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Proste Unikodne Vektorske Pisave

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Proste Unikodne Vektorske Pisave Proste unikodne vektorske pisave Primozˇ Peterlin Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Institutˇ za biofiziko Lipiceˇ va 2, 1000 Ljubljana primoz.peterlin@biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si Povzetek Predstavljen je projekt prostih unikodnih vektorskih pisav. Uvodoma predstavimo stanje s pisavami v prostih programskih okoljih in motive za izdelavo prostih pisav. Osrednji del prispevka je namenjen opisu zasnove tipografije, ki vkljucujeˇ pismenke iz razlicnihˇ pisav. Sledi opis razlogov, zakaj je OpenType najboljsaˇ trenutno dostopna tehnologija. Zakljucimoˇ s pregledom stanja projekta in nacrtiˇ za delo v prihodnje. 1. Uvod se porajajo tako v akademskih jezikoslovnih krogih kot tudi “na terenu”, torej v okoljih, kjer ziˇ vijo govorci jezikov, ki Prosti operacijski sistemi, kot so GNU/Linux ter sistemi te pismenke uporabljajo. FreeBSD, OpenBSD in NetBSD, izhajajociˇ iz BSD Unixa, so od sistema Unix podedovali stihijsko obravnavanje pi- 1.1. Znaki in pismenke sav. Tako graficniˇ sistem X Window System uporablja svojo Standard ISO10646/Unicode (Unicode Consortium, obliko zapisa pisav, terminalski nacinˇ svojo, stavni program 2000) izrecno locujeˇ med “znaki” (angl. character) in “pi- T X pa spet svoje. Krajevna prilagoditev (lokalizacija) ta- E smenkami” (angl. glyph): “Characters reside only in the kih sistemov je zato po nepotrebnem bolj zapletena, kot bi machine, as strings in memory or on disk, in the backing bilo nujno potrebno, saj je treba poskrbeti za vsakega od store. The Unicode standard deals only with character locenihˇ podsistemov posebej. codes. In contrast to characters, glyphs appear on the Boljsaˇ resiteˇ v je uporaba enotne oblike zapisa pisave, screen or paper as particular representation of one or more ki ga uporabljajo vsi programi za prikaz pismenk na za- backing store characters. A repertoire of glyphs comprises slonu, pa tudi za namizno zalozniˇ stvˇ o in natis na tiskal- a font.”1 nik. Predvsem zadnji dve nastetiˇ uporabi postavljata seˇ do- datno zahtevo glede oblike zapisa – pismenke morajo biti 1.2. Nabori znakov uporabne tudi pri povecaˇ vi oziroma natisu v locljiˇ vosti, Nabori znakov v zahodni tipografski tradiciji so vecjiˇ od zaslonske. Namesto rastrske oblike zapisa zato doziˇ veli zanimiv razvoj (Bigelow and Holmes, 1993). Ti- vecinomaˇ uporabljajo vektorsko, pri kateri se lahko pi- pografija textura, uporabljena v prvi v Evropi natisnjeni smenke prakticnoˇ poljubno povecuje.ˇ Navadno uporabljena knjigi, Gutenbergovi 42-vrsticniˇ Bibliji (1455-56), je vse- oblika zapisa je TrueType (Apple Computer, Inc., 1999) bovala vecˇ kot 250 pismenk (ob vseh crkahˇ abecede seˇ po- (uporabljena v sistemih MS Windows in MacOS), redkeje sebne zacetneˇ in zakljucneˇ izpeljanke ter ligature). Tudi hu- PostScript Type 1 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 1990) manistica cursiva, prva kurzivna pisava, ki jo je leta 1501 (uporabljena v zdaj zeˇ opusˇcenemˇ sistemu NeXTSTEP). izdelal Francesco Griffo za Aldusa Manutiusa, je vsebovala Druzbiˇ Apple in Microsoft, ki podpirata standard True- prek 200 pismenk. V naslednjih stoletjih se je tipografija Type, sta zdruziliˇ mociˇ z druzboˇ Adobe v skupnem projektu oddaljila od kaligrafije in nabori so zaradi nizjihˇ stroskˇ ov OpenType (Microsoft Corporation, 2001). reza, ulivanja, stavljenja in transporta postajali vse manjsi.