sign in sign up
<<
Home , Geniac, Richard Grimsdale, Richard Hamming, Robert Noyce

SEPTEMBER 2000 CORE 1.3

A PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM HISTORY CENTER WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG PAGE 1

September 2000 COA publication ofRE The Computer Museum1.3 History Center IN THIS MISSION ISSUE TO PRESERVE AND PRESENT FOR POSTERITY THE ARTIFACTS AND STORIES OF THE

The Museum plans to build a permanent facility in VISION INSIDE FRONT COVER front of historic Hangar One at Moffett Field TO EXPLORE THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION AND ITS MAKING IT HAPPEN IMPACT ON THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE John C Toole

2 MADDIDA: BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS Dag Spicer EXECUTIVE STAFF

6 John C Toole THE : ORIGINS AND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR & CEO 2 IMPACTS (REPRINT) MAKING IT HAPPEN Karen Mathews EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT Eleanor Weber Dickman VICE PRESIDENT OF DEVELOPMENT 10 & PUBLIC RELATIONS FROM THE COLLECTION Dag Spicer, Chris Garcia Our dream of moving the Museum The more we talk to groups and to define, organize and streamline the BOARD OF TRUSTEES forward is stronger than ever. It has individuals, the more we affirm the very fund-raising process. You should already 12 been a very busy quarter. We held our serious need that our mission fulfills! sense a new responsiveness from the 6 RECENT DONATIONS Leonard J Shustek, Chairman Dave House annual Board retreat in June, and in Over the next six to nine months, you staff. All of us welcome your input, VENCRAFT, LLC Christine Hughes 13 September we elected two new will see a number of visible efforts to suggestions, and comments. David L Anderson HIGHWAY 1 FOCUS ON PEOPLE Trustees: Donna Dubinsky of integrate our strategy, development, SENDMAIL Steve Kirsch Eleanor Dickman Handspring and John Mashey of building, collection, exhibit, and Whether you’ve visited the Museum C Gordon Bell PROPEL SOFTWARE CORPORATION Graphics. We finished our fiscal year volunteer activities. recently or not at all, we hope to see MICROSOFT CORPORATION John Mashey 14 Peggy Burke SILICON GRAPHICS with over $100,000 in the black; and you visit very soon. Some of the new 1185 DESIGN REPORT ON MUSEUM ACTIVITIES enjoyed welcoming a significant number I hope you are also hearing more about interesting artifacts on display include Ike R Nassi Karen Mathews Andrea Cunningham CISCO SYSTEMS 10 of new Core Supporters. Meanwhile, we us in the public sector as well. NASA an original UNIVAC I mercury delay line CITIGATE CUNNINGHAM Suhas Patil grew our artifact collection; watched our held its first round of public information and some vintage IBM unit record Donna Dubinsky TUFAN 16 HANDSPRING OUR SUPPORTER NETWORK volunteer IBM 1620 restoration team meetings in July for local communities, equipment (1930s). Bernard L Peuto Samuel Fuller CONCORD CONSULTING move closer to finishing the project; and presented options for the proposed ANALOG DEVICES refined our “new building” concept; and NASA Research Park. This is a very Finally, we are planning a festive and John William Poduska Sr 17 Eric Hahn ADVANCED VISUAL SYSTEMS DONOR SPOTLIGHT worked closely with NASA as part of exciting project, and we are positioned grand occasion for our annual Fellow INVENTURES GROUP UPCOMING EVENTS F Grant Saviers STAFF LISTING AND CONTACT INFORMATION their proposed research park. In as a prime partner with building space Awards banquet on November 9. Make Gardner Hendrie PRIVATE INVESTOR SIGMA PARTNERS 12 addition, we had a wonderful volunteer just in front of historic Hangar One. We your plans now—it’s a great opportunity John Shoch Peter Hirshberg appreciation party at Len Shustek’s will be reporting to you in the future as to sponsor a table and invite some new ALLOY VENTURES ON THE BACK COVER MYSTERY ITEMS FROM THE COLLECTION home; an elegant donor appreciation we progress in building our permanent people to become part of the Museum Charles H (Chuck) House Pierluigi Zappacosta CONVERGED DIGITAL PERSONA party at the home of Dave House and home. Of course, keep your eye on our community. In the meantime, Karen COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, DIALOGIC DIVISION Karla Malechek; participated in the website as well—our presence in Mathews, with all your help, is putting Computer Bowl 2000 preview with the cyberspace is going to grow rapidly well together a terrific lecture series program Museum of Science in Boston; and before the Museum opens its new that starts this month—see her column 13 welcomed a constant stream of visitors building. Our unique combination of for the specifics. each week. content, collection, people, and Copyright © 2000, The Computer Museum History Center. All rights enthusiasm differentiates us from many Again, thanks so much for your help! reserved. The Museum is an independent 501 (c) (3) organization, TID# 77-0507525. PO Box 367, Moffett Field, CA 94035. I want to thank everyone again–Board, organizations on the web. Please send us your ideas and staff, volunteers, supporters–for their suggestions, and bring others along to The Computer Museum History Center enthusiastic efforts in helping to define Development activities, now staffed help us build a living legacy of the Building T12-A and evolve our strategies to build a under the direction of Eleanor Weber information age. Moffett Field, CA 94035 +1 650 604 2579 14 lasting legacy of the information age. Dickman, are moving aggressively to +1 650 604 2594 (fax)

WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG

JOHN C TOOLE Cover: An early integrated circuit (IC) EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR & CEO PAGE 2 (opposite) The Northrop brochure introducing Maddida

MADDIDA: BRIDGE BETWEEN WORLDS DAG SPICER

Aside from the Yankees beating the Northrop engineers completed a unique a refrigerator turned on its side, Dodgers in the World Series four games computing machine that showcased MADDIDA was robust, reliable, and to one, 1949 was not a peaceful year Northrop’s skill in addressing its most relatively inexpensive to produce. Due to for most of America and the world in important problem—demanding this size limitation, it did not meet the general. The Berlin Airlift and its numerical calculation. This machine project objectives of a guidance system attendant tensions simmered on, was a pit stop on the road from for SNARK. However, given that in-house Communist forces had invaded the mechanical to electronic methods of engineering teams had great difficulty in Chinese mainland, and the first Soviet calculation that combined old concepts obtaining access to larger mainframe- atomic bomb test had taken place that with new technology. type machines, MADDIDA was August. Pulled in the wake of this immediately put to use for engineering political tide were enormous military Called MADDIDA (MAgnetic Drum work. Northrop staff, like that of every expenditures in armaments and Differential Analyzer), and pronounced other aircraft company, typically used weapon systems, as well as in basic “MAD-DI-DA,” this device of about 900 what can only be described as aeronautical, jet aircraft, and rocket diodes and 50 vacuum tubes started “stockyards” of human “” research. out as a project supporting Northrop’s who sat at desks and used mechanical SNARK missile program—essentially an calculators like the popular Friden or Some of the most advanced of such intercontinental cruise missile. Marchant models of the day. The scene research was taking place at Northrop Northrop had hired ENIAC co-designer was right out of Dickens: rows of Aircraft near Los Angeles. In a delightful John Mauchly two years earlier to crewcut young men as far as the eye turn of phrase, Paul Ceruzzi of the provide an on-board guidance computer could see in shirtsleeves and skinny Smithsonian Institution calls Northrop for SNARK. The result was BINAC, a ties filling in calculation sheets month the “midwife of the computer industry,” room-sized behemoth that never worked after month, year after year. Most of alluding to the importance of that reliably. BINAC’s failure prompted the these calculations, as Stanford company’s computational demands MADDIDA project, with Hewlett-Packard professor and aviation pioneer Walter in driving computer development, both building an initial prototype for Northrop Vincenti notes, were for “data at Northrop, and at IBM and UNIVAC, under contract. reduction,” that is, the aggregation of the two major producers of flight test and structural analysis data. computational devices at the time. Although it was still too large to fit This data came in great quantity and at Late that year, a small group of inside a missile, being about the size of great speed—a single aircraft of the PAGE 4 PAGE 5

