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Impact on Philippine Culture and Society SECOND EDITION The Age ofDiscovery: Impact on Philippine Culture and Society SECOND EDITION Edited by BELINDA A. AQUINO DEAK T. ALEGADO • This publication is part ofaproject that was funded by the Hawaii Committee for the Humanities and the State Commission on the Columbian Quincentennial Observance. The project was spon­ sored by the Center for Philippine Studies, University ofHawaii • at Manoa and co-sponsored by the Filipino Historical Society of Hawaii. • • Copyright 1992 FIRST EDmON 1992 SECOND EDmON 1993 CENTER FOR PHILIPPINE STUDlES • School of Asian, Hawaiian and Pacific Studies University ofHawaii at Manoa Printed by: Hawaii Correctional Industries • • • The Center for Philippine Studies was originally established asa Program in 1975 to offer an interdiscipli­ nary academic cwriculum on Philippine Studies, promote scholarly research and professional interest in the Philippines and Filipinos overseas, provide infonnation and educational resources to groups, individuals, and institutions interested in the Philippines or Filipinos, maintain a comprehensive hbrary collection of Philippine • material, and reccgnize the contributions ofFilipinos to the StateofHawaii. Itis the only academic center in the US offering graduate and undergraduate courses on the Philippines including four levels of Filipino and llokano. Students may pursue BA and MA degrees with concentration in Philippine Studies. The Center is partofthe School ofHawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies at the University ofHawaii at Manoa. For more information about the Center, contact: Dr. Belinda A. Aquino. DireclOr, Center for Philippine Studies, Moore415, University ofHawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. Ph: (808)956-2686- Fax: (808) 956-2682. • • TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Foreword to the Second Edition Willa J. Tanabe 2 Rethinldng Magellan and Rediscovering the Philippines Belinda A Aquino 6 A Brief Philippine Prehistory Wilhelm G. Solheim II 10 The Philippines Before 1521 A.D. Robert Van Niel 13 Rizal's Sisa and Basilio: Characters as Symbols of National Identity Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo 17 Philippine Music as Colonial Experience and National Culture Ricardo D. Trimillos 25 Discoverers, Discoveries, Discovering Ourselves: Language in the Encounter Between Discoverer and DiScovered MichaelL.Forman 30 The Filipino Plantation Community in Hawaii: Experiences of a Second-Generation Filipina Helen R Nagtalon-Miller 34 Philippine Chronology Up To 1946 Dean T. Alegado 40 A Bibliography on the Philippines: Pre-Hispanic to 19th Century AliceW. Mak Shiro Saito 43 Notes on Contributors 44 Acknowledgments 45 Schedule of Events • • • • • • The Age ofDiscovery: Impact on Philippine Culture and Society SECOND EDITION COVER • The print on the cover is reproduced from the The Philippines-PigajeltiJ'SSloryoflheirDiscoverybyMagellan byRodrigueLevesquepublishedinGatineau. Quebec. Canada in1980. Itsbows anartist'srenderingofthe death ofFerdinand • Magellan on the island ofMactan in Cebu. Philippines during a battle with native chief Lapu-Iapu and his men. According to Levesque. Pigafetta's account descn1les the balI1e as taking place on 21 April 152I. Magellan had ordered the burning of the native villagers' houses to scare them. Instead. they attackedthe Spanish invadersfuriously with spears andstones. • "They followed us shooting theirpoisoned arrows four orfive times. somuch sothattbey.recognizingthecaptain(Magellan). aimed at him so much that twice they shot arrows right byhis head." Magellan was wounded in the arm. Seeing this. the villagers "threw themselves all upon him. and one with along EcUtec1 by javelin gave him a blow in the left leg. thereupon he fell face • BELINDA .'- AQUINO fOlWard, now allofa sudden, they threw themselves upon him. DEAN T. ALEGADO with theirhardened spears. and with thesejavelins...theyslew the mirror. the light, the comfort, and our true guide." (p.62) .,i I WILLA J. TANABE Foreword To The Second Edition The Centerfor Philippine Studies at the University ofHawaii at Manoa in 1992 embarked on an ambitious program to examine critically the meaning and impact ofthe "Age ofDiscovery" on Philippine culture and society following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. The Spanish conquest of the Philippines in the 16th century is part of the controversial "Columbian legacy" in world history and history ofideas. The impact ofEuropean expanSion was not limited to the Americas andthe trans-Atlantic axis, nor did it end with Columbus. The arrival ofMagellan inthe Philippinesin 1521 setintomotionevents andprocessesthatare stillbeingexperiencedtoday. The 1992programfocused on these events andtheirrepercussionsina seriesoflecturesand slide presentations. and in a volume of