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Measuring Inter-Specific Diversity. Benefits of Species Originality Indices in Community Ecology and Conservation Biology Anna Kondratyeva

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Measuring Inter-Specific Diversity. Benefits of Species Originality Indices in Community Ecology and Conservation Biology Anna Kondratyeva Measuring inter-specific diversity. Benefits of species originality indices in community ecology and conservation biology Anna Kondratyeva To cite this version: Anna Kondratyeva. Measuring inter-specific diversity. Benefits of species originality indices incom- munity ecology and conservation biology. Biodiversity and Ecology. Museum national d’histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS; Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (Paris), 2019. English. NNT : 2019MNHN0012. tel-02887956 HAL Id: tel-02887956 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02887956 Submitted on 2 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE École Doctorale 227 Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme Année 2019 N° attribué par la bibliothèque |_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEURE DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE Spécialité : Ecologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Anna KONDRATYEVA Le 11 décembre 2019 Measuring inter-specific diversity. Benefits of species originality indices in community ecology and conservation biology Sous la direction de : Sandrine Pavoine et Philippe Grandcolas Devant le jury : Mme Sandrine Pavoine Maitre de conférences au MNHN Directrice de Thèse Mr Philippe Grandcolas Directeur de recherche au CNRS Directeur de Thèse Mme Sophie Nadot Professeure à l’Université Paris-Sud Rapporteuse Mr Cyrille Violle Directeur de recherche au CNRS Rapporteur Mme Hélène Morlon Directrice de recherche au CNRS Examinatrice Mr Hervé Daniel Maitre de conférences, Agrocampus Ouest Examinateur 2 REMERCIEMENTS Se lancer dans une thèse de doctorat est une grande décision mais quand c’est fait c’est comme une porte qui s’ouvre sur un grand monde de la recherche scientifique qui grouille de personnes curieuses, passionnées par leur travail. Je voudrais garder des liens avec ce monde pour pouvoir transmettre ses savoirs auprès des plus jeunes, dans les écoles en tant qu’intervenante ou professeure – on verra. Je voudrais remercier toutes les personnes qui ont joué un rôle plus au moins important pour moi pendant ces trois années. Cette aventure ne serait pas possible sans ma directrice et mon directeur de thèse. Sandrine, merci de m’avoir donné cette chance de s’essayer dans la recherche. Je te suis reconnaissante de m’avoir fait confiance et de m’avoir accompagnée depuis le début, merci pour tes encouragements, ton calme, ta patience et ta sagesse. Philippe, ta justesse des mots et ton incroyable vision globale des choses m’épateront toujours, j’ai appris beacoup à tes cotés. J’adresse de chaleureux remerciements aux membres de mon jury – Sophie Nadot, Cyrille Violle, Hélène Morlon et Hervé Daniel – pour avoir accepté d’évaluer ce travail. Je remercie également le Labex BCDiv pour le financement de ce projet de thèse. Anne-Cécile Haussonne, je te remercie de m'avoir aidé dans toutes ces démarches administratives à se casser la tête, sans toi je serai encore en train d'attendre un ordinateur et je ne serais jamais partie aussi simplement en congrès. Merci à l'Ecole Doctorale 227 et tout particulièrement à Nathalie Machon et Anaïs Ranera (même si tu as changé de poste actuellement) pour tout ce que vous faites pour la vie des doctorants au Muséum. Je voudrais remercier vivement l'équipe allemande de Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Halle (Saale) pour m’y avoir accueilli pendant deux mois et pour m’avoir aidé avec les données et les analyses. Dankeschön à Walter Durka qui connait les espèces végétales sur les bouts des doits, à Ingolf Kühn pour les précisions sur les analyses spatiales et à Sonja Knapp pour des idées qui ont considerablement aidé à structurer notre travail en commun. Un travail efficace n'est pas imaginable pour moi sans un environnement agréable. Je voudrais donc remercier tout.e.s mes collègues auprès qui j'ai eu plaisir de passer ces trois années. Tout d’abord merci aux habitants du bureau « Coquelicot » : Typhaine R. pour ton inépuisable bonne humeur, même quand les modèles ne tournent plus et il faut faire une pause smarties ; Gabrielle M. prête à aider à tout moment, tu me manquais à la fin pour tenir le club de travaille- tard ; Alain D. pour ton grand sourire réconfortant et ta sérénité d'être; Margaux A. pour des conseils déteinte ; Fabien C. pour ton humour qui manque