MADDIDA prototype (1949), X1050.91, Gift of the LA County Museum

1 The storage drum from the MADDIDA prototype MADDIDA 44A (the commercial version of MADDIDA) Control Panel drawing from the Northrop MADDIDA brochure 2 Side view of head and drum assembly References 3 Front view of Northop’s MADDIDA prototype, showing diode matrix

4 Rear view of the MADDIDA prototype Ceruzzi, P. Beyond the Limits: Flight Enters the Computer Age. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989. 4 PHOTOS BY DAG SPICER Donan, J., Taylor, P. H., Weaver, S. E., Northrop Aircraft, Inc. MADDIDA Preliminary Report. Project MX-775, Report No. GM-545, May 26, 1950, 20 pp. TCMHC # 102626166.

“F.P.” Logical Equations for MADDIDA 44A. Revised Sep 21, 1950, 12 pp. TCMHC # 102626265.

Northrop Aircraft, Inc. MADDIDA: The New DESK- SIDE Digital Differential Analyzer. Hawthorne: Northrop Aircraft, Inc., Brochure No. 38, December 1950, 19 pp. TCMHC # 102626167.

Bashe, C. J., Johnson, L. R., et al. IBM’s Early Computers. Cambridge: MIT Press, see pp. 34-72 and p. 168ff.

von Neumann, J. An Adaptation of the MADDIDA, 1 2 3 4 A Digital Differential Analyzer of Northrop Aircraft, Inc. 30 pp. advanced type that Northrop was to industry, research labs, and code is typed into the computer along machines at the time. With nearly 700 relationships between peoples and National Museum of American History website, developing could require millions of universities. Recapitulating what with initial conditions.” CPCs in the field, IBM management nations, MADDIDA represents a Computer Oral History Collection: http://www.si.edu/lemelson/dig/ discrete calculations. Although not a computer users knew of the larger quickly saw a pent-up demand for transitional period between two key computeroralhistory5.html. general-purpose machine, MADDIDA “giant brains” produced by IBM, As Ceruzzi noted, Northrop engineers computing cycles among aircraft technologies. While remaining faithful was ideally suited to a broad range of UNIVAC, and research institutions, the contributed in many fundamental ways manufacturers and others, and thus to its roots in the analog analyzers Northrop’s in-house engineering work. company brochure proudly stated that to the booming post-WWII aircraft and began a reluctant transition by with which its inventors were MADDIDA would “…operate for months defense industry in southern California. the company into electronic computers. comfortable, MADDIDA took a bold, Specifications One of the most important milestones at a time without error or breakdown. MADDIDA, for example, was not the only bright step forward into the then-new in the development program occurred This type of performance has been machine invented there to solve As with MADDIDA, the technological and computationally-driven world of jet Machine Type: Electronic Digital Differential Analyzer when MADDIDA was flown across the hitherto unheard of for large scale computing problems. That same year, advances of so many computing aircraft, missiles and rockets. It was U.S. from it’s Hawthorne, California automatic computers.” for example, William Woodbury and Greg projects are often equaled or surpassed such advanced computation, provided Architecture: Integrator functional blocks (22); home to the Institute of Advanced Study Toben, a pair of young Northrop by the formation of computer experts economically and reliably by machines 44 on commercial version (IAS) at Princeton, New Jersey. There, Interestingly, MADDIDA’s architecture engineers, had “lashed up” two IBM trained by the project themselves, like MADDIDA, that enabled both the Word size: 22 (6 decimal places) project engineers demonstrated was basically that of a mechanical accounting machines into a experts who then go on to propagate computing and aerospace industries to 1 MADDIDA to John von Neumann. Don analyzer implemented with electronics. programmable (via plugboard) machine, into and define the industry. When move forward. Memory: Magnetic drum (8" diameter, 2 ⁄2" Eckdahl, an original MADDIDA designer, That is, the machine replicated the one they whimsically called “the poor Northrop decided not to pursue the height), Approx 1.5 Kbits x 4 channels visited The Computer Museum History analog functional blocks of a man’s ENIAC.” It is a poignant fact, commercial computer business, about a Logic: (53), germanium diode (904) Center in March of 1998 and remarked mechanical device with vacuum tubes certainly for Northrop engineers, that dozen of the MADDIDA project team left The original MADDIDA prototype forms part of the permanent collection of The Computer Museum that what had impressed von Neumann and diodes; mechanical analogies used the accounting department held most of to form their own company, CRC. I/O: 12 input and 12 output channels; printer, History Center. most was that MADDIDA arrived in throughout promotional and training the computing power in the company— Woodbury and Toben soon joined IBM Teletype, unit record equipment MADDIDA prototype (1949), X1050.91, Princeton, was plugged in, and almost literature made the transition in fact, Toben and Woodbury borrowed where they became major contributors Power consumption: Approx. 750W immediately began performing useful straightforward for people trained on the one of their machines from Accounting. to the Model 650 computer design, Gift of the LA County Museum work. von Neumann, with his previous generation of mechanical another highly-successful IBM product. Weight: Approx. 400 lbs characteristic aplomb, saw even more analyzers. As the brochure notes further IBM did not initially warm to the fait In fact, a 1984 study by the Babbage Size: 40" x 30" x 50" (HWD) applications than the original designers on, “There are no plugboards, nor are accompli of their machines being Institute determined that some 14 Dag Spicer is Curator & Manager of and wrote a paper on the machine’s there any physical interconnections to opened, modified, and operated, but companies can be traced back to Applications: Solution of ordinary differential Historical Collections at The Computer equations (linear and non-linear, any order or possible new uses. make in setting up a problem on Toben and Woodbury’s prototype people in the original MADDIDA group. Museum History Center degree), aviation industry, engineering, industrial MADDIDA. The desired connections metamorphosed into IBM’s Card control, education The MADDIDA prototype became a between integrators are easily Programmed Calculator (CPC), becoming Like the changes of 1949 that were commercial product and was marketed expressed as a binary code, and this one of the company’s most successful redefining many of the basic Cost: $500,000 (USD in 1949) PAGE 6 REPRINTED FROM THE COMPUTER MUSEUM REPORTS, VOLUME 11, WINTER, 1984-1985 PAGE 7

