': The Beaverdam Creek Fault, trending Griffin, V.S., 1977; Griffin, V.S., 1971; The hinges for F2, in T strike with nearby faults mapped in black range in Acknowledgements P is largely hornblende and plagioclase, the Griffin, V.S., 1967). Aligned sillimanite N55 E, in southeastern CQ truncates the Campobello quadrangle. This similarity in azimuths of 025° to This research would not have been possible without latter altering to epidote and scapolite in needles may have formed during F schist unit, which occurs in the nose of a trends suggests that the faults might have 1 100° and 240° to 270°. the logistical and cartographic support of the H thin section. Some textures suggest the rock deformation. In rock exposures a synform. The gneiss unit displays broad served as avenues for fluids, which then The hinge for F3, in Department of Natural Resources / South Carolina retains an original igneous texture. In float transposition foliation has been observed. Geologic Survey and funding from Furman synforms and antiforms and is faulted by produced the retrograded mineralogy in Photomicrograph (FOV 2mm) of hornblende-biotite- purple range in azimuths of 100° to 170° with just University’s Furman Advantage. A special thank samples, zones of foliated amphibolite vertical faults. localized regions. quartz-feldspar gneiss displaying hornblende (H), several cm wide with sharp contacts may Photomicrograph (FOV 2mm) of microbreccia one point plunging northwest. Our interpretation of you to Bill Clendenin, Scott Howard, Jennifer texture displaying clasts of quartz and feldspar of D-D': Hornblende Metagabbro body which albite-twinned plagioclase (P), and titanite (T) (high Broadly folded synform plunges 19 /188 in the Recumbent isoclines in migmatitic Tallulah Falls Two views of isocline in Motlow Creek of garnet Broad synformal warping of foliation in Tallulah this distribution is F2 folds being folded about F3 Krauser, and Erin Koch for all of their assistance relief). Crossed polars. represent original thin basaltic dikes in the various sizes. Crossed polars. west bank of Motlow Creek. Exposure is of biotite gneiss, Lyman quarry. View to the west. Drill holes biotite quartz feldspar gneiss. Falls gneiss, Lyman quarry of Vulcan Materials, is located in the southeast of CQ between with a gentle plunge southeast. N60 -70 E normal fault (F) next to a nose of a fold, towards this research. gabbro. quartz feldspar gneiss. are 2-3 feet apart. southeastern Campobello quadrangle. Lyman Lake and Holly Springs, SC. which are both delineated by white granitic material.