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2018 USAID Guatemala Gender Analysis Report

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USAID/GUATEMALA GENDER ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 2018 Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 September 14, 2018 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Banyan Global. 1 This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Contract Number AID-OAA-TO-17-00018. It was prepared by Banyan Global under the authorship of Ana Landa Ugarte, Elizabeth Salazar, Magali Quintana, and Raul Molina Herrera, under the coordination of Victoria Rames, Banyan Global Chief of Party, for the USAID Gender Integration Technical Assistance (GITA) Task Order. Implemented by: Banyan Global 1120 20th Street NW, Suite 950 Washington, DC20036 Phone: +1 202-684-9367 Fax: +1 202-697-5020 Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. Recommended Citation: Landa Ugarte, Ana; Salazar, Elizabeth; Quintana, Magali; Herrera, Molina Raul. USAID/Guatemala Gender Analysis Report. Prepared by Banyan Global, 2018. 2 USAID/GUATEMALA GENDER ANALYSIS 2018 FINAL REPORT CONTRACT NO.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 1. INTRODUCTION 20 1.1 Gender-Analysis Background and Purpose 20 1.2 The Guatemalan Context 22 2. METHODOLOGY 24 2.1 Overview 24 2.1.1 Literature Review 24 2.1.2 Design of the Methodology 24 2.1.3 Primary Data Collection—Fieldwork 24 2.1.4 Presentation of Preliminary Findings to USAID 25 2.1.5 Interpretation of Gender Analysis, Assessment Data Analysis, and Report Preparation 25 2.2 Limitations of the Analysis 25 2.3 General Overview of Guatemalan Law, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices 26 2.3.1 National-Level Legal Framework on Gender Equality and Women’s Rights 26 2.3.2 National-Level Policy and Strategic Frameworks 27 2.3.3 Guatemala and the UN’s 2030 Agenda 27 2.3.4 Current Challenges on Law, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices 28 2.4 Cultural Norms and Beliefs 28 2.5 Gender Roles, Responsibilities, And Time Use 29 2.6 Access to and Control over Assets and Resources 30 2.7 Patterns of Power and Decision-Making 32 3. SECURITY AND JUSTICE FINDINGS 34 3.1 Overview 34 3.1.1 Key Statistics 34 3.1.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges in GBV Prevention and Response 35 3.2 GBV Prevalence and Incidence 36 3.2.1 Data Availability 36 3.2.2 Prevalence of GBV 36 3.3 National Institutional Coordination and Mechanisms for GBV Prevention and Response 39 3.4 Access to Justice for Women and Girls Surviving GBV 40 3.4.1 Overview: The Judiciary System 40 3.4.2 Access to Justice 41 4 3.4.3 Training and Capacity Strengthening 41 3.4.4 Specific Areas of Concern 42 4. PROSPERITY FINDINGS – HEALTH 45 4.1 Data and Statistics 45 4.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges 45 4.2.1 Gender-Related Trends in Health and Nutrition 45 4.3 General Health: Policies, Protocols, and Provision 47 4.3.1 Legal and Policy Framework Supporting Access to Health 47 4.3.2 Decentralization of the Health System 48 4.3.3 Health Financing 48 4.4 Reproductive Health and Family Planning 49 4.4.1 Access and Cost 49 4.4.2 Financing Schemes 49 4.4.3 Knowledge and use of Sexual and Reproductive Health services and Family Planning 49 4.4.4 Gender Roles and Responsibilities in Family and Community Health. 50 4.4.5 GBV Prevalence 50 4.4.6 GBV Prevention and Response 51 5. PROSPERITY FINDINGS – EDUCATION 52 5.1 Data and Statistics 52 5.1.1 Data Availability 52 5.1.2 Literacy and Enrollment 53 5.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges 54 5.2.1 Legal and Policy Framework 54 5.2.2 Gender-Related Trends in Education 54 5.2.3 Gender Equality and Education Access 55 5.2.4 Gender Equality and Education Equity 56 5.2.5 Gender Equality and Education Quality and Governance 58 6. PROSPERITY SECTOR – ECONOMIC GROWTH (AGRICULTURAL) 61 6.1 Data and Statistics 61 6.2 Advances and Challenges 62 6.2.1 Enabling Environment: Legal and Policy Framework Supporting Women’s Access to Agricultural Activities 62 6.2.2 Access: Gender and Participation in Family Agriculture 64 6.2.3 Access: Gender and Youth Participation in Agricultural Activities 65 6.2.4 Agency: Women´s Access to and Decision-Making about Land, Credit, Technology, and Participation 65 5 6.2.5 Leadership: Women’s participation in agricultural associations and cooperatives 68 7. PROSPERITY SECTOR – ECONOMIC GROWTH (NON-AGRICULTURAL) 69 7.1 Data and Statistics 69 7.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges 69 7.2.1 Labor Rights and Discrimination in the Labor Market 69 7.2.2 Obstacles Impeding Women’s Active Labor-Market Participation 72 7.2.3 Gender Segregation of the Labor Market 73 7.2.4 Age and Ethnic Segregation of the Labor Market 75 7.2.5 Labor Vulnerability at its Peak: Domestic Workers 76 7.2.6 Women as Entrepreneurs 76 7.3 Prospertiy Sector – Natural Resources Management and Climate Change 77 7.3.1 Data and Statistics 77 7.3.