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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Istanbul Bilgi University Library Open Access ISTANBUL BILGI UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE PROGRAM IN CULTURAL MANAGEMENT ACCESS TO CULTURE ISSUE IN CULTURAL POLICY OF TURKEY ARMINE AVETISYAN Dissertation Advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. ASU AKSOY Istanbul, August 2014 Abstract This study strives to understand how issue of access to and participation in culture are reflected in the cultural policy of Turkey on state and local government levels. To provide a comprehensive frame for perceiving the Turkish case, European policies on the issues of access and participation are evaluated and presented in parallel. As the theoretical background, the two different approaches capsulated by the concepts of ‘democratization of culture’ and ‘cultural democracy’ are discussed. These conceptual frameworks, which are the informing ones, have influenced approaches to and policies on ‘access to’ and ‘participation in’ culture. Keywords: access to culture, participation in culture, cultural policy, cultural democracy democratization of culture, cultural rights i Özet Bu çalışma, Türkiye`nin kültür politikasında kültüre erişim ve katılım konularının kamu ve yerel yönetimler seviyesinde nasıl yansıtıldığı konusunu irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye`deki durumu mukayeseli bir şekilde algılayabilmek için kültüre erişim ve katılımla ilgili Avrupa`daki bazı uygulamala ve politikalara da yer verilmiştir. Kuramsal arkaplan olarak ise ``Kültürün Demokratikleşmesi`` ve ``Kültürel Demokrasi`` olmak üzere iki temel kavram üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu iki kavramsal çerçevenin özellikle erişim ve katılım yaklaşımları bağlamında kültür politikaları üzerinde önemli bir etkisi omuştur. Ahahtar Kelimeler: kültüre erişim, kültüre katılım, kültür politikaları, kültürel demokrasi, kültürün demokratilkleşmesi, kültürel haklar ii Acknowledgements There are number of people to whom I feel obliged to convey my sincere appreciations for making this dissertation possible. First and foremost, I have to thank my research supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Asu Aksoy for her constant guidance in every single step of this dissertation. Without her extraordinary support and encouragement, it would not have been so easy to cope with various confusions, those that most of the graduate students are likely to experience throughout different phases of their dissertation writing period. I believe valuable comments and suggestions by my dissertation committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serhan Ada, Asst. Prof. Dr. Gökçe Dervişoğlu have deeply enriched the content of my study; I would like to express my gratitude to them. I highly appreciate my colleague Stella Kladou for her priceless efforts during the collection of the information for the study. I should also name Mr. Arsen Yarman of Surp Pirkich Hospital Foundation for making my graduate studies at Istanbul Bilgi University financially possible. I also thank Özge Çelikaslan, Zeynep Sarıaslan, Ercan Karakoç, Erhan Arık, and Aris Nalcı for their priceless support in my first year in Turkey. I owe my profound gratitude to my parents Aida and Rafo Avetisyan for their generous encouragements and spiritual support for my endeavor for studying in Turkey. Finally, I need to mention Ihsan Karayazi, who unlimitedly provided me insights in understanding complicated bureaucratic traditions and procedures in Turkish governmental iii institutions and common mindset of the people living in Turkey, therefore greatly eased my life in Turkey in many ways. iv Preface Cultural Policy and Management Research Centre at Istanbul Bilgi University (KPY) initiated a research focusing on access to culture issue within the framework of the EU Culture Programme supported ‘Access to Culture – Policy Analysis’ project, aiming to compare priority setting at European level, national practices and establish indicators for exchange and further development of Access to Culture policies at European and national level. Funded by the European Commission’s ‘Culture Programme, coordinated by EDUCULT (Austria), the project brings together five other partners – Interarts (Spain), the Nordic Centre for Heritage Learning and Creativity AB (Sweden), Telemark Research Institute (Norway), the Cultural Policy and Management Research Centre at Istanbul Bilgi University (KPY, Turkey) and Zagreb’s Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO, Croatia). This 24-month long project started in May 2013 and will end in April 2015. More details can be found at: http://educult.at/en/forschung/access-to-culture/. When I visited Asu Aksoy, who is at the same time directing the KPY, for a consultation on the topic of my future MA dissertation, she offered me to take over the position of Research Assistant in ‘Access to Culture – Policy Analysis’ project and write a Master dissertation on the issue of access to culture in Turkey. It was basically “killing two birds with one stone”. Chapters 1 and 2 are developed independently from the project. In Chapter 3, I have used the materials and the data, which we as a team collected for the ‘Access to Culture – Policy Analysis’ project. v Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1. ‘ACCESS TO’ AND ‘PARTICIPATION IN’ CULTURE............................................................... 4 1.1. Intertwined Use of the Concepts of ‘Access’ and ‘PArticipAtion’ ............................................. 4 1.2. Access in DemocrAtizAtion of Culture PArAdiGm (MAlrAux Model) .......................................... 6 1.3. ParticipAtion in CulturAl DemocrAcy ParAdiGm (UNESCO Model) ............................................ 8 1.4. InternAtionAl LeGAl FrAmework ............................................................................................ 10 2. EU POLICIES ON ACCESS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN CULTURE ....................................... 12 2.1. How ‘Access’ And ‘PArticipAtion’ Are enshrined in EU CulturAl Policies.................................. 12 2.2. New Trends in Access And PArticipAtion Policies on EU level: CulturAl RiGhts, CulturAl Diversity, SociAl Cohesion, CulturAl Development (the EU Model) .................................................. 14 2.3. EU Instruments for Implementing Access and Participation Policies..................................... 18 2.4. Access And PArticipAtion Policies for SpeciAl Interest Groups ............................................... 20 2.5. Access to And PArticipAtion in Culture As LifelonG LeArninG................................................... 27 2.6. Access to And PArticipAtion in Culture in the Age of DiGitAl TechnoloGy................................ 28 2.7. Importance of MeAsurinG Access to And PArticipAtion in Culture.......................................... 29 3. ACCESS TO AND PARTICIPATION IN CULTURE IN TURKEY ............................................... 34 3.1. CulturAl Policy: Historic Overview ........................................................................................ 34 3.2. Legal Framework ................................................................................................................. 36 3.3. Access to And PArticipAtion in Culture in StAte Policies ......................................................... 37 3.3.1. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) – Main Actor in Cultural Policy ............................ 39 3.3.2. Funding for Culture............................................................................................................... 40 3.3.3. Specific Policies for Access and Participation in Culture ...................................................... 44 3.3.4. Access for Special Interest Groups ....................................................................................... 60 3.3.5. The Role of New Technologies in Access and Participation ................................................. 65 3.4. Access to And PArticipAtion in Culture in LocAl Governments Policies ................................... 67 3.4.1. Local Governments: Structure.............................................................................................. 67 3.4.2. Funding of Culture at the Local Governments Level ............................................................ 72 3.4.3. Specific Policies on Access to and Participation in Culture................................................... 76 3.5. CulturAl StAtistics As the IndicAtor of Access to And ParticipAtion in Culture. CompArinG EUROSTAT and TURKSTAT DatA...................................................................................................... 86 4. TURKISH PUBLIC CULTURAL POLICY IN THE MALRAUX-UNESCO-EU MODEL ................... 91 vi 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES .................................................................................. 96 6. ANNEX..........................................................................................................................104 . vii List of Tables Table 1: Public Funding for Culture by Years........................................................................................... 40 Table 2: Analysis of the Budget of Ministry of Culture and Tourism ....................................................... 42 Table 3: Number of Visitors to Istanbul Archeological Museums............................................................. 53 Table 4: Cultural Expenditures - 2013 Investment Program.....................................................................