ˇ Pisave TrueType so se v zadnjih treh ali stirihˇ letih iz Dodatno osiromasenje,ˇ poenostavitev in kanonizacijo je vecˇ razlogov dodobra uveljavile tudi v prostih operacijskih naborom znakov prinesel izum pisalnega stroja konec 19. sistemih. Po eni strani prosti rasterizator FreeType, ki je od stoletja, ki je zapecatilˇ razvoj za dolgo vrsto let. Nabor zna- 4. izdaje naprej tudi del streznikaˇ XFree86, omogocaˇ kako- kov s pisalnega stroja, ki je vseboval poleg 26 malih in veli- vosten izpis oz. izris teh pisav, po drugi pa je druzbaˇ Micro- kih crkˇ seˇ steˇ vke in nekaj malega posebnih znakov, so pode- soft vrsto let na svojih spletnih straneh brezplacnoˇ ponujala dovali teleprinterji, od teh pa racunalniki.ˇ Leta 1968 je bil vrsto kakovostnih pisav, ki so bile kakovostne in obenem sprejet verjetno najbolj znan kodirani nabor znakov, ANSI pokrivale tudi dobrsenˇ del za zahodni svet zanimivih pisav. X3.4, bolj znan kot ASCII (American Standard Code for Prav brezplacnaˇ dostopnost teh pisav je verjetno zavi- Information Interchange, ameriskiˇ standardni kod za izme- ralno vplivala na razvoj pravih prostih pisav. Potreba po njavo podatkov), ki kodira 95 pismenk (vkljucnoˇ s “prazno prostih pisavah je po eni strani politicnaˇ – prosti operacij- pismenko”, presledkom) in 33 krmilnih znakov. ski sistemi zahtevajo proste pisave – po drugi pa prakticna:ˇ dovoljenje za uporabo, ki omogocaˇ razsirjanjeˇ nabora pi- 1Znaki obstajajo le znotraj racunalnika,ˇ kot nizi v pomnil- smenk z novimi pismenkami in razsirjanjeˇ tako dopolnje- niku ali na disku, v skladisˇcu.ˇ Standard Unicode se ukvarja zgolj nih pisav, omogocaˇ in spodbuja, da uporabniki sami doda- s kodami znakov. Za razliko od znakov se pismenke pojavljajo jajo pismenke, katerih prvotni avtor ni vkljucil.ˇ Potrebe po na papirju kot posamezne predstavitve enega ali vecˇ znakov iz novih pismenkah, predvsem pismenkah nelatinicnihˇ pisav, skladisˇca.ˇ Nabor pismenk sestavlja pisavo. V osemdesetih, seˇ bolj pa v devetdesetih letih 20. stole- in Holmesova s tipografijo Lucida Sans Unicode (Bigelow tja se trend krcenjaˇ naborov znakov obrne, k cemerˇ sta ver- and Holmes, 1993) ter Haralambous in Plaice (Haralam- jetno prispevala tudi internet in splosnaˇ globalizacija. Ceˇ so bous and Plaice, 1994). Druge, sicer obseznejˇ seˇ tipografije seˇ dobrih deset let nazaj navidez cistoˇ resna racunalniˇ skaˇ (Microsoft Corporation, 2000; Kass, 1998) zaradi svoje he- podjetja ukvarjala s tem, da so v tiskalnikih zamenjevala terogenosti niso tipografsko zadovoljive. svˇ edski nabor znakov SEN 850200 (Ann. B) z jugoslovan- skim JUS I.B1.002, menecˇ da crkˇ A,¨ O¨ in A˚ ne bo nihceˇ po- 2.1. Berljivost gresalˇ (to, da ne moremo imeti obenem nasihˇ crkˇ in oglatih Vkljuciteˇ v nelatinicnihˇ pisav ponuja moznostˇ za razi- oklepajev, pa je bilo tako znano), pa v devetdesetih prevla- skavo “univerzalnih” parametrov berljivosti. Raziskave er- dajo osembitni kodni nabori, v nasihˇ krajih predvsem ISO gonomije branja (Tinker, 1963; Zachrisson, 1965), ki jih je 8859-2, Microsoft CP1250 ter IBM CP852. bilo v Evropi in Ameriki opravljenih kot nekaj, so se osre- Ceraˇ vno so osembitni nabori brez dvoma napredek dotocaleˇ izkljucnoˇ na latinico ter na parametre, kot so teza,ˇ glede na sedembitne, pa vseh tezaˇ v ne resujejo.