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Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2013, 4, 151-164 151 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2013.42021 Published Online April 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jbnb) Engineering Chitosan Using α, -Dicarboxylic Acids—An Approach to Improve the Mechanical Strength and Thermal Stability G. Sailakshmi1, Tapas Mitra1, Suvro Chatterjee2, A. Gnanamani1* 1Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India; 2AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT, Anna Univer- sity, Chennai, India. Email: *[email protected] Received January 19th, 2013; revised March 5th, 2013; accepted April 7th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 G. Sailakshmi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT The current scenario in tissue engineering research demands materials of requisite properties, viz., high porosity, me- chanical stability, thermal stability, biocompatibility and biodegradability for clinical applications. However, bringing these properties in single biomaterial is a challenging task, which needs intensive research on suitable cross-linking agents. In the present study, 3D scaffold was prepared with above said properties using chitosan and oxalic (O), malonic (M), succinic (S), glutaric (G), adipic (A), pimelic (P), suberic (SU), azelaic (AZ) and sebacic (SE) acid (OMS- GAP-SAS) individually as a non covalent cross-linkers as well as the solvent for chitosan. Assessment on degree of cross-linking, mechanical strength, FT-IR analysis, morphological observation, thermal stability, binding interactions (molecular docking), in vitro biocompatibility and its efficacy as a wound dressing material were performed. Results revealed the degree of cross-linking for OMSGAP-SAS engineered chitosan were in the range between ≈55% - 65% and the biomaterial demonstrated thermal stability more than 300˚C and also exhibited ≥3 - 4 fold increase in mechani- cal strength compared to chitosan alone. The bioinformatics studies evidently proved the chemistry behind the interac- tion of OMSGAP-SAS with chitosan. OMSGAP-SAS played dual role to develop the chitosan biomaterial with above said properties, thus matching the requirements needed for various applications. Keywords: Biomaterial; Chitosan; Cytocompatibility; Dicarboxylic Acid; Mechanical Property 1. Introduction temperature, results in the formation of active ester (O- acylisourea) as a highly reactive intermediate, which re- Dicarboxylic acids (DCA) are versatile chemical inter- acts with -NH2 and -OH groups at room temperature. mediates with different chain length, generally repre- However, the pH dependency, the need for additional steps sented as HOOC-(R)n-COOH. These chemical com- for purification of the products, the uncontrolled forma- pounds are used as raw materials for the preparation of tion of side products, hydrolysis and rearrangement reac- perfumes, polymers, adhesives and macrolide antibiotics tions are the major limiting factors identified in this pro- for many years and are well known polymer building cess [6-8]. Hence, DCAs find limited usage in biomaterial/ block [1]. DCA came to research focus because of its re- biopolymer preparations. However, the versatile nature action capability with amine (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) of DCA, if exploited properly, it will solve most of the group containing compounds through amide (-CONH2) problems associated with the preparation of biomaterial. and ester linkage (-COOR) as evidenced in polyamides Generally, biomaterial are prepared from bio-macro- and polyesters preparations [2-5]. However, the said reac- molecules in the presence of glutaraldehyde [9], and it tion requires high temperature (>100˚C), which limits its can easily react with -NH2 group at room temperature application for the preparations. Alternatively, activation and stabilized the bio-macromolecules with the forma- of -COOH group through carbodiimide and/N-hydroxy- tion of imine (-C=N) linkage. However, recently, for the succinimide found suitable for the reactions at ambient biomaterials of high mechanical strength and biocom- *Corresponding author. patibility, it has been identified that glutaraldehyde is not Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JBNB 152 Engineering Chitosan Using α, -Dicarboxylic Acids—An Approach to Improve the Mechanical Strength and Thermal Stability a suitable cross-linker or stabilizer because of the insta- the first four (Oxalic, malonic, succinic and glutaric acid) bility of the Schiff’s base [10]. Hence, an intensive search DCAs are soluble in water, whereas, adipic and pimelic for alternative to glutaraldehyde for biomaterial prepara- are sparingly soluble in water and suberic, azelaic and tions has been initiated at a global level. Related to this, sebacic acids are completely insoluble in water at room we made an attempt on preparation of chitosan based bio- temperature. Though, the carboxyl derivatives of diacid material by exploiting the versatile nature of DCAs. chlorides and dialdehydes are already studied and ex- Although chitosan based biomaterials are well recog- plored for protein coupling [12] because of the functional nized for profound biomedical applications, the selection groups (-COCl & -CHO) reactivity with the amine group and use of cross-linkers restrict the usage. Apart from va- through covalent bond formation (amide and imine link- rious formulations (cream), biomaterials of 2D and 3D ages), the acid derivatives may also interact with proteins, forms find applications in various biomedical fields (Tis- however, as