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Hiv/Aids and the Humanitarian Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Hiv/Aids and the Humanitarian Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa HOUSE OF COMMONS CANADA HIV/AIDS AND THE HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE Bernard Patry, M.P. Chair Irwin Cotler, M.P. Chair Sub-Committee on Human Rights and International Development June 2003 The Speaker of the House hereby grants permission to reproduce this document, in whole or in part for use in schools and for other purposes such as private study, research, criticism, review or newspaper summary. Any commercial or other use or reproduction of this publication requires the express prior written authorization of the Speaker of the House of Commons. If this document contains excerpts or the full text of briefs presented to the Committee, permission to reproduce these briefs, in whole or in part, must be obtained from their authors. Also available on the Parliamentary Internet Parlementaire: http://www.parl.gc.ca Available from Communication Canada — Publishing, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9 HIV/AIDS AND THE HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE Bernard Patry, M.P. Chair Irwin Cotler, M.P. Chair Sub-Committee on Human Rights and International Development June 2003 STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE CHAIR Bernard Patry VICE-CHAIRS Hon. Diane Marleau Stockwell Day MEMBERS Stéphane Bergeron John Harvard Murray Calder André Harvey Aileen Carroll Francine Lalonde Bill Casey Keith Martin Irwin Cotler Alexa McDonough John Duncan Deepak Obhrai Hon. Art Eggleton Karen Redman Mark Eyking CLERK OF THE COMMITTEE Stephen Knowles PARLIAMENTARY RESEARCH BRANCH LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT James Lee Marcus Pistor iii SUB-COMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHAIR Irwin Cotler VICE-CHAIR Colleen Beaumier MEMBERS Bill Casey Beth Phinney Karen Kraft Sloan Svend Robinson Gurbax Malhi Yves Rocheleau Deepak Obhrai OTHER MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT PARTICIPATING IN THIS STUDY André Harvey Keith Martin CLERK OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE Stephen Knowles PARLIAMENTARY RESEARCH BRANCH LIBRARY OF PARLIAMENT James Lee Marcus Pistor iv THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE has the honour to present its EIGHTH REPORT In accordance with its mandate under Standing Order 108(2), your Committee established a Sub-Committee to study issues relating to human rights and international development. On February 18, 2003 your Committee amended its Order of October 28, 2002 to the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and International Development to read as follows: That consideration of the urgent matter of humanitarian catastrophe in several African states be referred to the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and International Development and that the Sub-Committee prepare recommendations for solutions to address the crisis. Following completion of its study the Sub-Committee submitted its report to the Committee. Your committee adopted the Sub-Committee’s Report and has agreed to report as follows: v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................. 1 PART I — INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 11 1. Purpose of this Report .................................................................................... 11 2. Overview of the Urgent Humanitarian Crises in Sub-Saharan Africa.............. 12 PART II — URGENT CRISES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ....................................... 15 1. The HIV/AIDS Pandemic................................................................................. 15 2. Food Shortages and Famine........................................................................... 24 3. Human Rights, Democracy, Good Governance .............................................. 28 4. The Case of Zimbabwe................................................................................... 36 5. Armed Conflicts............................................................................................... 45 Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources......................................................... 50 The Democratic Republic of the Congo .......................................................... 51 PART III — CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX A — LIST OF WITNESSES ..................................................................... 63 REQUEST FOR GOVERNMENT RESPONSE........................................................... 65 DISSENTING OPINION — Canadian Alliance............................................................ 67 MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS................................................................................... 71 vii LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS Africa, today, is the only continent where poverty is on the rise. One African in five is in some manner engaged in conflict. In sub-Saharan Africa, almost half the population of nearly 700 million people live on less than $1 a day. Life expectancy in Africa is 47 years, … 16 years lower than the next lowest region in the world and it has declined three years in the last ten. Of the 40 million people worldwide infected with HIV AIDS, more than two-thirds live in sub-Saharan Africa. I could go on with the litany of truly alarming statistic … Robert Fowler, Personal Representative of the Prime Minister for Africa and for the G-8 Summit1 The [HIV/AIDS] pandemic is overshadowing anything we know in human history, … nothing is comparable, not the 14th century Black Death nor all the loss of life, both military and civilian, in the two world wars of the 20th century. Nothing can begin to compare to the dreadful consequences of the pandemic. People now talk about a hundred million deaths down the road. Stephen Lewis2 PART II — URGENT CRISES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1. The HIV/AIDS Pandemic Recommendations 1.1 The Sub-Committee commends the government for its commitment to fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic through its contributions to multilateral programs and through bilateral programming. However, the magnitude and urgency of this crisis require additional action and resources. The Sub-Committee agrees with Stephen Lewis that the HIV/AIDS pandemic desperately needs a voice among industrial nations, and that Canada is uniquely positioned to be that voice. It calls on the government to make a substantial and public commitment to the political and moral leadership role needed to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. And it urges the government to triple its contribution to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria. 1 Evidence, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (SCFAIT), Meeting No. 53, 29 January 2002. 2 Evidence, Meeting No. 4, 1 April 2003. 1 1.2 The government must also review its bilateral development assistance programs and its humanitarian aid programs to reflect the changed realities in sub-Saharan Africa. The Sub-Committee believes that resources need to be targeted, and that development assistance and humanitarian aid programs must reflect the fact that in many African countries, HIV/AIDS is inextricably linked with other issues, including food shortages and famine, armed conflict and political violence, and problems of governance. The Sub-Committee believes that the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) should give greater priority to the fight against the HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and focus its resources and programs on fewer sectors and fewer countries to make them more effective. Such an approach would involve both urgently needed humanitarian aid to help the victims of HIV/AIDS and to prevent the spread of the disease, and longer term programs designed to rebuild sectors most affected by the pandemic (agriculture, health care, social services, education, the public service). 1.3 The response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic must do more to address the fact that “gender inequalities are a major driving force behind the AIDS epidemic”; women and girls are particularly vulnerable to infection and carry a disproportionate burden of the pandemic’s social and economic impact.3 The Sub-Committee supports CIDA’s decision to make “promoting gender equality … a cross-cutting theme running through all of CIDA’s programming.”4 1.4 The Sub-Committee calls on the government to make access to medicines in poor countries a priority in its negotiating position within multilateral trade organizations. It should facilitate the implementation of the means recommended by the World Health Organization, such as the sale of patented medicines at lower cost in poor countries and access to generic drugs. With the goal of facilitating this implementation, the government should consider prohibiting the re-importation of medicines 3 UNAIDS, Fact sheet “Gender and HIV/AIDS,” http://www.unaids.org/fact_sheets/ungass/html/FSgender_en.htm; UNAIDS, “HIV/AIDS and Gender” Web page, http://www.unaids.org/gender/index.html; UNAIDS and WHO, AIDS epidemic update, http://www.unaids.org/worldaidsday/2002/press/Epiupdate.html, page 19. 4 The Honourable Susan Whelan, Minister for International Cooperation, in her testimony to the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, earlier this year (Evidence, SCFAIT Meeting No. 24, 20 March 2003). 2 from countries enjoying this privileged treatment, as was done recently by the European Union. 2. Food Shortages and Famine Recommendations 2.1 The Sub-Committee calls on the government to increase
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