ˇ Ceˇ smo serifi (zakljuckiˇ tipografskih potez), visinaˇ malih crkˇ glede konkretnejsi:ˇ nobene standardne metode ni, kako s postnimˇ na velike, razmerje med velikimi in malimi crkamiˇ ipd. Po- programom, ki obvlada samo osembitne nabore znakov, dobne raziskave, ki jih je opravil Emil Ruder v svicarskˇ em posljemoˇ elektronsko sporocilo,ˇ v katerem bi lahko sloven- vecjeziˇ cnemˇ okolju, lahko beremo tudi v slovenskem pre- sko besedilo (ceˇ ne drugega, naseˇ ime) kombinirali s fran- vodu (Ruder, 1977). coskim, ali, bognedaj, ruskim. Cepraˇ v vprasanja,ˇ kot so berljivost crkˇ s tipografskimi Da bi odpravili to tezaˇ vo, sta bila konec osemdesetih zakljuckiˇ proti tistim brez njih in podobna obcasnoˇ razvne- let neodvisno ustanovljena konzorcij Unicode ter delovna majo tipografske kroge, pa je jasno – glede na to, da so skupina s spevnim imenom JTC1/SC2/WG2 pri medna- tudi hebrejska, arabska, armenska in indijske pisave, ki se rodni organizaciji za standarde ISO. Prvi je zdruzilˇ nekaj v zasnovi drasticnoˇ razlikujejo od latinice, pribliznoˇ enako (preteznoˇ ameriskih)ˇ proizvajalcev racunalniˇ skˇ e opreme, berljive kot latinica – da so tovrstne razlike malenkostne. med njimi Adobe, Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun itd., Zares dobro oblikovanje tipografij za Unicode bo mogoceˇ drugi nacionalne organizacije za standarde, oba pa sta si za- sele,ˇ ko bodo izvedene raziskave berljivosti za vse pisave, stavila isti cilj – enoten kodirani nabor znakov, ki bo zajel ki jih Unicode pokriva. Do tedaj bodo poskusi obsojeni na vse pisave sveta. Sredi devetdesetih let je postalo jasno, da intuicijo tipografov. bi bilo usklajeno delovanje koristno za obe strani. Prvi plod sodelovanja je bil standard ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000, ki je 2.2. Zgodovinski in kulturni kontekst enak standardu Unicode v3.0 (Unicode Consortium, 2000). Hitro postane jasno, da si pri zasnovi unikodne tipogra- Skupni standard seˇ naprej dopolnjujejo. fije ne moremo pomagati s historicnimiˇ slogi (renesancni,ˇ barocniˇ ipd.), ki jih poznamo iz latinicneˇ tipografije, saj 2. Zasnova vecinaˇ sveta teh zgodovinskih slogov ne pozna, poskus nji- Cilj, ki si ga je zastavil projekt proste unikodne vek- hove razsiritvˇ e na nelatinicneˇ pisave pa je enako nasilen, torske pisave, je ponuditi standardiziran nabor pismenk, ki kot bi bil denimo poskus prilagoditve latinice kufskemu deluje tipografsko usklajeno kljub temu, da zdruzujeˇ pi- slogu. smenke iz razlicnihˇ pisav (latinica, cirilica, grskaˇ pisava, Tudi navidez ocitnaˇ delitev na pisave z modulirano ti- armenska pisava itd.). Jasno je, da vseh tipografskih fines pografsko potezo in zakljuckiˇ tipografskih potez (npr. Ti- (lep pregled za grskˇ o pisavo ponuja denimo (Haralambous, mes) ter pisave z enakomerno potezo in brez zakljuckˇ ov 1999)) pri tem ni mogoceˇ uposteˇ vati, vseeno pa mora biti (npr. Helvetica) je evrocentricna.ˇ Da vidimo, da je tako, se koncniˇ izdelek sprejemljiv za splosnoˇ rabo, med katero sodi moramo spomniti
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