Online Video in the Future Internet Age: Business and Policy Dynamics

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Online Video in the Future Internet Age: Business and Policy Dynamics FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO PROGRAMA DOUTORAL EM MEDIA DIGITAIS FACULTEIT ECONOMISCHE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN AND SOLVAY BUSINESS SCHOOL,VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL DOCTOR IN DE MEDIA- EN COMMUNICATIESTUDIES Online Video in the Future Internet Age: Business and Policy Dynamics Doctoral thesis under co-supervision Vânia Guiomar da Silva Gonçalves Accepted for evaluation: May 2015 Public defence: October 2016 Supervision at Universidade do Porto: Artur Pimenta Alves, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Engenharia, Supervisor Joana Pinho Resende, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Economia, Co-Supervisor Supervision at Vrije Universiteit Brussel: Pieter Ballon, Prof. Dr., Faculteit Economische en Sociale Wetenschappen and Solvay Business School, Supervisor This work was financed by the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portuguese Founda- tion for Science and Technology) within UT Austin | Portugal Program (SFRH/BD/51334/2010) and by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. “The internet does not exist. Maybe it did exist only a short time ago, but now it only remains as a blur, a cloud, a friend, a deadline, a redirect, or a 404. If it ever existed, we couldn’t see it. Because it has no shape. It has no face, just this name that describes everything and nothing at the same time.” in Aranda et al.(2015). i ii Abstract The convergence of the Internet with TV and film content is revolutionising the telecommunications, media and entertainment industries. But consumption habits are also in transition. TV viewing is no longer just about a TV-set in a living room, but is shifting to a second-screen or multi- screen, personalised and interactive experience with Internet connected devices sitting between the viewer and the TV. With an increasing number of services allowing viewers to watch either live or on demand TV content over the Internet, video consumption is transitioning to an anytime, anywhere, any device experience. In this context, this study challenges the ‘OTT video’ buzzword by considering a broader definition of video services delivered over the unmanaged Internet. In this new environment, on the one hand, traditional media players are experimenting with new services and platforms in an attempt to adapt to and follow new players, while reinventing the dominant modes of video supply and protecting their content assets. On the other hand, other stakeholders such as ISPs, Internet players and CE vendors are also on the lookout to monetise their current resources and establish new direct customer relationships and walled gardens through online video services. With the strong dependence on the Internet for video distribution and the traffic demands and constraints video content would pose on network architectures, there is a growing concern about Internet’s limitations among the research community. With this in mind, the Future Media Internet vision aims at realising the next generation of media and personalised content services, catering for efficient handling, delivery, presentation and protection of content. Crucial factors for media content delivery, such as high bandwidth, real-time, low delay transmissions, will demand for an architectural support for specific media content handling, as well as, a robust marketplace for innovation and alliances between media, telecom and Internet stakeholders. This research is framed within a multidisciplinary approach combining innovation theory, political economy and strategic media management and intends to examine the potential impact of Future Internet technical transformations on the online video business ecosystem by deriving insights about the articulations of power and control in the dynamics behind technological change and market competition. The adopted methodology, informed by document analysis and expert interviews, contributes to characterise the current value network and control points arising between actors. Evidences demonstrate that control points in current online video services gravitate around a few actors, which impose limits on critical resources, create entry barriers for other actors, and hold more power in influencing or limiting other actors’ activities. By focusing on gatekeeping functions, strategies and business dynamics employed by different actors and competitors are analysed and compared in business model configurations. The control points intertwined with triggers rooted in technology, business and regulation, allow for an exploration of several scenarios reflecting uncertainties related with content licencing processes and the customisation of quality of service at network or device level for video