essays that examined the impact from six different perspectives and provided an annotated bibliography. This monograph. entitled The Age ofDis­ covery: ImpactonPhilippineCultureandSociety, proved so successful thatitwas soonoutofprinL In response to the demand for copies, particularly among school teachers who have little available resources on the topic, the Center for Philippine Studies decided to reissue the publication and expand it by including two new essays. The CenterforPhilippine Studies is one often area centers within the School ofHawaiian, AsianandPacific Studies attheUniversityofHawaii atManoa. The Center's missionistopromote and assist teaching andresearch ofthe Philippines atthe Universityand tofoste! the understanding ofthe Philippines inthe widercommunity. This last mission is especially vital inview ofthe large Filipino community in Hawaii - one that presently constitutes approximately 15 percent of the state population. The chief sponsor for the Center's project on the "Age of Discovery" was the Hawaii Committee for Humanities (HCH), one ofthe most active and imaginative funding agencies in the State. The Hawaii Committee for the Humanities, in cooperation with the State Commission on the Columbus Quincentenary. awarded the Center a grant of$25,000 to undertake the program. The School of Hawaiian. Asian and Pacific Studies commends the Hawaii Committee for the Humanities and the Center for Philippine Studies for their partnership in creating excellent public programs and we welcome the reissue and expansion of the monograph. Making the monograph available again will help to insure that both the acadetnic and local communities gain a greater understanding of the complexity of the history of the Philippines and the strength and endurance ofFilipino culture. Willa J. Tanabe. Interim Dean School ofHawaiian. Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawaii at Manoa 1 BELINDA A. AQUINO • • BAPTISM OF HUMABON Rethinking Magellan • and Rediscovering the Philippines • • • On October 12, 1992 various parts of the In 1511, or roughly nineteen years after Co­ world, notably North America, led in the celebra­ lumbus' landing on the island ofHispaniola in the tion or observance of the Columbus Caribbean, the Crown of Portugal laid claim to QuincentenniaL This marked the SOOth anniver­ Malacca halfway around the globe, in what is now sary of the so-called "Age of Discovery," which Malaysia. This marked the beginning ofEuropean • was setinmotion by ChristopherColumbus' fateful expansion in the region, described by historian voyage in 1492 leading to the "discovery" ofwhat Martin J. Noone as "the great sprawling centre of was to become the "New World." He was sup­ Asiatic commerce, legendary Chersonese, empo­ posed to have been looking for India in search of rium ofmultitude ofnations, Chinese, Arab, Hindu, spices. Japanese, Siamese, and the island races of the • Columbus' achievement caught the imagina­ southeast archipelago." Malacca was the princi­ tion ofhis contemporaries in Spain and Portugal in pal distributingcenterfor cloves,cinnamon, pepper this incipient age ofconquest. What is now being and nutmeg grown in the Moluccas, Sumatra and referred to as the "age ofdiscovery" was actually Mindanao. a series ofinvasions beginning in the 15th century Actually earlier, in 1509, Lisbon dispatched • of territories ou·::side of Europe. The growth of Diego Lopez de Sequiera to survey Malacca, on "cosmographical knowledge" enabled these ag­ the belief that the Spice Islands were in the vicin­ gressive and ambitious men to launch explora­ ity, and not in India as previously thought. An­ tions and expeditions to various parts of the vast othership,captained by acertainde Sousa, included unknown world across the ocean. Spain's thrust among its officers Ferdinand Magellan, who had • into the ''New World" extended far beyond the been an officer in the Portuguese possessions in American continent. India and Malacca, and his friend Francisco 2 • Serrano. The conquest of Malacca was the most eign light" would lead to not only one of the spectacular development in this period, for this longest but also one of the most cruel colonial greatentrepotwas the key to "the whole fareastem regimes in world history. The Spanish regime trade." systematically destroyed native communities and The soldier of fortune Magellan switched his their institutions. It brutalized the indios, making loyalties to Spain, assembled a fleet under his them work as forced labor in the government' s flagship Trinidad. and sailed on September 20, various projects, oras indentured servants to friars 1519 from San Lucar, Spain. On March 17, 1521, or public officials. Above all, the Spaniards im­ Magellan and hisepoch-makingexpedition sighted posed an alien religion, Catholicism, on the popu­ ground on "the Archipelago of San Lazaro," in
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