Available online freely at www.isisn.org Bioscience Research Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Online ISSN: 2218-3973 Journal by Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network RESEARCH ARTICLE BIOSCIENCE RESEARCH, 2020 17(3): 1996-1999. OPEN ACCESS

Medicinal value and Taxonomic survey of Boraginaceae of Dir Kohistan, Pakistan

Ali Hazrat1, Gul Rahim1, Abdul Khaliq2, Abdur Rahim3, Ikram Ilahi3, Muhammad Asif Nawaz4, Sidra Pervez5, Zakia Ahmad6, Khan Sher9, Amir Hassan Khan9, Muhammad Romman7, Hafiz Ullah7, Adam Khan8, Abid Ullah1and Mohammad Nisar1

1Department of Botany University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KP, Pakistan 2Department of Chemistry Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan 3Department of Zoology University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KP, Pakistan 4Department of Biotechnology Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan 5Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan 6Department of Botany University of Swat, KP, Pakistan 7Department of Botany University of Chitral, KP, Pakistan 8Department of Botany University of Buner, KP, Pakistan 9Department of Botany Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan

*Correspondence: [email protected] Received 21-04-2020, Revised: 01-09-2020, Accepted: 20-09-2020 e-Published: 30-09- 2020 A taxonomic study of the selected family in Dir Kohistan, Pakistan with elevation ranges from 1200-4000 meters. A total of 9 species are recognized belonging to 8 genera. The study conducted on the basis of morphological characters of each species, nomenclature, taxonomic relationships between the species and medicinal survey of the selected family. A key to all the species and genera is given in the results. The morphological characters have a significant role in the identification of species of the selected family. Furthermore, all the species of the selected family were also screen for ethnobotanical/medicinal purposes through questioners from local people of the area. The local people consist of Hakeem’s, elder and young researcher of the area. The finding of questionaries’ about the uses of plants are Analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anodyne, antispasmodic, hypnotic, narcotic, protect heart attacks and the difficulties in urination etc. Keywords: Boraginaceae, Taxonomic Diversity, Medicinal Value, Elevation, Dir Kohistan.

INTRODUCTION presence of hairs on the plant surfaces which may One of the widely distributed family. It has be glandular and sharp (Metcalf & Chalk, 1979). more than 100 genera and 2000 or more species The family had drawn the attention of many distributed all over the world (Heywood, 1978). taxonomists from long ago. (Al-Nowaihi et al. Members of the family have great variations in the 1987, Hallier 1912, Bessey, 1915, Lawrence, species based on morphological characters. The 1963, Brand, 1921, Chopra, 1971, Taia and family consist of trees, shrubs, annuals, biennial Shiha, 1999) are all of them who gave great care and perennials. They are found in various to the systematics of the selected family. habitats, in the mountains region as well as plain According to some other ovary is entire and areas of the country. The areal portion of stem sometime lobes, the genera of the family has and leaves of the selected family shows the been divided into four sub-families. These sub- Ali Hazrat et al. Medicinal value and Taxonomic survey of Boraginaceous

families have been handled with many taxonomic value, elevation and research area are presented sentiments since long time ago (Svensson, 1925, in the table 01. Pal, 1963).This study was concerns with the differences in hair characters and thickness within RESULTS 9 species and 8 genera collected mainly from The area is floristically rich and a variety of deferent habitats in Dir Kohistan with their plants are presents. All types of plants in the medicinal value study area were study by different works from time to time on different parameters but in present MATERIALS AND METHODS study only one family were explored for taxonomic The area was visited frequently. This paper is identification and medicinal value. Furthermore, based on the collection and then identified of the the current research was designed to find out the species in the flowering seasons with the help of Taxonomic diversity of plants of Dir Kohistan flora of Pakistan and Taxonomic experts. Valley because it is a remote and hilly area which (Stewart., 1972 and Ali & Qasir., 2009). Some has not been studies previously for such type of species are easy and identify in the field from the studies. A total of 9 species and 8 genera fresh whole plant material. The flowers were (Figure. 1) has been collected and preserved from boiled for about 2 to 3 minutes to study them the hilly area of Dir Kohistan. Species keys are under the stereoscope from the dried specimens. generated for all the species. And the data of The dry specimens were poison with naphthalene plants are tabulated in table 01 in the form powder and carbolic soap. Then mounted the Voucher Number, Botanical name, Local name, specimens on the standard herbarium sheet Villages in research area, Elevation in meter and 11x16/. The specimens after mounting labelled medicinal value (Table. 1). The present research and place in the herbarium and botanical garden work is the first of its kind from this selected area University of Malakand. Keys of all the species of Kohistan. On the basis morphology and genera were drawn and the data regarding observation, these species are differentiated from botanical name, local name, part used, medicinal one another.

