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El Día De La Independencia De México 16 De Septiembre

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El Día De La Independencia De México 16 De Septiembre El Día de la Independencia de México 16 de septiembre Mexico’s Independence Day September 16th Information from: http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/kids/about/html/holidays/home.html Accessed September 14, 2007 On September 16th, 2000, Mexico celebrated the 190th Anniversary of its Independence. In Mexico, we celebrate our Independence on two days, the 15th and the 16th of September. We call this the Fiestas Patrias (Patria means Country), and it is our biggest national holiday. On September 16th, back in 1810, Father Hidalgo started the Revolution that was to lead to Mexico's independence from Spain. He rang the church bells and called on the people to take up arms. You can read the history in this section on the Independence and find out why this date was chosen as our most important national holiday. On the night of the 15th, the President comes out on the balcony of the National Palace and rings the very same bell that Father Hidalgo rang at that time in his church in Dolores. Then the President repeats some of Hidalgo's words, starting with: "Mexicans, Long Live Mexico!" (¡Mexicanos, que Viva México!). The crowd gathered in the Zócalo or Main Square, answers; "¡Viva!", as he waves the flag from the balcony. After this, there are fireworks, music and a great fiesta that lasts into the night. This ceremony is repeated in cities and towns all over the country. The Governor, or the Municipal President gives the Cry of Dolores (or Grito de Dolores, as we call it in Spanish). In foreign lands, the Ambassador or Consul is in charge of the act. The next morning, on September 16th, most cities in Mexico have a big parade. As is now traditional, the Grito is given in the main square of Mexico City, in all our states and in Mexican embassies abroad. September is the month of the Mexican nation and, throughout the world, Mexican citizens join in the celebrations. We decorate our houses and place flags in our windows and cars. On the evening of September 15th, we have pozole and buñuelos for dinner, get together with families to give the Independence cry at home, go to our city's main square, or to the esplanades outside the headquarters of our local political delegations where colorful celebrations are held. The following day, we go off to see the September 16th military parade. 1 The Independence Revolution Information excerpts from: http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/kids/history/html/independ/home.html Accessed September 14, 2007 The Enlightenment In the XVIII century many men and women began to rely more on reason than on the authorities to study, work and organize. They even went as far as to revise and rectify the things that the wise men of the past had said. They felt that reason was a powerful light that would end the darkness of ignorance, backwardness and poverty. This period is therefore known as the Century of Lights or the Enlightenment. The Zócalo, Mexico City, painted by Casimiro Castro in 1869. It first began in England and France and later spread to the rest of Europe. The thinkers of the Enlightenment were in favor of freedom and equality in the eyes of the law, and against the privileges of the kings, nobles and the Catholic Church. Throughout Spanish America, these ideas led some people to believe that it was possible to fight against unjust governments in favor of Independence. During the Enlightenment, New Spain underwent great economic growth that was primarily based on mining. However, this wealth only benefited the Spaniards and a few Creoles. The Spanish kings ruled their territories without taking the opinion of their inhabitants into account. Most of the important positions in the Government, the Catholic Church and the Army of New Spain were given to peninsular Spaniards who had been born in Spain. The Creole children of these Spaniards were born in the lands of the viceroyalty, and enjoyed far fewer opportunities. Although the Creoles felt that New Spain was their homeland and that they should participate in its government, they were not considered by the Spanish authorities. Together with the enormous differences between the very few rich people and the many poor people, their discontent gradually led to a growing social uneasiness. The Independence Revolution 2 During the two previous centuries, England had occupied some of the lands in North America and finally formed thirteen colonies. In 1776, these colonies fought England for their Independence and each became a state. The thirteen states then joined a Republic called the United States of America. In 1776, these colonies fought England for their Independence and each became a state. The thirteen states then joined a Republic called the United States of America. In 1789, the French Revolution took place. Under