summarized in the first paragraph, the me- sue engineering: culturing cells, drug delivery and also as someric effect of -COOH groups of DCA, requires, high a wound dressing material) [11]. These observations sug- temperature and/activation, and thus restricts the use of gest the necessity of suitable cross-linkers to transform DCAs for the preparation of biopolymer materials. How- the chitosan macromolecule to a porous, high strength and ever, alike diacid chlorides and dialdehydes, DCAs also biocompatible material for tissue engineering research. can interact with the -NH2 group of chitosan at any tem- We found, DCA is the best option with the presump- perature without activation of -COOH group of DCA. tion that it may not (i) require high temperature to initiate The present study explores the possibility of said interac- the reaction, (ii) no need to activate the -COOH groups tion of DCA with chitosan polysaccharide in detail. and (iii) may completely avoid the use of solvents. In brief, chitosan is usually dissolved in acetic acid It has been understood that in the series of DCAs, viz., because of proton exchange between -NH2 group of chi- OMSGAP-SAS, were chosen for the present study and tosan and -COOH group of acetic acid as shown below: O O Proton O Ionic C CH exchange interaction 3 R NH2 + C CH3 R NH3 + C CH3 R NH3 O Chitosan amino HO Acetic acid O group Further, it has been presumed that the bi-functionality fonic acid (TNBS)], were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich of DCA plays a dual role while interacting with the chi- (USA). 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-dephenyltetrazo- tosan molecule. The mutual crosstalk between DCAs and lium bromide (MTT), dexamethasone was purchased chitosan in water medium transforms chitosan polysac- from Hi-Media (India). All the other reagents were of charide to a homogenous solution (similar to the dissolu- analytical reagent grade and used without further purifi- tion of chitosan in acetic acid), and the prevalent ionic cation. interactions offered higher strength to the biomaterial. Thus, the present study explores the hypothesis behind 2.2. Engineering Chitosan Scaffold Using DCA the dual role of DCAs with chitosan and the non-toxic About 1% of chitosan powder was dispersed in water, nature of DCAs also as an attractive feature to involve and to that DCA was added and stirred vigorously. The DCAs for the preparation of biomaterial. Both dry labs homogenous solution obtained from the above said proc- (molecular docking study) and wet lab (preparation of 3D ess was subjected to centrifugation to remove any unre- biomaterial and animal models) studies were carried out acted molecules and a clear solution obtained upon cen- to substantiate the presumption and our attempt proves trifugation at 5000 RPM for 10 min was used for the pre- that DCA is really an elite compound and suitable for the paration of 3D chitosan biomaterial. For the preparation preparation of biomaterial. of 3D scaffold materials, the solution was poured in Tar- son (India) vial of an inner diameter of 4.5 cm and frozen 2. Experimental Details at −4˚C for 2 h, −20˚C for 12 h and −80˚C for another 12 2.1. Materials h. The frozen samples were lyophilized for 48 h at a va- cuum of 7.5 militorr (1 Pa) and a condenser temperature Chitosan from shrimp shells (≥75% deacetylated), Oxalic of −70˚C (PENQU CLASSIC PLUS, Lark, India). Fol- (O), malonic (M), succinic (S), glutaric (G), adipic (A), lowed by the preparations, the samples were subjected to pimelic (P), suberic (SU), azelaic (AZ) and sebacic acid neutralization with repeated washings with 0.05 N NaOH/ (SE) and Picrylsulfonic acid [2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sul- ethanol mixtures, neutralized and then lyophilized. The Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JBNB Engineering Chitosan Using α, -Dicarboxylic Acids—An Approach to Improve the 153 Mechanical Strength and Thermal Stability concentration of DCA was
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  • Excessive Risk Chemicals

    Excessive Risk Chemicals

    Excessive Risk Chemicals - Risk Exceeds Educational Utility ChemicalName Hazards Acetic Anhydride Explosive potential, corrosive Acetyl Chloride Corrosive, dangerous fire risk,reacts violently with water and alcohol Acrylamide Toxic by absorption, suspected carcinogen Acrylonitrile Flammable, poison Adipoyl Chloride Corrosive; absorbs through skin, lachrymator Aluminum Chloride, anhydrous Water reactive, corrosive Ammonia, gas Corrosive lachrymator Ammonium Bifluoride Reacts with water, forms Hydrofluoric Acid Ammonium Bichromate May explode on contact with organics, suspected carcinogen Ammonium Chromate Oxidizer, poison; may explode when heated Ammonium Dichromate Reactive, may cause fire and explosion Ammonium Perchlorate Explosive; highly reactive Ammonium Sulfide Poison, Corrosive, Reacts with Water & Acids Aniline Carcinogen, toxic, absorbs through skin Aniline Hydrochloride Poison Antimony Oxide Health and contact hazard Antimony Powder Flammable as dust, health hazard Antimony Trichloride Corrosive; emits hydrogen chloride gas if moistened Arsenic compounds Poison, carcinogen Asbestos, Friable Inhalation Health Hazard, Carcinogen Azide Compounds Explosive in contact with metals, extremely reactive, highly toxic Barium Chromate Poison Benzene Flammable, carcinogen Benzoyl Peroxide Organic peroxide, flammable, oxidizer Beryllium and its compounds Poison. Dust is P-listed & highly toxic. Carcinogen Bromine Corrosive, oxidizer, volatile liquid Cadmium compounds Toxic heavy metal, carcinogen Calcium Fluoride (Fluorspar) Teratogen. Emits