Table 1: Checklist of wild/cultivated plant species of Boraginaceae

Vernacular S.No V. No Botanical Name Research Area Medicinal uses Name Demulcent, expectorant, externally Ganshal, Dogdara, Anchusa arvensis (L.) to treat cuts, bruises and internally 1. 720 Nil Sheringal, Sunderae, Bieb. to treat coughs and bronchial Lamutai catarrh, stomach duodenal ulcers. Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and Arnebia benthamii 2. 1009 Nil Jaz Banda expectorant, throat, fever, and (Wall. ex G. Don) cardiac disorders. Cynoglossum Kumrat, Dogdara, Shsha cough, burns, wounds, ear 3. 690 glochidiatum Sheringal, Sunderae, gulay infection and antibacterial Wall. Ex Bth. Lamutai, Janus candio Analgesic, Antidiarrheal, Cynoglossum Shsha Kumrat, Dogdara, Antispasmodic, astringents, 4. 680 microglochin gulay Sheringal, Sunderae cancer, digestive, emollient and Both. narcotic Heliotropium crispum Guldae, Dogdara, Gastrointestinal pain, respiratory 5. 460 Nil Desf. Sheringal, Sunderae distress and vascular disorders Lindelofia longiflora Shahoor , Dogdara, Diarrhea, antimicrobial activity and 6. 329 (Bth.) Nil Sheringal, Sunderae, cytotoxic function Baill. Lamutai, Janus candio Myosotis alpestris- sub- Januas, Dogdara, Astringent, ophthalmic and stop 7. 319 sp Nil Sheringal, Sunderae nose bleeds asiatica Vest. Ex Hulten Patark, Dogdara, Sheringal, Nonea edgeworthii A. Antibacterial activities, Antifungal 8. 449 Nil Sunderae, Lamutai, Janus DC. activities and Antioxidant activities candio Sheringal, Dogdara, Wounds, pain relief, fevers, bites Onosma hispida Wall 9. 440 Gaozaban Sheringal, Sunderae, and stings, stimulant and cardiac . ex G. Don Lamutai, Janus candio tonic.

Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(3): 1996-1999 1997

Ali Hazrat et al. Medicinal value and Taxonomic survey of Boraginaceous

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0 Anchusa Arnebia Cynoglossum Heliotropium Lindelofia Myosotis Nonea Onosma

Figure: 1. Genus wise distribution of Boraginaceae Key to the genera 1. Style terminal------Heliotropium + Style gynobasic------2 2. Corolla throat scales absent------3 + Corolla throat scales present------4 3. Anther connective elongated------Onosma + Anther connective not elongated------Arnebia 4. Margin and middle dorsal area of nutlets not prickly------5 + Margin and middle dorsal area of nutlets prickly ------7 5. Throat scales fimbriate or densely pubescent------Nonea + Throat scales not fimbriate, glabrous ------6 6. Areole of nutlet with surface of attachment concave------Anchusa + Areole of nutlet with surface of attachment flat------Myosotis 7. Corolla rotate shaped the tube not exceeding calyx long------Cynoglossum + Corolla funnel shaped tube exceeding calyx long------Lindelofia Genus: Cynoglossum L., Sp. Pl. 1753.

