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Osu1070292654.Pdf (2.51 IMAGINED BOUNDARIES: THE NATION AND THE CONTINENT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH NARRATIVES OF EUROPEAN TRAVEL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Katarina Gephardt, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Marlene Longenecker, Co-Adviser Professor Clare Simmons, Co-Adviser Professor David Riede Co-Advisers English Graduate Program Copyright by Katarina Gephardt 2003 ABSTRACT This dissertation contributes to the project of re-mapping British national literature inspired by postcolonial theory. I argue that the representations of Britain as an imperial center draw on internal divisions between Western Europe and the southern and eastern peripheries of the continent. As European borders solidified in the long nineteenth century (1789-1914), I analyze the generic intersections of fictional and non-fictional travel narratives to examine how nineteenth-century British writers conceived the imagined boundaries between Britain and the Continent. While the fictional and non- fictional accounts of Europe share representative strategies such as the Picturesque or Orientalism, fictional settings adapt particular features of continental locations to accommodate plots of British national consolidation. In order to illustrate the ideological functions of fictional travel narratives, I distinguish between two kinds of settings. Writers such as Ann Radcliffe and Bram Stoker, whose Gothic settings are based on existing travel narratives, displace British ideological struggles onto European peripheries to contain foreign threats. These Gothic, or synthetic, settings blur the boundaries between home and abroad, reminding readers of the sometimes terrifying fact that Britain is a part of Europe. On the other hand, writers such as Lord Byron, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Charles Dickens, who draw on their own travel experience and travel writing in constructing their satirical or realist ii settings, attack British complacency in periods of relative stability and prosperity. Although synthetic settings are conventionally considered to be instances of “othering,” it is the mimetic settings that absorb the travel writers’ opposition of home and abroad and thus highlight the isolation of Britain from the Continent. My research on the “literariness” of travel writing and its construction of European peripheries brings a new perspective to the study of genre and nationalism in the field of nineteenth-century British literature. As I demonstrate how cross-cultural contact may sharpen rather than bridge the boundaries among Europeans, my dissertation also helps explain the persistence of imaginative geographies in our age of global communication and travel. iii Dedicated to the Polakovič family iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was made possible by the support of the Department of English at The Ohio State University. First of all, I thank my advisers, Marlene Longenecker and Clare Simmons, whose teaching and scholarship shaped the seminal ideas of this project. Marlene sparked my interest in landscape aesthetics and the Gothic novel and Clare influenced my thinking about historical and cultural representation. They both encouraged my inquiry by their sustained interest in my work, and I could not have completed this project without their support. David Riede generously contributed his considerable expertise in nineteenth-century British literature as a third reader. Nicholas Howe’s erudition and enthusiasm for travel writing helped shaped my project in its initial stages. I also thank other faculty members at the Department, who provided inspiration and feedback at the various stages of my graduate studies, particularly Linda Mizejewski, Chad Allen, James Phelan, Susan Williams, Debra Moddelmog, Beverly Moss, Kitty Locker, Andrea Lunsford, Lewis Ulman, Christopher Highley, and others. I owe my survival and success in graduate school to the collegiality and friendship of fellow graduate students: Rebecca Dingo, Lisa Tatonetti, Molly Youngkin, Kristin Risley, Tara Pauliny, Emma Loss, Scott Banville, Kyoung-Min Han, Akhila Ramnarayan, Haivan Hoang, Doug Dangler, Kate Gillespie, Chris Vials, and others. The Ohio State University, especially the Department of English, supported my research and writing with v generous fellowships and grants: the Robert Estrich Dissertation Fellowship, the Summer Fellowship, the Corbett/Blickle Research Award, and the Presidential Dissertation Fellowship. I am also grateful to those who helped start my academic journey in the United States ten years ago. David Klooster and his family provided intellectual, moral, and material sustenance during my difficult first years in Cleveland. Members of the English Department at John Carroll University taught me a great deal about literature and encouraged me to continue my studies. Father Gerald J. Sabo helped make my stay at John Carroll possible. The Open Society Institute and John Carroll University provided grants and scholarships that first enabled me to study in the United States. My grandmother, Květa Polakovičová, and my uncle, Peter Polakovič, also generously supported my study abroad. My transatlantic family was a source of inspiration and support in the long dissertation writing process. My husband Peter helped me see this project through to its end by providing continual encouragement, thoughtful comments, and patient computer advice. My son Tobias daily cheered me up and reminded me why I needed to write my dissertation. My parents more than in law, Suzanne and Gordon Gephardt, made me feel at home in the States—their wonderful house is a haven for reading— and their help gave me extra time for my studies. My parents, Milan and Kornélia Polakovič, were the ones who first encouraged me to travel, indulged my fascination with books, and taught me to think critically about life on both sides of the Iron Curtain. vi VITA November 28, 1972……………………Born – Bratislava, Czechoslovakia 1995……………………………………B.A. English, John Carroll University 1997……………………………………M.A. English, The Ohio State University 1999-2002……………………………..Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2003……………………………………Presidential Fellow, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Katarina Gephardt. “Toward Global Communication: U.S. Composition Studies and the Eastern European Writing Classroom.” Thinking Classroom: An International Journal of Reading, Writing and Critical Reflection 3 (2001): 17-22. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication.......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita.................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures.................................................................................................................... ix Chapters: 1. Introduction: Borders and Boundaries.......................................................................... 1 2. Changing Hats: Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic Italies and Women’s Travel Writing of the 1790s........................................................................................................................... 30 3. “A Ruin Amidst Ruins”: Local Attachment and Eccentricity in Lord Byron’s Representations of European Peripheries ................................................................... 96 4. From the Prison of the Nation: The Mid-Victorian Cosmopolitan Ideal and the Italian Settings of W.M. Thackeray, Charles Dickens, and Giovanni Ruffini ... 171 5. Revamping the Imperial Gothic: Bram Stoker’s Eastern Europe and the Threat of Nationalism............................................................................................................... 250 6. Postscript: “Dense” Westerners on European Peripheries........................................ 299 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 321 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Salvator Rosa, Landscape with Armed Men. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. .................................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 2: Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Dancing Figures (The Marriage of Isaac and Rebekah or The Mill), 1648. National Gallery, London.................................... 56 Figure 3: William Marlow, Capriccio of St Paul’s Cathedral on the Grand Canal (c. 1797). Tate Gallery, London.............................................................................. 89 Figure 4: A nineteenth-century print popularizing Byron’s childhood in the Highlands. Nottingham Library......................................................................................... 104 Figure 5: Byron in Albanian Dress. By Thomas Phillips. 1835. National Portrait Gallery. ................................................................................................................................. 120 Figure 6: Drawing of an Albanian soldier by John Cam Hobhouse..............................
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