As I was driving in tonight, I was getting impurities into the semi- Although the printed circuit board was listening to a Chrysler ad pointing out conductors, giving good control of the starting to be used, the thought of that the company was 60 years old. I depth dimension. The problem was to printing a circuit on top of the think of Chrysler and the auto industry get control of the other dimensions. had not occurred. It was the as old. Then, I thought, the semi- Some of the first work was done at genesis of the idea of the integrated conductor business must be reaching because the semiconductor group circuit. All the elements were middle age, since it is now over 30. worked right across the hall from the converging: photo engraving enabled laboratory that was working on etching reproduction and the planar In 1954, the semiconductor business shadow mask tubes for color television. allowed conductors directly on top of it. Robert Noyce was born on December Intel made a critical change in amounted to 25 million dollars: the They were experienced with photo Three ideas popped up at that time. 12, 1927 in Burlington, , and died corporate direction in the early 1980s, growth sequence then was 35, 80, 140, engraving, which turned out to work a One was junction isolation, which I on June 3, 1990. The son of a abandoning the commodity memory 210, 360, and then 550 million lot better. patented, even though it turned out that Congregationalist minister, Noyce business due to stiff Japanese [dollars] by 1960. Half the business Kurt Lehovic had thought of it years earned his PhD in at the competition, and focusing on was in transistors; silicon accounted for The invention of the planar transistor by before at Sprague. At Fairchild, J. Last Massachusetts Institute of Technology instead. It now a relatively small share. further set the stage for the thought of the idea to etch the in 1953 and became a research dominates the market. birth of the integrated circuit. Planar transistors apart, glue them down to engineer for Philco Corporation, one In the 1950s, everyone was trying to transistors solved the problem of something and if you still knew where of only a handful of companies in the Both (at Instruments) figure out new and better ways of impurities on the surface of the they were you hopefully put them world manufacturing transistors at the and Noyce made fundamental making transistors. At one of the solid transistors and at their junctions that together. This idea had been previously time. In 1956, lured by the weather and contributions to the development of state circuits conferences, an explorer’s had been lousing up the specified patented at . The one I did get the opportunity to pursue technical the integrated circuit (IC), and both kit, designed to keep you from getting characteristics. Hoerni’s idea was to a patent on used intrinsic isolation, that challenges at the highest level, Noyce men are considered to be co-inventors lost in the woods, was displayed. It leave the silicon dioxide, a very good is to use the silicon as an insulator. It joined transistor co-inventor and Nobel of the device. While Kilby established consisted of a box with a small cube of insulator, on top of the transistor when didn’t work well at first because by laureate at the the principle, Noyce is credited with germanium and three pieces of wire. If it was being diffused, thus forming a bombarding it with neutrons or doping it, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory turning the concept into a practical you got lost, you were to start making a protective cover. leakage occurred and the life was too in Mountain View, California. device (with colleague Jean Hoerni point contact transistor. Whereupon ten short. Junction isolation is now being playing a vital role as well). Noyce people would lean over your shoulder The government gave further impetus by broadly used. Due to management differences and speaks here about the early days of and say, “That’s not the way to do it.” their interest in getting things into disagreements about product IC development. Then, you would turn around and ask, smaller packages. The Air Force project After the original concept was development, Noyce and seven others “Where am I?” Tinker Toy and the concept of molecular developed, things moved very slowly. left Shockley to co-found Fairchild engineering didn’t really work very well, One reason was the low yield on Semiconductor Corporation in 1959. At the time, germanium alloy transistors but it did let everyone know that there transistors: with 50% yield and ten Noyce served as director of research were made by putting indium on top of was an interest in getting things small. transistors together, the final yield of and then as vice president and general semiconductor germanium and melting A square inch chip with ten thousand one over two to the tenth is a small manager. After more management it just enough to dissolve some of the transistors was very labor intensive: number. We didn’t even consider putting problems, this time at Fairchild, Noyce, germanium and then recrystalizing it on each transistor had to be attached by a a thousand transistors together. Another , and left in both sides to make a PNP transistor. couple of wires and soldered down. problem was that the early integrated 1968 to found Intel Corporation, with There had to be a smarter way. circuits were very slow. And, of course, Noyce serving as chairman until 1975 One baffling research question was why the market was opposed to this and vice chairman from 1979 to 1983. germanium, when it was heated and I remembered that when I was in innovation. then cooled in the laboratory, changed college, I could slave over something, from N- to P-type. Simultaneously finally get the right answer, hand in my Progress followed the classic Moore’s transistors were being manufactured paper and it would come back with big curve. Every year you could get with N-type germanium on the factory red markings on it. My physics something twice as complex as the year because the indium acted as a “getter” professor would say I did it the hard way before. That extrapolates to a million to pick up all the impurities instead of Then he’d jot down a couple of elements in 1980. We didn’t quite make converting the germanium. sentences which clearly made it much that unless you allow for the easier for me by using some other introduction of new things like magnetic In the mid-fifties, the thinnest possible method. I guess that is what stuck with bubbles. The technology also changed transistor was a fraction of a mil [one me because one of the characteristics from bi-polar to MOS. THE INTEGRATED mil = 0.001 inch] and a mil was a of an inventor is that he is lazy and megacycle so these weren’t very useful doesn’t like to do it the hard way. Costs are determined by complexity and for anything except for hearing aids. Putting those 20,000 wires on 10,000 the number of leads per square inch of CIRCUIT: ORIGINS AND IMPACTS chips of silicon seemed like the hard silicon with problems setting to 20,000. 5 ROBERT N NOYCE Between ’54 and ’55, we started way to me. Starting with a ⁄8th inch wafer in 1963, worrying about diffusion as a way of costs were reduced by increasing the PAGE 8 PAGE 9

1 Graph of semiconductor penetration through 1976

2 Comparative costs of various memories through 1978

Photomicrograph of the , the first commercial 3 “This year, the industry will produce at least 4 Original Intel ad announcing the 4004-family of microprocessors 100 quadrillion transistors. This is more than Professor E.O. Wilson of Harvard WORLDWIDE SEMICONDUCTOR SHIPMENTS 5 Worldwide semiconductor shipments went from $.005 billion in 1954 to $149.4 billion (USD) in 1999 estimates for the number of ants on earth.” 1600 Gordon Moore, 1999 1400