Key to the species 1 Nutlets 3.5 mm long------Cynoglossum microglochin + Nutlets 2-3 mm long------Cynoglossum glochidiatum

Forty-two morphological characters are find out DISCUSSION used in the identification of the species of the The present study based on morphological selected family. This study has completed in characteristics which provided the best source for highlighted a many of morphological characters the classification of the selected family species. that can be used for taxonomic differences of The characters include stem structure, habits, leaf species of the selected family. shape, apex, margin and base, petiole, flower colour, fruit and seed in the identification of the species (Diane et al. 2002, Hutchinson, 1948).

Bioscience Research, 2020 volume 17(3): 1996-1999 1998

Ali Hazrat et al. Medicinal value and Taxonomic survey of Boraginaceous

CONCLUSION Chopra GL.1971. Angiosperms in Magin. S.G. A total of 09 plant species is collected, Company of Educational Great Printers, identified with the help of keys. And also identified Delhi, pp: 563. the medicinal uses of the selected plant species Diane N, Forther H. and Hilger HH. 2002. A for different diseases. It is suggested to control systematic analysis of Heliotropium, the local people should restrict deforestation in the Tournefortia and allied taxa of the selected area for the next two to three eras for the Heliotropaceae (Boraginales) based onITS1 conservation of plant biodiversity. sequences and morphological data. Am. J. Bot., 89: 287-295. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Hallier H., 1912. L`origine et le system phyletique The authors declared that present study was des angiosperms. Arch Neerl. Scr. Eact Nat. performed in absence of any conflict of interest. Ser, 111: 146-234. Heywood VH, Moore DM, Richardson IBK. and ACKNOWLEGEMENT Srearn WT. 1978. Flowering Plants of the Project was financially supported by the World. Oxford University Press, UK., London, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pages: 828. Pakistan. Hutchinson J, 1948. British Flowering Plants. P.R. Gawthorn Ltd., London, pp: 374. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Lawrence GHM. 1963. Taxonomy of Vascular All the authors contributed in this research Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York, work AH, GR, AK, AR designed and performed pp: 823. the experiments and also wrote the manuscript. II, Metcalf CR. and Chalk L. 1979. Anatomy of the MAN, SP, and ZA performed experiments and Dicotylidons. Clarendon Press, Oxford. data analysis. MR, HU, AK and AU designed Pal P. 1963. Comparative studies in four species experiments and MN and AH reviewed the of Heliotropium L. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, manuscript and identification of plant specimens. 29: 1-1. All authors read and approved the final version. Svensson, HG. 1925. Zur Embruologie der Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceen und Copyrights: © 2020@ author (s). Heliotropiaceen mit besonderer Ruksicht auf This is an open access article distributed under the die Endospermbildung. Upsala Universitets terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Arsskrift, Upsala, Sweden, pp: 1-176. (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, Stewart RR. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the distribution, and reproduction in any medium, vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. Fakhri Press, Karachi, pp. 102. provided the original author(s) and source are Taia WK. and Shiha MA. 1999. Palynological credited and that the original publication in this investigations in some Egyptian species of journal is cited, in accordance with accepted Boraginaceae. J. Union Arab Biol. Cairo, 9: academic practice. No use, distribution or 385-402. reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

REFERENCES Ali H. and Qaiser M. 2009. The ethnobotany of Chitral Valley, Pakistan with particular reference to Medicinal plants. Pak. J. Bot. 41(4): 2009-2041. Al-Nowaihi AS, Khalifa SF. and Hamed K. 1987. A contribution to the taxonomy of Boraginaceae. Phytologia, 62: 107-125. Bessey CE. 1915. The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants. Ann. Mol. Botanical Gardens, 2: 109-164 Brand A. 1921. Boraginaceae-Boraginoideae- cynogloseae in Engler A. Des Pflanzenreich, 78: 1-236.

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