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Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn. SCORE:14.0 RATING TAXON: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SCORE: 14.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Family: Nelumbonaceae Common Name(s): East Indian lotus Synonym(s): Nelumbo caspica Eichw. lotus Nelumbo komarovii Grossh. lotusroot Nelumbo speciosa Willd. sacred lotus Nymphaea nelumbo L. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 30 Mar 2020 WRA Score: 14.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Aquatic Herb, Weedy, Ornamental, Edible, Water-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 y 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 y 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 y Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 30 Mar 2020 ( Nelumbo nucifera Page 1 of 17 Gaertn.) TAXON: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SCORE: 14.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 n conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 y 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 30 Mar 2020 ( Nelumbo nucifera Page 2 of 17 Gaertn.) TAXON: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SCORE: 14.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y Source(s) Notes "This species is a symbol of purity to Buddhists and has been held Prance, G. & Nesbitt, M. (2005). The Cultural History of sacred in the Far East for over 5000 years. [t originated in continental Plants. Routledge, New York, NY Asia, but is now distributed worldwide. It has been cultivated in China for over 3000 years and is exported globally." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y Source(s) Notes Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1997. "Nelumbo nucifera is an ornamental species sporadically naturalized Flora of North America: Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: from cultivation over the area mapped in the southeastern United Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, States." Oxford, UK 103 Does the species have weedy races? y Source(s) Notes Sathyanathan, N. (2012). Aquatic weed classification, environmental effects and the management technologies "Table 1 Major aquatic weeds in India" [Includes Nelumbo nucifera. for its effective control in Kerala, India. International No impacts specified] Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 5(1): 76 -91 "The aquatic weeds are unwanted vegetation which grow in ponds Sitre, S. R. (2014). Aquatic Weed Biodiversity of a and lakes and hamper its use (Sushilkumar, 2011). Out of 160 aquatic Shrinking Freshwater Pond Affected By Anthropogenic weeds Ipomoea aquatica, Typha angustata, Eichhornia crassipes, Activities in Bhadrawati Town of Chandrapur District (MS) Nelumbo nucifera, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Vallisneria spiralis, India. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Chara, Potamogeton , Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum and Salvinia are Journal, 4(2): 113-117 spread in Indian water bodies to a very large extent that they are a ecological threat to the regions under which they are thriving." Creation Date: 30 Mar 2020 ( Nelumbo nucifera Page 3 of 17 Gaertn.) TAXON: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SCORE: 14.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Iran (n.w.) CAUCASUS: Azerbaijan (e.) RUSSIAN FAR EAST: Russian Federation [Primorye, Amur] CHINA: China (s. & e.) USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant EASTERN ASIA: Japan, Korea, Taiwan Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources Asia-Tropical Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 30 Mar 2020] INDO-CHINA: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland, Northern Territory (n.)] Europe EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation-European part [European part (s.e.)]" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 30 Mar 2020] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "USDA hardiness zones: 5 through 10 (Fig. 2) Gilman, E.F. (1999). Nelumbo nucifera Lotus. FPS424. IFAS, Planting month for zone 7: year round University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Planting month for zone 8: year round http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. [Accessed 30 Mar 2020] Planting month for zone 9: year round Planting month for zone 10: year round" Missouri Botanical Garden. (2020). Nelumbo nucifera. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. [Accessed 30 "Zone: 4 to 10" Mar 2020] Creation Date: 30 Mar 2020 ( Nelumbo nucifera Page 4 of 17 Gaertn.) TAXON: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. SCORE: 14.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong, eds. 2001. Flora of "Lakes, ponds, cultivated. Throughout China except Nei Mongol, China. Vol. 6 (Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae). Qinghai, and Xizang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia (Java), Japan, Korea, Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Press, St. Louis Russia (Far East), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia, Australia]." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Roecklein, J.C. & Leung, P. (eds.). (1987). A Profile of "They are grown mainly in Japan, China, Hawaii, and India, and to a Economic Plants. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, limited degree in California. Commercial production in Hawaii has NJ declined since 1967." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "It has escaped and become naturalized in many places outside this - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other range." Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Nelumbo nucifera is an ornamental species sporadically naturalized from cultivation over the area mapped in the southeastern United Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1997. States. Although Virginia, Kentucky, and Delaware are within the Flora of North America: Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: range, I know of no collections from Virginia or Delaware and of no Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, wild-growing specimens of N . nucifera in Kentucky. The species was Oxford, UK listed in a flora of New York (R. S. Mitchell 1986); I have not seen a voucher specimen for the report." Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. (2020). Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. No evidence in Hawaiian Islands to date https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/hawaiianflora/.
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