1200

1000

800 US$100M 600

400

200

0 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

1 2 3 4 5

size to 11⁄2 inch in ’65 and two inches in companies in the early seventies were exhaust and it cost twice as much as repetitive tasks are the first to go. For transistors. That will be available on a camera store and building his first 1970. The die size and area were also talking about tens of thousands per the car and filled the whole trunk. In example, retyping a letter for one single chip within a couple of years and contact printer. While the technical increased to reduce the density of year. One kind of chip, however, was fact, the rear seat had to be used as mistake, or reformatting a marketing everyone can have a supercomputer. All advances have continued relentlessly, defects that would kill the surface. It like heroin to the computer designers well in order to install the computer. forecast. the educational institutions have a mere quantitative measures do not tell became possible to use an ever- and that was memory. Give them a little Today computers in cars do ten times challenge to make this work for the the whole story. Computers changed increasing area to put a circuit on and bit and they want more. Thus, memory more work and cost about $30. They The tradition of liberal arts education science and liberal arts. qualitatively, not just quantitatively, in have it work. Circuit dimensions chips became a major standard product. are less expensive than a mechanical was designed to allow people to about the mid-1970s, moving from themselves have been reduced below carburetor and will pay for themselves in understand and communicate in society. POSTSCRIPT BY DAG SPICER “number crunchers” to platforms for the size of neurons, 10 microns, and WHAT HAS THE CHIP WROUGHT? the first year in gas savings. Grammar, rhetoric and logic came first, visualization, entertainment, and these are being used for speech and then the quantitative studies of In the 15 years since Robert Noyce communication. And, as Noyce noted, synthesizers and other products. Today The chip has been one of the main Jobs in the future are not going to arithmetic, music with its geometrical gave this lecture at The Computer perhaps a bit skeptically, telephones we have two micron circuits and are elements allowing the ubiquity of require the skills of the past. One relationships, geometry and astronomy Museum, much has changed in the have indeed become computer talking about .7 microns, so we indeed computers. Computers, as tools and hundred-and-fifty years ago, 50% of the followed. The same task is essential world of semiconductors. Noyce speaks terminals. are getting down to biological devices to help train people to think American labor force was employed on today. The student has new tools to of 2 micron circuits; production devices dimensions and it is conceivable to talk logically and work precisely, have the farm. Fifty years ago the greatest help understand the continuing are now made at 0.18 microns (and As Noyce’s friend and colleague Gordon about things the brain can do. caused a major revolution in education, proportion was in manufacturing. Today accelerating advances in technology. experimentally even smaller). In 1985, Moore recently noted in a lecture here business, government, and all aspects that is about 20%. These latest Most students will be working with a Intel’s 386 CPU had 275,000 at the Museum last October, the Other new ideas were important. One of society. The telecommunications statistics are inaccurate because the computer in some way. transistors; the latest III industry annually produces more was MOS and the second was epitaxy. manufacturers would have us believe categories have not changed with the contains nearly 30,000,000. The value transistors than there are ants on Prior to the use of epitaxy, only the that every telephone in the world will be economy. Intel is included in the It’s not necessary for society to break of semiconductor shipments worldwide earth. In spite of this astounding rate of surface could be more impure than the a computer terminal. manufacturing sector, even though only down into C. P Snow’s two cultures in went from $5 million in 1954 to $149.4 diffusion, ensuring the continued underlying material. This was another 30% of our people actually touch any which those who do not work with billion (USD) in 1999.1 miniaturization and proliferation of bag of tricks. Some people fear this idea, just as I products that are shipped. Most of our technology are left behind those who transistor technology until at least the feared the telephone. One day, when I employees sell, keep books, or even do have the modern tools to become One of the most remarkable constants next decade, the fundamentals of IC The first set of integrated circuits had was quite young, my folks were out and such useful work as design the next productive. Despite the advances in of this period, which Noyce pointed out, design and manufacture are much the straight Boolean functions. With left me alone. The telephone rang. I generation of products. Today, more technology, math, science and has been the continuing applicability of same as those Noyce and his progress the designers wanted panicked, picked it up, and said, “Hello, than 50% of the labor force is working engineering are not attracting enough Moore’s Law in terms of transistor colleagues pioneered some four complexity with lots of leads out of nobody’s home,” then hung it up. Today with information. people in the US. The power of our counts as well as the resiliency of decades ago. a circuit and the semiconductor I can’t imagine living without a computers that can help people as tools optical lithography over alternative manufacturers just didn’t like that at telephone. The computer is the major tool that can is growing beyond common imagination. technologies. Another constant is that 1 Semiconductor Industry Association all. In addition, the more complex help information workers. It’s a IC-making technologies use many products had a lower demand, and as Let me point out a couple of other productivity enhancer for people who The Computer Museum has the CDC similar processes—albeit vastly Dag Spicer is Curator & Manager of manufacturers we were thinking of changes that I’ve observed. The first work with ideas as well as for people refined—to those that Noyce started Historical Collections at The Computer 6600, the first production Museum History Center making millions of items. computer in an automobile only who work with things. It will allow more supercomputer from 1963. It cost more himself some 40 years ago by buying Simultaneously, the computer controlled the non-skid brake and human use of human beings. Dull than $3 million and only had 500,000 projector lenses from a San Francisco PAGE 10 PAGE 11 FROM THE COLLECTION

GEORGE STIBITZ COMPLEX foreshadowed the later link between NUMBER CALCULATOR communications and computing. DESIGN DRAWINGS (1940), Stibitz was born in York, Pennsylvania, X2010.2001, and graduated from Denison University GIFT OF GEORGE ROBERT STIBITZ in 1926 with a PhD in applied . He received a second CHRIS GARCIA PhD in physics from Cornell in 1930 and joined Bell Telephone Laboratories While working for Bell Telephone Labs, as a mathematical consultant. In 1964, George Robert Stibitz (1904-1995) Stibitz joined the Department of created the Complex Number Calculator, Physiology at Dartmouth Medical an electromagnetic system used to School as a research associate. He solve complex calculations. In 1940, became a professor in 1966 and Stibitz demonstrated the machine—by professor emeritus in 1970. then renamed the Bell Labs Model 1— at a meeting in Hanover, New In 1986, Stibitz donated to the Museum Hampshire, with an operator accessing his collection of design diagrams of the the machine in New York City via Complex Number Calculator as well as telephone lines. Stibitz allowed the photographs of the original machine in astounded attendees to pose questions operation. He also presented a lecture An operator at the remote console for the while a Teleprinter printed the answers. for The Computer Museum on the Bell Labs Model 1, 1940 This may have been the earliest Model 1 and advances at Bell example of a remote job and Telephone Labs. THE GENIUS ALMOST AUTOMATIC

COMPUTER DAG SPICER

Developed by the legendary Edmund subtracting, dividing, and multiplying; GENIAC (Genius Almost Automatic Computer) COMPUTER SPACE (1970), Perhaps the best reason Pong gets all (1955), X877.88, Gift of William R Simpson Berkeley (founder of the ACM and the solution of problems in symbolic X1025.90, GIFT OF ALAN RIFKIN the attention is the fact that not many author of Giant Brains or Machines That logic, reasoning, and comparing; GENIAC (Genius Almost Automatic Computer) people played Computer Space with its (1955), X836.87, Gift of Elliot Linger Can Think), GENIAC was a very Spartan “psychological testing;” experimental CHRIS GARCIA complex controls. Pong, possibly the arrangement of masonite wheels with game-playing circuits for tic-tac-toe and GENIAC (Genius Almost Automatic Computer) easiest of the early video games, sold (1955), X734.86, Gift of Thadeus M Hershey metal contacts and flashlight bulbs out nim; as well as “actuarial analysis.” While Pong (1972) is often called the more than 100,000 units, while of which some 30 “small electric brain “First Arcade Video Game,” the title Computer Space sold less than 3,000 machines” could be built. Basically, GENIAC is important as both a cultural References rightfully belongs to Computer Space, units. Realizing that the game itself may GENIAC provided N-pole by N-throw and technological artifact, one whose Oliver Garfield Company. Geniacs: Simple Electric developed a year earlier in 1971 by have been too complex for most users rotary switches that could be wired in pedagogical purpose embedded Brain Machines and How To Make Them. New Nolan Bushnell for Nutting Associates of of the day, Nutting Associates then tried series to perform logical operations. cultural and political assumptions Haven: Oliver Garfield Company, 1955, 64 pp. Mountain View, California. The game unsuccessfully to market the game in a TCMHC # 102626164. relating to the cold war that most closely resembled Steven “Slug” “Beautiful Space-Age Cabinet” with

Berkeley had designed and marketed a of GENIAC’s young users probably Leslie, S. The Cold War and American Science. Russell’s SpaceWar!, developed at MIT attendant scantily-dressed model. previous machine, known as “Simon,” never thought or cared about: GENIAC New York: Columbia University Press, c.1994. in the early 1960s for play on the DEC that had appeared as a series of 13 was fun! PDP-1. Computer Space featured two After the failure of Computer Space, articles in Radio Electronics from 1950- ships gliding through star-filled space Bushnell formed Atari (originally called 51. GENIAC stood for “Genius Almost Several GENIACs form part of The trying to shoot down opponents with Syzygy), and released the wildly popular Automatic Computer” and sold for Computer Museum History Center’s missiles. The black and white monitor Pong game in 1972. Atari went on to “under $20” in 1955, when first permanent collection. and console speakers seem quite become the dominant video game introduced. In addition to the musical primitive by today’s game standards, company through the early 1980s. Computer Space, the first commercial and computational uses advertised but in the 1970s, these were far more After selling Atari to Warner Brothers, coin-operated video game above in Astounding Science Fiction in sophisticated than anything else that Bushnell later founded Pizza Time 1957, a Popular Science advertisement was being played in pinball-dominated Theatres and Sendai Electronic Dag Spicer is Curator & Manager of listed some of the projects: computer Historical Collections at The Computer arcades. Games. circuits for binary and decimal adding, Museum History Center