content delivery. For each scenario, the future dynamics of control and power positions and changes to the current business model configurations are uncovered. Keywords: online video, online television, VOD, TV Everywhere, Future Internet, business models. iii iv Resumo A atual convergência entre a Internet e os conteúdos de televisão e cinema está a revolucionar as indústrias das telecomunicações, média e entretenimento. Consequentemente, também os hábitos de consumo estão em profunda alteração. O “televisionamento” em si está a evoluir do simples ato de ver um programa num televisor para uma experiência personalizada, interativa, com segundos ou múltiplos ecrãs, recorrendo a dispositivos ligados à Internet instalados entre o “telespectador” e a televisão. O crescente número de serviços de visualização de conteúdos ao vivo ou “on demand”, torna possível o “consumo de vídeo” a qualquer momento e lugar, e utilizando qualquer dispositivo. Neste contexto, o presente estudo sugere uma definição mais abrangente de “OTT video” (Over- The-Top video), considerando que nela se deve incluir quaisquer serviços de vídeo fornecidos através da internet. Neste novo ambiente, os atores de média tradicionais experimentam novos serviços e plataformas, numa tentativa de mimetizarem os novos atores, ao mesmo tempo que tentam proteger os seus ativos (i.e., conteúdos) através da redefinição dos processos de distribuição de vídeo. Simultaneamente, outros atores como fornecedores de serviço Internet ou fabricantes manifestam interesse em utilizar os serviços de vídeo em linha para monetizar os seus recursos atuais, estabelecendo com os utilizadores relações diretas ou walled gardens. Esta nova forma de distribuição de vídeo é inerentemente dependente da Internet, e os requisitos que os conteúdos impõem sobre as redes de dados e suas arquiteturas suscitam na comunidade científica uma crescente preocupação com as limitações da Internet de hoje. A Future Media Internet visa a conceção de uma nova geração de serviços de média e conteúdos personalizados, baseada em novas formas de processamento, transporte, apresentação e proteção dos conteúdos. A existência de fatores técnicos críticos relacionados com a entrega de conteúdos (como a largura de banda ou atraso de transmissão) determina a necessidade das arquiteturas suportarem de forma nativa o processamento de conteúdos vídeo, bem como o desenvolvimento de um mercado robusto que fomente a inovação entre os atores dos sectores de média, telecomunicações e Internet. Através de uma aproximação multidisciplinar que combina teorias da inovação, economia política e gestão estratégica dos média, discute-se o impacto que as alterações técnicas da “Internet do futuro” poderão ter sobre o ecossistema de negócio do vídeo em linha, e apresentam-se perspetivas sobre a articulação de poder e pontos de controlo relacionados com as alterações tecnológicas e de mercado. A metodologia utilizada caracteriza a rede de valor atual bem como os pontos de controlo emergentes, baseando-se não apenas na análise documental como também em entrevistas com representantes da rede de valor dos serviços de vídeo em linha. Demonstra-se em concreto que nos atuais serviços de vídeo em linha, os pontos de controlo gravitam em torno de um número reduzido de atores, que impõem limites na utilização de recursos críticos, criam barreiras à entrada de novos atores e têm a capacidade de limitar ou influenciar as atividades dos demais. A análise das dinâmicas e estratégias utilizadas pelos diferentes atores em várias configurações de modelos de negócio foca-se particularmente nas funções que lhes permitem obter e manter posições de controlo. A correlação dos pontos de controlo com estímulos de natureza tecnológica, de negócio e v vi regulamentar, permite a definição e exploração de diferentes cenários que, não obstante, incorporam incertezas relacionadas com os processos de licenciamento de conteúdo e o controlo da qualidade de serviço associados ao fornecimento de conteúdos de vídeo em linha. Para cada cenário, abordam-se as dinâmicas futuras de poder e posições de controlo, bem como de novas configurações dos modelos de negócio. Palavras chave: vídeo em linha, televisão em linha, VOD, TV Everywhere, Internet do Futuro, modelos de negócio. Samenvatting De convergentie van internet met televisie en film is de telecommunicatie-, media- en entertain- mentsectoren op een revolutionaire manier aan het transformeren. Consumptiegewoonten veran- deren echter ook. Televisie kijken gebeurt niet enkel meer op een tv-set in de woonkamer, maar verschuift steeds meer naar een tweede scherm of meerdere schermen, waar een gepersonaliseerde en interactieve ervaring gerealiseerd wordt door middel van met het internet geconnecteerde ap- paraten. Met een toenemend aantal diensten die het voor de kijker mogelijk maken om live of uitgesteld televisiecontent over het internet te bekijken, is
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