La Tradizione Dslla Malattia D'amore Dal

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La Tradizione Dslla Malattia D'amore Dal LA TRADIZIONE DSLLA MALATTIA D'AMORE DAL MONDO CLASSICO ALLO SCRIPTUM SUPER CANTILENA GUIDONIS DE CAVALCANTLBUS DI DINO DEL GARBO by Massimo Ciavolella B.A., University of British Columbia, 1966 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Classics and the Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March, 1973 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Depa rtment The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT This study traces the evolution of the medical concept of aegritudo amoris from the Greeks to the end of the Middle Ages, paying attention to the correlation between medical doctrines and literary conventions. In Chapter One it is argued that the concept of love-sickness has its roots in the doctrine of melancholy and of folly developed by the Hippocratic writers. The evolution of the concept is not, however, restricted within the narrow limits of the medical tradition, but it is characterized by a gradual penetration of elements taken from Greek philosophy, represented by Plato and Aristotle, and from the literary tradition, especially Euripides. The influence of this concept is traced through the Roman world (the story of Antiochus and Stratonices, Lucretius, Ovid) and through the writings of the early Fathers of the Church. Chapter Two follows the development of the medical concept of love- sickness from the Byzantine physicians Oribasius and Paulus Aegineta to those medical writers, Arabic and Latin, who dedicated sections of their works to the study of love. The second part of the Chapter provides a transcription of these medical treatments of love. The final Chapter assesses the contribution of this tradition to the literature of the late Middle Ages, through an examination of three prose- treatises on love, the first Arabic: The Dove's Meek Ring by Ibn Hazm, the second French: the De Amore by Andreas Capellanus, the third Italian: the Scriptum super cantilena Guidonis de Cavalcantibus by Dino del Garbo. Finally, the canzone "Donna me prega" by Cavalcanti is examined both from a thematic point of view and in relation to the conception of love developed by Cavalcanti*s "primo amico", Dante -.Alighieri. - i - INDICE Pagina I TAVOLA DELLE ABBREVIATURE III TERMIIOLOGIA MEDICA ARABA 1 INTRODUZIONE 5 CAPITOLO PRIMO Origine e primi sviluppi del concetto di malattia d'amore. 5U CAPITOLO SECONDO Parte 1: La malattia d'amore e i medici medievali. 96 Parte 2: Testi medici medievali. 206 CAPITOLO TERZO Tra medicina e letteratura: La malattia d'amore nei trattati di IBN HAZM e ANDREA CAPPELLANO e nello Scriptum Super Cantilena Guidonis de Cavalcantibus di DINO DEL GARBO. 29h BIBLIOGRAFIA TAVOLA DELLE ABBREVIATURE Abbagnano Dizionarlo di Filosofia (Torino, 1969). Adorno Storia della Filosofia, voll. 1,2: La Filosofia Antica (Milano, 1965). Aristotele, Cat. Categoriae (tutte le opere di A. sono state consultate nella ed. di I. Bekker edita dalla Accademia delle Scienze di Berlino, in 5 voll., 1831-36). De an. De anima. De gen, an. De generatione animalium. De not, an. De motu animalium. De part, an. De partibus animalium. De som. De somniis. Eth. nic. Ethica nicomachea. Met. Metaphysica. Phys. Physica. Pol. Politica. Reth. Rethorica. Bird "The Canzone d'Amore of Cavalcanti According to the Commentary of Dino del Garbo", Mediaeval Studies, 2(1940), pgg. 150-203; 1(1941), pgg. 117-145. Browne Arabian Medicine (Cambridge, 1921). Campbell Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages (London, 1926). 2 Castiglioni A History of Medicine (New York, 1958 ). Contini Poeti del Daecento (Milano-Napoli, I960), tomo II. Dronke Medieval Latin and the Rise of European Love-Lyric, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1965). ~ Enc. Fil. Enciclopedia Filosofica, 6 voll. (Firenze, 1967)- Enc. It. Enciclopedia Italiana, 36 voll. (Roma, 1949-52). "La Canzone d'Amore del Cavalcanti", Letterature Favati, "la Canzone d'Amore" Moderne, III (1952), pgg. 428-55. "La glossa latina di Dino del Garbo a 'Donna me Id. "La Glossa Latina". prega' del Cavalcanti", Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 21 (1952), pgg. Gardiner Feeling and Emotion. A History of Theories (New York, 1937). : - 'iii - KLibansky Saturn and Melancholy (London, 1964). Kuhn Galena Opera. In Medicorum Graecorum quae Extant (Leipzig,1821-33). Leclerc Histoire de la Medicine Arabe, 2 voll. (Paris, 1876). Lowes "The Lovere.s-., Malady of Hereos", Modern Philology, II (1913-14), pgg. 491-546. Migne, P.G. Patrologiae Cursus Completus - Series Graeca. Id. P.G. Patrologiae Cursus Completus - Series Latina. Nardi, Dante Dante e la Cultura Medievale (Bari, 1949). "L'Amore" "L'amore e i medici medievali", Studi in Onore di Angelo