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges 77 8. GOVERNANCE FINDINGS 81 8.1 Data and Statistics 81 8.2 Advances, Gaps, and Challenges 81 8.2.1 Women’s Electoral Participation 81 8.2.2 Institutional Support for Gender Equality and Women’s Rights 82 8.2.3 Decision-Making at the Community and Local Level 84 8.2.4 Women’s Rights and Gender Equality CSOs 85 8.2.5 Youth Participation 86 9. CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 87 9.1 Irregular Migration to the United States 87 9.1.1 Relevant Data and Statistics 87 9.2 Gender Equality Advances, Gaps and Challenges 87 9.2.1 Legal, Institutional, Policy, and Strategic Framework 87 9.2.2 Sector-Related Factors 88 9.2.3 Migration and Changing Gender Norms and Practices. 89 ANNEX A: STATEMENT OF WORK 91 ANNEX B: DELIVERABLES TABLE 107 ANNEX C: DATA COLLECTION TOOLS 108 ANNEX D: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED 113 ANNEX E: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED 126 ANNEX F: RELEVANT LAWS AND POLICIES BY SECTOR 130 6 ACRONYMS ACOFOP Asociación de Comunidades Forestales de Petén ADS Automated Directives System AECID Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo/ Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation AG Acuerdo Gubernativo/ Governing Agreement AGAII Guatemalan Association of Mayors and Indigenous Authorities AGEXPORT Asociación Guatemalteca de Exportadores/ Guatemalan Association of Exporters ALA Asociación La Alianza/ Alliance Association ALIANMISAR Alianza Nacional de Organizaciones de Mujeres Indígenas por la Salud Reproductiva ANAM Asociación Nacional de Municipalidades/National Association of Municipalities AMUTED Asociación Mujer Tejedora Del Desarrollo/ Women's Weavers Association of Development AOR Agreement Officer Representative ASMUGOM Asociación de Mujeres en Gobiernos Municipales/Association of Women in Municipal Government ASIES Association for Research and Social Studies ATRAHDOM Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar, a Domicilio y de Maquila/Association of Domestic, Domicile and Factory Workers BANGUAT Bank of Guatemala CAIMUS Centers for Comprehensive Care of Violence Against Women CARSI Central America Regional Security Initiative CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEO Creating Economic Opportunities Project CEPAL Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe/United Nations Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean CICAM Centro de Investigación Capacitación y Apoyo a la Mujer CIDH Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos/Interamerican Commission on Human Rights CIEN Centro de Investigaciones Económicas Nacionales/Center of National Economic Investigations CLD Communities Leading Development Project CONAMIGUA Consejo Nacional de Atención al Migrante de Guatemala/ National Council of Attention to Migrants from Guatemalan CNCG Climate, Nature and Communities in Guatemala COCIGER Convergencia Ciudadana para la Gestión del Riesgo COCODES Consejos Comunitarios de Desarrollo/Community Development Councils COCOSAN Comisiones Comunitarias de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional/Community Commissions on Food and Nutrition Security CODEDE Consejos Departamentales de Desarrollo/Departmental Development Councils CODISRA National Commission Against Discrimination and Racism National Council for the Care of Persons with Disabilities COMUDES Consejos Municipales de Desarrollo/Municipal Development Councils COMUPRES Comisiones Municipales para la Prevención de la Violencia 7 CONADI National Council for Care for People with Disabilities CONALFA Comité Nacional de Alfabetización/National Literacy Committee CONAPREVI Comisión Nacional de Prevención de la Violencia contra las Mujeres/National CONGCOOP Commission for the Prevention of Violence against Women Federación de Cooperativos Agrícolas de Guatemala/Federation of Guatemala CONJUVE Agriculture Cooperatives Consejo Nacional de la Juventud/National Council on Youth CRI Climate Risk Index CSE Comprehensive sexual education CSO Civil Society Organization DEMI Defensoría de la Mujer Indígena/Women’s Indigenous Ombudsperson DIGEDUCA Dirección General de Evaluación e Investigación Educativa/General Directorate of Educational Research and Evaluation DMM Dirección Municipal de la Mujer/Women’s Municipal Directorate EBI Educación Bilingüe Intercultural/Bilingual and Intercultural Education ENCOVI Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida/National Survey on Life Conditions ENEI Encuesta Nacional de Empleo e Ingresos ENSMI Demographic and Health Survey (Spanish acronym) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FENOCOAC Federación
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