Chris Garcia is Historical Collections Coordinator at The Computer Museum History Center HRISTOPHER ALEXANDER · FRANCES E. ALLEN · ERIC AMIEL ·

OHN BACKUSPAGE 12 · RUZENA BAJCSY · FOREST BASKETT · PAUL PAGE 13 ASS · SANDRA JOHNSON BAYLOR · BOB BECK · GORDON BELL All, however, have approached the fast JOEL BIRNBAUMMUSEUM · RICHARD VIDEOTAPES E. BLAHUT · MAYJIM BOAK · DANIELRECENT FOCUS ON track with the same methodical BOBROWNOW · BARRY BE BOEHMORDERED · HANS-J. ONLINE BOEHM · GRADY DONATIONSBOOCH · PEOPLE preparation required by an engineering NITA BORG · BOB BRESSLER · A. PAUL BROKAW · RICHARD A. or management challenge. Certified by TO THE COMPUTER MUSEUM ELEANOR DICKMAN the Skip Barber Racing School, they RUNNER · CRAIG CHAMBERS · JOSEPH C. CIRCELLO · HISTORYWAYNE CENTER COLLECTION compete in events sponsored by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). LARK · WESOne of theCLARK ways The · ComputerWILLIAM Museum CLINGER History Center · LARRY L. MICROCOMPUTERS Anderson is proudest of his ONSTANTINEpreserves · theWILLIAM personalities, COOK stories, ·and JIM visions COPLIEN of the · JOHN Wang 53-2 (1984), RAWFORD · SEYMOUR CRAY · SCOTT H. DANFORTH · DIANEX1817.2000, Gift of Harry Brooks performance in the SCCA Spec Racer information age is through its extensive archive of videotapes— Tandy TRS-80 Model 4 (1982), X1930.2000, Class, in which he won the Pacific Coast AVISON now· MICHAEL 2,000 titles and DEERING growing. These · STEVE recordings DEERINGare valuable, · DANIELGift of Bob Morgan DAVE ANDERSON, championship. House hasn’t won any records as of yet, but believes that ELEGANESnot only · MARVIN for historical DENMANinquiry, but for ·contemporary DOROTHY DENNING · KEITHTandy TRS-80 Model 4 (1982), X1931.2000, Gift of Bob Morgan DAVE HOUSE, AND “racing is more of the challenge than EFENDORFFunderstanding · WHITFIELD as well. The Museum DIFFIE is proud · EDSGER to offer a wide W. DIJKSTRA · AVID R. DITZEL · · JOHN EDMONDSONApple Powerbook Duo with DuoDock (1990), GRANT SAVIERS: the winning; there is always somebody selection of its video holdings for classroom and personal use. X1926.2000, Gift of Leslie Lindsay to compete with.” He says that the EDWARD A. FEIGENBAUM · JOAN FEIGENBAUM · JEANNEIBM 5271 Computing System (1983), object of racing is to “keep the car right Please visit WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG/STORE for a THE RACER’S ERRANTE · JOSEPH A. FISHER · G. DAVID FORNEY · JAYX1923.2000, Gift of Bill Spangler on the very edge of control but never complete list of titles and prices. Mindset Video Production System (1983), EDGE ORRESTER · JIM FORSTER · MARIO TOKORO · A.G. FRASER · getting out of control or making a X1921.2000, Gift of Molly Hogan mistake.” Saviers agrees, and cites one RMANDO GARCIA · JIM GETTYS · BARRIE GILBERT · ADELEMindset Personal Computing System (1983), The collection contains a variety of material, including: particularly exhilarating episode, when OLDBERG · IRA GOLDSTEIN · JAMES GOSLING · RONALDX1922.2000, L. Gift of Molly Hogan When Trustees Dave Anderson, Dave he managed to regain control of his car Digital Equipment Corporation Hi-Note Laptop House and Grant Saviers walk into an as it was spinning at 115 mph, “with RAHAM · SUSAN GRAHAM · JOHN GRAY · BARBARA GROSZ(1994), X1938.2000, · Gift of Bonnie Sontag OGER A.MUSEUM HAKEN “COMPUTER · RICHARD HISTORY” HELM LECTURES · JOHNby leading HENNESSY · DENNIS Executive Committee meeting at The only minor damage to the car and computing innovators. Often these videos are the only Computer Museum History Center, the nothing to me.” ERRELL · PHIL D. HESTER · DANIEL HILLIS · URS HOLZLECOMPONENTS · room fairly crackles with their intensity permanent record of important talks and favorite ideas of Grant Saviers, Dave Anderson, and Dave House share RACE HOPPER · ROBERT HORST · PETER YAN-TEK HSUNexGen · IBM Nx586-60 ·VLB Motherboard (1995), and drive. Their mission is to help Many of the qualities that make a passion for fast cars and cutting-edge leadership AN INGALLSpeople who· MARY have influenced JANE the IRWIN technology · revolution.ANITA JONES · DEBORAHX1945.2001, Gift of Norbert Juffa preserve the history of computing. Their Anderson, House and Saviers good PHOTO BY ELEANOR DICKMAN NexGen Nx586 PF110 PCI Motherboard (1995), focus is how this history will be racers also make them outstanding OSEPH · NORMAN P. JOUPPI · BILL JOY · ELAINE KANTX1946.2001, · Gift of Norbert Juffa important for future generations. And it Trustees. House says, “Clearly the of the computer industry, an industry MUSEUM “HISTORY IN THE MAKING” LECTURES, meant to NNA R. KARLIN · RICHARD KARP · · GARY KELLEYIntegrated Information · Technologies XC87DLX2/50 is clear that these three engineering parts of our personalities that make us that has changed our world. It is still capture the present vision, technology, and process of people Math Coprocessor (1994), X1947.2001, executives1 want to get things done! want to race are also the things that new, and many of its pioneers are still REGOR KICZALES · CHARLIE KINDELL · JUDITH KLAVANSGift of Norbert · Juffa who may one day be important parts of computing history. make us want to make things happen.” with us.” Saviers describes computing ARIA KLAWE · THOMAS KNIGHT, JR. · DONALD A. KNUTH · Their love for things mechanical, their Competitive and inventive, Anderson as “a very creative learn-while-doing NDREW KOENIG · ELIYEZER KOHEN · BUTLER LAMPSONOTHER · /KAI- SPECIAL PURPOSE intellectual energy, and their competitive likes using his leadership skills “to help technology,” and wants to ensure that RECORDINGS IN THE GRAY-BELL ARCHIVE, including Lexitron VT 202 Word Processor (1979), spirits have made them successful create and build an effective the milestones in computer history are U LEE · RUBY LEE · DANIEL E. LENOSKI · NANCY LEVESONX1920.2000, · Gift of Holvick Construction RUCE D.presentations LIGHTNER by computing · MARK legends LINTON and innovators · BARBARA derived LISKOV · contributors and corporate executives in organization.” Saviers, who describes preserved and explained. “It’s US Robotics Palm Pilot Professional (1995), today’s high-tech world. These same himself as “a builder of things,” wants marvelous,” he says, “to celebrate what from more than a decade of work by University Video X1935.2000A-C, Gift of Tuck Takagawa CTOR B. LORTZ · ROBERT W. LUCKY · DAVID L. LYON · PAUL B. traits make them enthusiastic amateur to build the Museum “in different the best and brightest have done in the Communications (UVC). Matsucom OnHand Wearable PC (1997), ACCREADY · OLE LEHRMANN MADSEN · MICHAEL MAHONX1936.2000, · Gift of Tuck Takagawa race car drivers. dimensions.” past.” Anderson fears that “our technology industry has been ATHSHEBA J. MALSHEEN · JOHN MARKOFF · PAUL MARTINSilicon Valleyopoly · Board Game (1989), OHN R. MASHEYThe Museum distributes· CARVER thousands MEAD of videos · NOAH per year MENDELSOHN and X1937.2000, · JIM Gift of Tuck Takagawa Anderson is the veteran speedster of All three have been long-time particularly poor at [preserving its the group, having raced for the past supporters of The Computer Museum history] and The Computer Museum many titles are also available for viewing on the web. Visit our Advanced Concepts Ltd. Crayola Crayon Box TCHELL · KENICHI MIURA · JIM MONTANARO · GORDONCalculator E. (1994), X1944.2000, eight years. Saviers joined the circuit a History Center. A DEC employee for 25 History Center is absolutely needed to OORE · J.website ELIOT for more B. information. MOSS · StayJOSEPH tuned, since MUNDY we update · theJOHN D. MUSAGift of Joseph Camp· year-and-a-half ago, and House will years, Saviers has been affiliated with “maintain our valuable artifacts and ATHAN MYHRVOLDsite and add to the · archive JEFFREY regularly. NAUGHTON · DAVID NELSONTubular Audion · Vacuum Tube (ca 1912), celebrate his first anniversary on the the Museum since he worked for stories.” X1943.2000, Gift of Eric Barbour track in November. House has been in Gordon Bell, who, with his wife Gwen, TEVE NELSON · PETER NEUMANN · ROBERT NOYCE · RICHARDKendall Square Research KSR 1 Promotional Model love with cars since his childhood “in founded the original Computer Museum. With Anderson, House, and Saviers on OEHLER · DONN PARKER · SUHAS PATIL · DAVID PATTERSON(1992), X1948.2001, Gift of Norbert Juffa the automotive state of Michigan.” He House was introduced to the Museum the “track,” the race to build a strong AMY PEARL · LOU PERAZZOLI · BIRGIT PFITZMANN · KURTPre-Production Apple Duo External Floppy Drive characterizes himself as “an adrenaline by fellow Trustee Gardner Hendrie organization and a new facility is one ERSOL · NICHOLAS PIPPENGER · MICHAEL POWELL · SCOTT(1990), X1928.2000,Gift of Leslie Lindsay junkie,” observing that racing is a (House’s mentor years ago at The Computer Museum History Center Apple Newton with Fax Modem (1990), “chance to drive fast legally.” Speed Honeywell), and later became involved is sure to win! ANDELL · JUSTIN RATTNER · BOB RAU · BRIAN REID · X1927.2000,STEVE Gift of Leslie Lindsay also motivates Anderson: “It’s a natural with the Computer Bowl. Participating in EINHARDT · STEVE ROBERTS · SUSAN ROSENBAUM · JOHNIBM UPAC Coupler (1983), X1924.2000, fit between my heavy foot and my the Computer Bowl as a contestant five 1 Dave Anderson: CEO, Sendmail; Chairman of Gift of Bill Spangler GeoFin Corp; former Chief Technical Officer, [sense of] competitiveness, an years ago also connected Anderson to ANGUINETTI · VIVEK SARKAR · MARY SHAW · PAUL SHERER · Amdahl. Dave House: 22-year veteran of Intel; WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG/STORE Burroughs 1C Dish Platter (1971), X1977.2001, opportunity to provide an outlet for the Museum. AVID J. SHIPPY · DICK SHOUP · FAINA SHTERN · DICK GiftSITES of William Klehm · former CEO, Bay Networks; former President, both.” For Saviers, the thrill is to “push Nortel. Grant Saviers: former Chairman & CEO, LVY RAY SMITH · KAREN SPARCK JONES · GUY L. STEELE, JR. myself… the adrenaline rush of racing The Trustees agree that the Museum’s Adaptec; former Vice President, Storage Systems, DEC. THOMAS STERLING · GEORGE STIBITZ · CLIFF STOLL · HAROLD is unbelievable!” most important mission is preservation. TONE · · TANDY TROWER · STEPHEN R. Notes House: “I’m interested in Eleanor Dickman is Vice President of celebrating the history and the stories Development & Public Relations at NDY · CRAIG UPSON · DAVID VASKEVITCH · TADASHI The Computer Museum History Center ATANABE · TELLE WHITNEY · · TONY LLIAMS · RICH WITEK · CRAIG WITTENBERG · BARBARA PAGE 14 PAGE 15 REPORT ON