Monteverdi (Modern, 1959). ristampato in Saggi e Note di Critica Dantesca (Milano-Jlapoli, 1966). Neuburger History of Medicine (Oxford, 1925). O'Leary How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs (London, 1951). San Tommaso, De an. De anlma (le opere di S.T. sono state consultate nella ed. S. Thome, Opera Omnia, a cura di-S.E. Frette e P. Mare, Paris, 1871-80) In de an. In de anima. In Ethic. nic, In Ethica nicomachea. S. c. G. Summa contra Gentiles. Sum. Theol. Summa Theologlca. Shaw G. Cavalcanti's Theory of Love, the Canzone d'Amore and other Related Problems (Toronto, 1949). - IV - TERMINOLOGIA MEDICA ARABA Elenco qui solo quegli stati patologici che nelle traduzioni latine mantengono il none arabo, e che sono pertanto di difficile comprensione. Birsem Equivale all'arabo birsam, malattia chiamata anche iriumu. La parola, di origine persiana, significa morte nel petto, cioe pleurite, ed e di uso comune nel linguaggio amoroso. II termine indica anche una specie di varicella accompagnata da vesciche su tutto il corpo o una forte febbre. Cuturub Cioe 1'arabo qutrub, parola di molti significati. In primo luogo indica un uomo irrequieto che vaga di giorno senza meta e che di notte diventa simile ad un cadavere. Indica anche il folle che si vanta della propria follia, o una persona che scuote continuamente il capo. Altri significati sono: cane giovane, lupo senza peli, codardo, malinconico. Nel linguaggio medico significa licantropia, una forma estrema di malinconla che rende l'uomo che ne e colpito simile ad un lupo. Gabod L' arabo *adub: debilitazione fisica e mentale che causa difficolta nel parlare, stanchezza, mancanza di fame e di sete. Alhasch Isq: la parola significa sia amore che malattia d'amore. Usues Traduce 1'arabo wiswas: persona che parla da sola in modo confuso o incoerente. - V - AMOIAJLEDGEMENTS A study of this kind could have not been undertaken without the help of all my supervisors from the Department of Classics and the Department of Hispanic and Italian Studies of the University of British Columbia, the constant stimulus of friends and colleagues, and without free access to many libraries, both and Canada and in Europe. To all these goes my most sincere gratitude. - 1 - INTRODUZIONE Questo studio, nella sua parte centrale e fondamentale, si propone di tracciare lo sviluppo della concezione medica della malattia d'amore dal mondo classico a quello medievale, e di definire i principi basilari della dottrina quale essa appare nel suo momento d'apogeo, tra il 1307 (morte di Avicenna) ed il 1311 (morte di Arnaldo da Villanova). Lo studio inoltre cerchera di mettere in luce, collateralmente, le possibili relazioni tra questa concezione medica e la concezione dello amore proposta dai teorici medieval!, sia prosatori che poeti. L'intento del primo capitolo sara quello di diiiiostrare che la concezione della malattia d'amore ha le sue radici nella dottrina degli umori e della malinconia, quindi della follia, sviluppata dai nBdici della scuola d'Ippocrate e ripresa poi dagli scrittori tragici e dai filosofi greci. Si cerchera di arguire che spetta ad Aristotele il merito di aver unito in sistema la concezione delle passioni e pertanto — anche se in maniera indiretta — quella dell'amore. II filosofo ateniese infatti si rese conto che tutte le passioni si realizzano a due livelli distinti, quello psicologico e quello fisiologico, e che quindi uno studio congruente deve prendere in esame sia il coefficente psichico, cioe l'apprensione di cio che causa la passione, sia il coefficente fisico, cioe il movimento del soggetto are — come nel caso dell'odio — oppure ad rem— come nel caso dell'amore. Nel seguire l'evoluzione della dottrina faremo notare che essa si arricchisce a mano a mand di elementi - 2 - che derivano dalla tradizione letteraria che fa capo a Euripide e che• continua e viene rlelaborata nella storia di Antioco e Stratonice, at- tribuita ad Erasistrato e tramandata da Valerio Massimo e Plutarco, tradizione che consolida quella medica perche composta di elementi riferentisi principalmente alia sintomatologia della malattia d'amore. Si cerchera infine di puntualizzare 1'influenza che questa dottrina scientifico-letteraria esercito sul pensiero cristiano dei primi secoli. Per i Padri della Chiesa infatti l'amore, proprio a causa del coefficente fisico e quindi delle alterazioni somatiche che esso produce, e un accidente negativo che distoglie 1'uomo dalla via della ragione. Nel secondo. capitolo si seguira. Io sviluppo della dottrina da Galeno — il quale diede una base scientifica, direttamente ed indiret- tamente, alia sintomatologia della passione — a tutti quei medici me• dieval! , greci arabi e latini, che dedicarono sezioni delle loro opere alio studio della malattia d'amore.
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