maintenant dans le bureau, Kévin B. 3 le grand sportif toujours discret, mais aussi Olivier B., Mona O., Ana-Cristina T., Tanguy L- L., Lucie M., Laura T. (merci pour le voyage à Nancy, c’était presque ma seule session de terrain), Eduardo B., le dernier arrivé qui commence tout juste, Nélida P., qui es partie trop vite, (j'étais trop contente de te retrouver à Rennes !). En dehors du bureau Coquelicot, merci à : Minh-Xuan T., toujours soucieux de bien-être de ces collègues, merci pour tes conseils et ta bienveillance, Jean-François J. merci pour ton inépuisable stock de connaissances naturalistes, François D. merci pour des conseils en stat et des blagues osées; Un mot tout particulier pour Adrienne G. Merci d'avoir jamais perdu l'énergie et l'envie de m'écouter, merci pour ces échanges rassurants mais aussi pour des astuces dans le R; Même si on était séparés entre deux bâtiments, je passais souvent vous faire un coucou et je voudrais particulièrement remercier Diane G. pour ne jamais se prendre la tête, le bureau des barbus qui a disparu au compte de goutte et merci Théo O. (le dernier survivant du bureau) d’y m'avoir accueilli à la fin; Olivier B., on t'a perdu de vue ces derniers temps, mais merci pour les pauses discussion; Grégoire L., tu m'étonnerais toujours avec tes bêtises et tes histoires incoyables. Il est compliqué de citer encore toutes ces personnes que j'ai côtoyées pendant ces trois années au sein de ce laboratoire génial et qui ont eu de l'importance à un moment ou à un autre grâce à leurs conseils, connaissances et tout simplement leur bienveillance. Une pensée pour Jean-Baptiste M., François S., Yves B., Colin F., Fanny G., Emmanuelle P., Simon B., Romain L., Anne D., Léo B., Claire L., Emmanuel C., Pauline C., Julie P., Florence D., Denis C., Thibault F., Guillaume T., Benjamin Y., Charles, T., Guillaume M., Alexandre R., Denis C., Léo M, Camila A., Julie M., Benoit F., Gwanaëlle B-M., Sébastien T., Marine L., Maud M., Marine R., Alice MC., Robin R., Anne-Caroline P. et enfin à Romain J. pour m’avoir acceptée dans ce labo. Au meilleur laboratoire d'écologie que je n'échangerais pour rien au monde - Merci pour l'ambiance, pour la chaleur, pour les histoires, pour les soirées. Merci CESCO ! Comment j’aurais fait sans mes amis pour qui j’étais là de façon chaotique certes, mais vous vous y étiez toujours quand il le fallait. Jérôme M. te rappelles-tu que c'était toi qui a lu le mail de résultats des auditions pour avoir cette thèse. Je n'oublierai jamais l'ascenseur émotionnel que tu m’as fait avec une loooongue pause avant de le lire à haute voix, merci pour tout; Pilou, mon voisin préféré, je te remercie d'être là dans les moments compliqués de ma vie, tu sais que ça va mieux maintenant et t'y es pour quelque chose. Il y a des personnes qui s'est sont transformés de collègues en colocs puis en amis, oui je parle de vous Nicolas D. et Simon V., même si nous ne sommes plus à la coloc family à part Simon ça nous fait un.e 4éme docteur.e. à la maison . Lesia, Moussa, 4 Sabina, Nasra, Guillaume, César – cette coloc m’a transformé également, alors merci pour les soirées, des repas et plein d’autres folies ! Petite pensée à Badis, toujours en vadrouille. J’ai fait des belles rencontres lors de cette thèse, certaines sont devenues des très bonnes amitiés. Merci Christian de m’avoir appris comment fonctionnent des ailes d’avions – au moins la formation doctorale a servi à quelque chose ! A part de faire avancer mes recherches, j'ai passé deux ans à gérer une association étudiante « Bureau des Doctorants et Etudiants du Muséum » et ça ne serait pas possible sans une équipe (enfin j'en ai connue deux) au taquet. Je voudrais remercier Margot B. pour des heures passées sur des dossiers de subventions, des mails et encore des dossiers - tu fais des meilleurs igloo en carton! ; Adrienne et Typhaine pour rendre la trésorerie plus facile; Antoine H., Juliette W., Linh- Thao T. ainsi que l’équipe de l'année suivante et tout particulièrement Charly F. qui a repris enfin ma place et je sais que ne trouverais pas une personne mieux. Mes grands remerciements de fond du cœur à ma mère qui a semée en moi une graine d’amour pour la nature depuis que je suis toute petite et qui m’a soutenue lors de cette aventure française… depuis déjà dix ans ! Merci à mon père pour l’attention et des apparitions bréves mais riches en souvenirs. Je remercie tout particulièrement mon petit frère pour avoir relu le manuscrit (même si tu avais du mal à comprende), Андрюша спасибо за проверку английского, даже если ты не всё понял ! Nous ne nous voyons vraiment pas souvent et un océan nous sépare, mais vous avez su me reconforter même à distance.
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