MUSEUM 1999 Fellow Award Trustees and donors relax at the donor In June, volunteers received thanks and awards for the presentations (from appreciation party in July: (left to right) Christine help they gave over the previous year at the Volunteer ACTIVITIES top): Horst Zuse (left) Hughes, Andy Cunningham, Gordon Bell, Donna Appreciation Event 2000. Staff members also shared KAREN MATHEWS Chris Garcia teaches a group of children about core accepted posthumously In a lecture on September 28, Richard Grimsdale Dubinsky, and Peggy Burke plans for the upcoming year at the Museum. memory in the Visible Storage Exhibit Area on behalf of his father, will discuss 1950s-era computing in the UK PHOTO BY ELEANOR DICKMAN PHOTO BY WENDY-ANN FRANCIS Konrad Zuse (presented by Hermann Rampacher), John McCarthy (left) (presented by Ed Feigenbaum), and Alan Kay (left) (presented by Doug Engelbart)

JAN LUNDBERG PHOTOGRAPHY

An unbeatable partnership between you MUSEUM VISITORS 2000 FELLOW AWARDS BANQUET LECTURE PROGRAM DONOR NOTES VOLUNTEER APPRECIATION EVENT —our supporters—and a committed Our Visible Storage Exhibit Area includes Each year the Museum presents Fellow On Thursday, September 28, the On July 27, 2000, donors, Trustees and Over 50 people gathered at Museum group of talented, hard-working many unique and rare objects from the Awards to people who have made Museum will present Richard Grimsdale staff celebrated the successful end of Chairman Len Shustek’s home on a Trustees, staff, and volunteers has put collection such as the Honeywell significant contributions to computing. lecturing on “The Manchester University our fiscal year with a recognition party sunny afternoon in June to honor the us squarely on track to continue Kitchen Computer, the Apollo Guidance To date, we have recognized 14 Fellows, Transistor Computer.” As a research for Core Supporters (those who make many and varied contributions of increasing the scope and breadth of the Computer, two Apple I boards, and all of whom are featured on our website student at the annual donations of $1,000 or more). Museum volunteers. In addition to Museum’s operations throughout this pieces of the ENIAC, ILLIAC IV, and at www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/ in 1950, Grimsdale wrote test and The event was graciously hosted by enjoying a relaxing picnic on the lawn fiscal year. Thanks to your generosity SAGE. We are always thrilled to host hall_of_fellows. We will announce three diagnostic programs for the Ferranti Dave House and Karla Malechek at their and lots of socializing, volunteers and commitment, the Museum has tours for both individuals and groups. more honorees at our annual dinner and Mark 1—no small feat, due to the lovely hilltop home in Saratoga, received personalized certificates and exceeded its projections for fiscal year Our many visitors this quarter included Fellow Awards Banquet on THURSDAY, almost total lack of circuit diagrams. California. For those of you who were Superman T-shirts! Special thanks to 2000 by over $100,000. It is exciting to Mary Wasik and 25 students from NOVEMBER 9, 2000, at the Hotel Sofitel From programming the EDSAC in 1950 unable to attend, please know that you Len Shustek, Lee Courtney, Karyn be part of this successful effort to build Blach Intermediate School in Los Altos, in Redwood Shores, California. Please to his recent work in VLSI accelerator were missed and that we plan to hold Wolfe, Wendy-Ann Francis, Betsy Toole, a community resource that will serve as California. Here are some of the save the date for a magical evening with chips for 3-D image generation, other such events in the future. John Francis, and John Toole for helping a world center for computing history. students’ written responses: the pioneers, and movers and shakers Grimsdale has many fascinating stories out! There are many rewarding of the IT world. The Museum is looking to relate. As you know, The Computer Museum opportunities to get involved at the As always, I welcome the chance to “Excellent tour! Extremely old for additional corporate partners to join History Center welcomes donations to Museum as a volunteer. Please contact answer your questions or discuss any of computers with mere K’s of memory!” Citigate Cunningham and Greater Bay Grimsdale is one of many speakers in help preserve computing history through our Volunteer Coordinator, Lee Courtney. the information that follows. All contact Bancorp-Mid Peninsula Bank in our terrific lecture program for 2000. collecting, educating, and public information can be found on page 17. “My impression... was that the sponsoring this memorable event. Stay tuned for upcoming communications efforts. The Museum CURATOR LECTURES IN FINLAND computers were really cool and that If you can help or have any ideas, announcements. In addition to our recognizes all of you as very special Last March, Curator Dag Spicer technology has changed a lot in a please let me hear from you! We look popular History Lecture Series, we will people and organizations. You loyal, travelled to the Kiasma Museum of Karen Mathews is Executive Vice President at few years.” forward to sharing the experience with be adding “History in the Making” consistent supporters with an abiding Contemporary Art in Helsinki, Finland, The Computer Museum History Center you. To reserve your place or arrange presentations featuring people who are interest in preserving the history of where he spoke to an international “I... learned that there are computers for a table, please contact Wendy-Ann “potentially making history today.” To computing truly set an example for audience of 300 on the “Archaeology in the world worse than ours.” Francis. receive lecture announcements, please others to emulate. of Computer Culture.” Dag was invited contact [email protected]. to lecture as part of a major exhibition What past or present technology and symposium called “Alien innovations were you marveling at when Lecture sponsorship opportunities are Intelligence” (http://www. kiasma.fi/ you were 13? available. Sponsors ensure their own outoaly/en/cont_outo.htm) that focused place in history with permanent on the past, present, and future of recognition in the Museum’s video computer-mediated interactions. The archive as supporters of this important exhibition featured a “media- effort to preserve the stories of the archeological” gallery, with historical information age. You and your company artifacts from 19th century automata to can make a highly-visible, long-lasting 20th century autonomous robots and contribution to this effort through your digital pets, including what is likely the participation. Please contact me if you world’s first artificial life form, Grey can help or would like to know more. Walter’s turtle, Machina speculatrix (http://www.plazaearth.com/usr/ gasperi/walter.htm). PAGE 16 PAGE 17 THANKS TO OUR ANNUAL FUND DONERS DONOR SPOTLIGHT CONTACT INFORMATION