the influence of the great thinkers of the Enlightenment, the French people overthrew their monarch, Louis XVI and turned France into a Republic. The French revolutionaries proclaimed the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity for all people. Their ideas quickly spread throughout Europe and America. Napoleon Bonaparte became governor of France and was named emperor. Napoleon I conquered a large part of Europe and in 1808, invaded Spain. He forced the Spanish monarchs to abdicate and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the throne. Spain and its American possessions were therefore left without their government. Although the Creoles of New Spain remained loyal to the exiled king, some people thought that they should rule their own land until the king removed by Napoleon returned. They would therefore be free from the rule of the invaders. Others believed that they should obey the government set up in Spain to oppose Napoleon. The two groups finally fought; the struggle was won by those who thought it was best to continue obeying the Spanish government. The Querétaro Conspiracy Meanwhile, and as in the other countries of Spanish America, some Creoles began to hold secret meetings to plan ways of changing the government of the Viceroyalty. In 1809, one of these conspiracies was discovered at the city of Valladolid, now known as Morelia. The following year, Miguel Domínguez, the magistrate (a kind of judge) of Querétaro, and his wife Josefa Ortíz de Domínguez, began to meet with soldiers like Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama. These meetings were also attended by the parish priest of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. The conspiracy was discovered. However, before the authorities could capture its participants, Doña Josefa managed to warn Allende, who then rode unseen through the night from Querétaro to Dolores to tell Hidalgo: their plans had been betrayed. 3 The Cry of Dolores (El Grito de Dolores) Hidalgo and Allende brought forward the date of their armed uprising. In the early hours of Sunday September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung to gather the people together. He recalled the injustice they had suffered and urged them to fight against the bad government. His words quickly filled the hearts of the people of Dolores and led them to join the uprising. The first thing they did was to free the prisoners from the jail and put the Spanish authorities in their place. The men and women who followed Hidalgo were not an organized army. They were simply people who wanted a fair government in which they could participate. Since they did not have enough arms, they took up their sticks, slings, machetes and work tools. Hidalgo began his march with six hundred people, a group that grew to almost eighty thousand in just a few days. Indians, Mestizos, Creoles and some Spaniards; soldiers, workers, miners and priests all went along together. Hidalgo's Campaign The campaign led by Hidalgo began at Atotonilco. Here, Hidalgo took up a banner bearing the Virgin of Guadalupe. When the revolutionaries reached Guanajuato, the intendant tried to defend the city and locked himself in the so-called Alhóndiga de Granaditas or corn exchange with the rich Spaniards. […] The insurgent troops took the building, killed its occupants and ransacked the city; Hidalgo and Allende were unable to prevent this. Several days later, they moved on to Valladolid; since its inhabitants were terrified by the events of Guanajuato, the city surrendered without a fight. […] Hidalgo took Zitácuaro and Toluca, and advanced towards Mexico City. Near the capital, he fought the battle of Monte de las Cruces, where he totally defeated the Spanish Royalist army. After this victory, Allende proposed that they take the capital city, but Hidalgo did not agree. Maybe he thought that they did not have enough soldiers and arms, or perhaps he feared that the city would be ransacked like Guanajuato. He therefore decided to return to Valladolid; discouraged by this decision, many of his followers abandoned the army. 4 Shortly afterwards, the insurgents were attacked [… and] they suffered a terrible defeat. Their forces were almost completely destroyed and they lost a large part of their arms and provisions. Hidalgo retreated to Guadalajara, where he ended slavery and tribute (taxes paid with products) paid by the Indians. Meanwhile, uprisings had sprung up in other areas of the country, following his example. Finally, on January 16, 1811, the insurgents suffered what would be their final defeat at the hands of Calleja, at Puente de Calderón near Guadalajara. Accompanied by just a few soldiers, Hidalgo and Allende marched northwards to buy arms at the border. In Coahuila, they were betrayed and taken prisoner along with Aldama and José María Jiménez. They were placed on trial in the city of Chihuahua and sentenced to death. Hidalgo was executed on July 30, 1811.
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