Virtue Reality: Axiology and Imagination in the English Renaissance
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Virtue Reality: Axiology and Imagination in the English Renaissance By Donald T. Rodrigues Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in English August 11, 2017 Nashville, TN Approved: Kathryn Schwarz, Ph.D.; Chair Jay Clayton, Ph.D.; Co-Chair Leah Marcus, Ph.D. Jeffrey Schnapp, Ph.D. To my nephew, Christopher ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Given my interest in the logic according to which virtuous power begets virtual community, I have been uncannily fortunate to work with so many actually virtuous individuals. I need, first, to extend gratitude to the members of my committee—Kathryn Schwarz, Jay Clayton, Leah Marcus, and Jeffrey Schnapp—for being nothing less than an academic dream team. Thank you, Kathryn, for goading me to recognize that my long-standing commitments to activism would only flourish by turning to the peculiarities of early modern literature and culture. Leah, I cannot thank you enough for your constant support, generosity, and wisdom; you have done so much to enrich my life these last few years. Jay, you have been a source of constant inspiration and surprise, in the best sense of the term; working as your Research Assistant turned my years as a graduate student into a rollicking adventure. And Jeffrey, I thank you for welcoming me to the fabulous metaLAB at Harvard, a space that challenged my conception of what digital work could do. My research and thinking has benefitted immeasurably from coursework and conversations that I have had with faculty at Vanderbilt University. I owe special thanks to Helen Shin, Jessie Hock, Houston Baker, Peter Lake, Hortense Spillers, Mark Wollaeger, Jennifer Fay, Lutz Koepnick, and Lynn Enterline. My research has been supported by grants, training, and other forms of assistance from Vanderbilt, including the Graduate School, the Department of Cinema and Media Arts, the program in Women’s and Gender Studies, the HASTAC Scholars program, the Vanderbilt Institute for Digital Learning, the Mellon Institute for Digital and Public Humanities, and the Curb Center for Art, Enterprise, and Public Policy. I am particularly grateful to the Department of English, which awarded me a 2016-2017 Dissertation Fellowship and funded my participation in the 2016 Cornell School of Criticism and Theory; I am also indebted to Vanderbilt’s College of Arts and Sciences, which provided the means for my predoctoral research fellowship at Harvard University in 2015. This project would not be possible without the support of the Folger Institute and The National Endowment for the Humanities, which funded several seminars that I’ve attended on early modern studies and the digital humanities. In particular, I want to thank Jonathan Hope and Michael Witmore, who expertly guided several of these sessions. I also want to thank Barbara Lewalski, whose feedback assisted in the development of my work on Chapter 3; Anupam Basu, for his indispensible Early Print n-gram engine; and Jonathan Lamb, who convinced me that this project would be incomplete without accounting for the influence of Philip Sidney. I would also like to thank Michael Drout for his thoughts on the data that led to the digital findings of Chapter 4, and Kristen Abbot-Bennett, whose meticulous feedback on my work for her 2015 edited collection contributed significantly to my progress on this chapter. I feel immense gratitude to my extended family and network of colleagues at Vanderbilt and beyond. I would like to thank Travis Williams, Mary Cappello, Galen Johnson, and Cheryl Foster, who served on my thesis committee at the University of Rhode Island; I would also like to thank URI faculty Jean Walton, Jennifer Jones, Mary Hollinshead, Stephen Barber, Jody Lisberger, Carolyn Betensky, and Peter Covino for their feedback and ongoing support. I am iii equally grateful to my friends and colleagues Amanda Lehr, Joseph Jordan, Kristen Navarro, Jennifer Lee, Kirsten Mendoza, Petal Samuel, Deann Armstrong, Killian Quigley, Chelsea Land, Lauren Mitchell, Henry Gorman, Benjamin Hagen, Becky Greene, Erica Zimmerman, Judah Micah-Lamar, and Matthew Harrison for reading my work and / or mind at exactly the right moments—I can’t imagine having done this without you. Special thanks goes out to Shelby Johnson, my co-conspirator and (hopefully) future co- author: you have been an inspiration and a foundation through this entire process. Kim Evelyn, thank you for your steadfast support and love since day one. Mike Becker, you inspire me always with your conviction and quiet ferocity. Gavin Hurley, thank you for daring to use a term I coined in one of your cover letters, and for being a generally awesome human. Brittany Hirth, you make me Laugh Out Loud a thousand miles away, and you are also the strongest and most gracious colleague I have ever worked with. Martin Brown, you have made my latest living adventure something to look forward to every single day. Stephanie Straub, I am endlessly surprised by the depth and breadth of your wonder at all the little things; I am also beyond grateful to you for your help with formatting this beast of a document. Hugs and love to my very first mentor, Mary Cappello, whose commitment to testing the boundary between scholarship and poetry inspires and motivates more than just my academic work. Ana Yeomans and Rich Bouchey, thank you for your support, kindness, and all the wonderful meals—and for tolerating my working away in your home through the nights. To my family—Bill, Tina, Eva, and Gianna Travis, Don, Christine, Dante, and Niko Rodrigues—thank you for all you have done to see me to this place. Extra-special thanks to my brother Chris Rodrigues, Kelsey Rodrigues, and my nephew Christopher for convincing me that I will always have a real home “back home.” To Auntie Donna—also known as Donna Travis—you have shown me through your love and commitment to political life how to live both authentically and passionately. To my mother, Janice Rodrigues, I would not be here were it not for your relentless belief in me. And to Sara Murphy, you have been my rock through it all. I will always be awed by your courage and boundless capacity for enduring love through every obstacle. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iii PREFACE.................................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION: THE VIRTUE EFFECT..................................................................................1 Virtue Alert ............................................................................................................................11 Virtue Ethics...........................................................................................................................16 The Virtual Self......................................................................................................................22 Chapter: 1. Simulacra and Dissimulation: Virtue and Virtù in Luther and Machiavelli..............................47 Works and Action...................................................................................................................49 Belief and Presence ................................................................................................................56 Machiavelli’s Virtù Reality ....................................................................................................63 Machiavellian Imagination.....................................................................................................68 Time and Imitation.................................................................................................................72 2. Action, Agency, and the Virtual Logic of Philip Sidney’s Golden World................................90 Aleatory Matters.....................................................................................................................99 Many Cyruses.......................................................................................................................107 Imaging Virtue .....................................................................................................................116 Agency and Intention ...........................................................................................................121 Accepting Resistance ...........................................................................................................132 3. "Truth May Seem, But Cannot Be": Potentiality and Impossibility in Othello and "The Phoenix and Turtle".....................................................................................................................149 Deviant Reason and “The Phoenix and Turtle” ...................................................................158 “Reason” and the Plays ........................................................................................................176 Othello, the Impossible ........................................................................................................185 Race, Facticity, and Transcendence .....................................................................................188 The New Nobility.................................................................................................................194