DEL THORNDIKE & STEVE TEICHER

We acknowledge with Bernard L Peuto Samuel H Fuller Charles Pfefferkorn Compaq Corporation Scott Peterson DEC alums Steve Teicher and spouse Computer Museum History Center has JOHN TOOLE deep appreciation those Grant & Dorrit Saviers Robert B Garner Paul Pierce George Comstock Robert Praetorius Executive Director & CEO individuals and Sigma Partners Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Chris Poda & Nancy Mason George Conrades Bill & Rochelle Pratt Del Thorndike have supported the “a unique opportunity to preserve +1 650 604 2581 Charles & Nancy Geschke Samuel Cooke Daniel Rubin organizations that [email protected] have given generously CORE SUPPORTERS John & Patricia Grillos Toni & Michael Coulter Rita Seplowitz Saltz Museum since its inception. Steve was artifacts, photographs, and videotaped to the Annual Fund of 1K+ ($1,024+) Forrest Gunnison Dave & Jan Rossetti John Dykstra John Sanguinetti a senior group engineering manager at lectures of industry titans” that might The Computer Museum ACM - SF Bay Area Chapter Trip Hawkins Peter & Valerie Samson Electronic Design Roger Smith History Center. Pamela Alexander William R Hearst III Morey & Barbara Schapira Automation Consortium The Sopkin Family DEC, and Del was the head of technical otherwise have been lost. “If you were GWEN BELL Dr & Mrs Marcian E Hoff Michael Simmons Douglas G Fairbairn Dag Spicer education for the semiconductor group. an archeologist a few hundred years Founding President Gene & Marian Amdahl Christine Hughes & Charles Simonyi Bill Feiereisen Sun Microsystems Foundation +1 650 604 2568 CORE BENEFACTORS Anonymous Abe Ostrovsky Michael Skok David H Floyd Matching Gift Program Steve has always endorsed the idea of from now, these are the types of things [email protected] 16K+ ($16,384+) Shanda Bahles Colin Hunter Alvy Ray Smith Jerry Fochtman Chris Swenson Gwen & C Gordon Bell John & Sheila Banning C Bradford Jeffries Mr & Mrs Robert F Sproull John & Wendy-Ann Francis Edward Taft preserving the inventions and you would want to have preserved.” Del AMY BODINE Gardner Hendrie & Jeff & MacKenzie Bezos Hal Jesperson Skip Stritter Bill and Peri Frantz Morgan Tamplin biographies of pioneers of the sees The Computer Museum History Karen Johansen Steven Blank & Alison Elliott Robert E Kahn Del Thorndike & Steve Teicher Dwight Freund Edward Thelan Collections Intern Peter Hirshberg Barry W Boehm Jerry Kaplan Richard Tennant Alan Frisbie United Way of King County information age, and praises Gordon Center as contributing “a new form of +1 650 604 2577 Dave House Gary Boone Alan Kay & Bonnie MacBird Larry Tesler & Colleen Barton Rev Dr Christopher Garcia United Way of Santa Clara [email protected] Steve & Michele Kirsch Peggy Burke Ernest E Keet John & Elizabeth Toole Eli Goldberg Michael W Watson and Gwen Bell, founders of the original art,” by highlighting the beauty of Ned Chapin Harold Kellman L Curtis Widdoes Jr Robert Goldberg Carol Welsh Foundation Digital Computer Museum, “for their machines that “somebody worked hard LEE COURTNEY Richard J Clayton Kiasma - Museum of Ann Winblad Thomas Gould John Wharton John Shoch Volunteer Coordinator Len Shustek Patti & Ed Cluss Contemporary Art William Wulf & Anita K Jones Bert Graeve Duane Wise good sense of keeping of history.” to put together” in aesthetic as well as CMP Media Dr & Mrs Enrica D’Ettorre & John & Andrea Hennessy Karyn Wolfe & John R Mabry [email protected] MAJOR CORE Stephen Crocker Donald & Jill Knuth Pierluigi Zappacosta Patricia Nelson Herring Alan Yeo functional ways. “We tend to be SUPPORTERS Yogen & Peggy Dalal Marc LeBrun Cindy & Peter Ziebelman IEEE Computer Society Now pursuing an MBA at Rollins College interested only in the new,” she says, ELEANOR WEBER DICKMAN 8K+ ($8,192+) William Davidow Richard Lowenthal Imagine Media Vice President of Development & Public Relations Paul & Evelyn Baran Lloyd & Eleanor Dickman Daniel & Karen Lynch GENERAL SUPPORTERS Mark Kaminsky (FL), Steven indicates that The “but it’s the old that we learn from.” +1 650 604 2575 Donna Dubinsky Disk/Trend Karen Mathews Adobe Thomas Kurtz [email protected] Elaine & Eric Hahn L John Doerr & Ann Howland Robert R Maxfield Dennis Austin Walter Leuchs This list is current as of Chuck & Jenny House Gordon E Eubanks Frank L McConnell Autodesk Donald & Alice Loughry September 20, 2000. WENDY-ANN FRANCIS John Mashey & Angela Hey & Carver A Mead Allen Baum & Donya White Carl & Claudia Lowenstein Please notify us of any Microsoft Matching Gift Program Mary Lynn Fischer George A Michael Erich & Renee Bloch Steven Mayer changes to your listing Office Administrator Ike & Ronee Nassi Fish & Richardson Microsoft Studios John D Brillhart Landon Noll ([email protected]). +1 650 604 5205 Suhas & Jayashree Patil Bob Frankston Gordon E & Betty I Moore Christopher Charla & David Novak Thank you. [email protected] Family Fund Marc Friend Hal Nissley Carrie Shepherd Richard Pekelney UPCOMING EVENTS CHRIS GARCIA Historical Collections Coordinator +1 650 604 2572 [email protected] YOUR ANNUAL DONATION to The Computer Museum History Center will TRIBUTE DONATIONS SEPTEMBER 28, 6 PM NOVEMBER 8, 6 PM KAREN MATHEWS help preserve the artifacts and stories of the Information Age for future generations. What do you give the entrepreneur who THE STRETCH-HARVEST COMPILER Fran Allen, IBM Fellow Executive Vice President Please help us fulfill this important mission. has everything? To commemorate a +1 650 604 2568 birthday, anniversary, job promotion or Computer History Lecture [email protected] CORE BENEFACTOR YES, I want to help save computing history. Please process my donation Location TBD successful IPO venture, or to honor the DAG SPICER at the level indicated. I look forward to learning more about the programs ____ other $ ______memory of a colleague or loved one— Curator & Manager of Historical Collections and activities of The Computer Museum History Center, especially its plans NOVEMBER 9, 6 PM consider making a donation to the +1 650 604 2578 ____ 16K ($16,384) for growth in the coming years. FELLOW AWARDS BANQUET 2000 [email protected] Museum on their behalf. We’ll be INDUCTEES: FRAN ALLEN, VINTON BETSY TOOLE MAJOR CORE SUPPORTER ____ Enclosed is my check payable to: happy to send an acknowledgement CERF, AND Office Assistant ____ The Computer Museum History Center ____ 8K ($8,192) to the recipient or family. Your Hotel Sofitel at San Francisco Bay +1 650 604 2567 [email protected] ____ I prefer to donate stock and will notify you when the transfer is made thoughtfulness will be appreciated by Redwood Shores, California THE MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY CORE SUPPORTER ____ Charge my Visa _____ Mastercard _____ those you have remembered, and by KARYN WOLFE the Museum as well. TRANSISTOR COMPUTER NOVEMBER 18, 9 AM - 5 PM Development Coordinator & Special Projects Manager ____ 4K ($4,096) Visa/Mastercard number ______Richard Grimsdale VOLUNTEER WORK PARTY +1 650 604 2570 [email protected] ____ 2K ($2,048) Expiration date ______STOCK DONATIONS , UK Bldg 126, Moffett Field, California Computer History Lecture ____ 1K ($1,024) Cardholder’s name ______We gratefully accept direct transfers of Moffett Field, California DECEMBER 9, 9 AM - 5 PM THE COMPUTER MUSEUM HISTORY CENTER securities to our account. Appreciated Building T12-A Cardholder’s signature ______VOLUNTEER WORK PARTY GENERAL SUPPORTER securities forwarded to our broker Moffett Field, CA 94035 OCTOBER 11, 6 PM Bldg 126, Moffett Field, California PLEASE PRINT: +1 650 604 2579 ____ $500 should be designated as follows: A CARTOONIST’S LOOK AT +1 650 604 2594 (fax) Name(s) as I/we like it to appear in printed material ____ $250 COMPUTER HISTORY or ______FBO: The Computer Museum History Richard Tennant, 5th Wave Cartoonist THE COMPUTER MUSEUM HISTORY CENTER ____ $100 Center; DWR Account # 112-014033- Special Presentation PO Box 367, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Affiliation ______$35 (student) 072; DTC #015; and sent to Matthew Moffett Field, California ATTENDING EVENTS AND TOURING Title ______other $ ______Ives at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, THE COLLECTION WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG Preferred mailing address ______245 Lytton Avenue, Suite 200, Palo OCTOBER 14, 9 AM - 5 PM The Museum is housed at NASA Ames VOLUNTEER WORK PARTY Research Center, Moffett Field, California. City, ST, Zip, Country ______Alto, CA 94301-1963. Please return this form (or facsimile) Bldg 126, Moffett Field, California The collection is open to the general public VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES with your remittance to: (please circle) work home by appointment on Wednesdays at 1:00 pm. The Museum tries to match its needs In order to be properly credited for OCTOBER 21, 4 PM (TENTATIVE) To attend an event or to tour the collection, with the skills and interests of its The Computer Museum History Center Email address ______your gift, you must notify us directly TONY SALE please call Wendy-Ann Francis at least 24 P.O. Box 367 Moffett Field, CA 94035 volunteers. Monthly volunteer work Home phone ______when you make the transfer. If you +1 650 604 2575 (tel) Computer History Lecture hours in advance. Donors may also request parties are listed in the calendar to +1 650 604 2594 (fax) Work phone ______have any questions regarding a Location TBD private tours. the left. For more information, please www.computerhistory.org transfer of securities, please contact contact Betsy Toole or visit our Eleanor Dickman. volunteer web page at WELCOME to our network of supporters. We look forward to getting to know you! www.computerhistory.org/volunteers. MYSTERY WHAT IS ITEMS THIS? FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE THIS ITEM WILL BE EXPLAINED IN THE COMPUTER MUSEUM HISTORY CENTER NEXT ISSUE OF CORE.

Explained from CORE 1.2

The MIT RDA Differential Analyzer Component was part of an enormous mechanical “computer” built at MIT in late 1941 under the direction of U.S. wartime research head . The RDA, or “Rockefeller Differential Analyzer” (funding came in part from the Rockefeller Foundation), weighed 200,000 lbs (100 tons), had 2,000 vacuum tubes, 200 miles of wiring, and MIT RDA DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER 150 motors. Legendary mathematician COMPONENT (1941), X838.87, GIFT and electrical engineer Richard OF RICHARD HAMMING Hamming donated this particular component to the Museum in May of 1987. At the time of his donation, Hamming wrote, “I had used it for important work in guided missiles in The RDA operated 24 hours per day and 1946-47 and later, when I heard it was solved many critical problems in atomic being torn down, I asked, politely, for a physics, acoustics, ballistics, and other Please send your best guess to piece. They sent the differential gears fields during WWII. By 1949, a digital [email protected] before that were the form of addition on the version of the differential analyzer called 10/15/00 along with your name and machine. I have dropped it numerous MADDIDA (see page 2) was constructed shipping address. The first three correct times so that the gears are not as by the Northrop Corporation. The RDA entries will receive free posters: backlash free as they were originally on ran its last calculation in 1950, when it 25 YEARS OF MICROPROCESSOR the machine, which was perhaps the was finally dismantled, bringing to a EVOLUTION. most accurate analog computer of its close the era of large mechanical size yet built.” differential analyzers.

NONPROFIT ORG The Computer Museum History Center U.S. POSTAGE PO Box 367, Moffett Field, CA 94035 PAID MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA PERMIT NO. 50 Address Service Requested