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The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th Edition

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The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6Th Edition I I s SABA, Umberto (1883-1957), Italian poet. Born Um­ Buckhurst (1536-1608), son of Sir Richard Sackville. berto Poli in Trieste of a Jewish mother, he adopted the He was probably educated at Oxford. He was a name Saba from his nurse, his father having deserted barrister of the Inner Temple. He entered Parliament him before his birth. He draws on different strands of in 1558, was raised to the peerage in 1567, and held a Italian literary tradition, *Petrarch, *Pascoli, *d'An- number of high official positions, including those of nunzio, and from Freudian ideas; but on the surface he lord treasurer and chancellor of Oxford University. He remains a simple poet of nature and domestic affec­ wrote the induction and *The Complaint of Bucking­ tions. His main poems are in his Canzoniere, of which ham for *A Mirror for Magistrates, and collaborated there are three different collections (1921,1945,1948). ( probably writing only the last two acts) with Thomas He has been translated by R. *Lowell. Norton in the tragedy of *Gorboduc. He was an ancestor of V. *Sackville-West and is discussed in Sabrina, a poetic name for the river Severn (see under her Knole and the Sackvilles (1922). ESTRILDIS). In Milton's *Comus, Sabrina is the goddess of the Severn. SACKVILLE-WEST, Hon. Victoria Mary ('Vita'), CH Miss Sabrina is the new schoolmistress in Gait's (1892-1962), poet and novelist. She was born at Knole, * Annals of the Parish. 'Old Mr Hookie, her father, had, Kent, about which she wrote Knole and the Sackvilles from the time he read his Virgil, maintained a sort of (1922) and which provided the setting for her novel intromission with the Nine Muses, by which he was led The Edwardians (1930). In 1913 she married Harold to baptize her Sabrina, after a name mentioned by John *Nicolson, with whom she travelled widely during his Milton in one of his works.' diplomatic career before settling at Sissinghurst, Kent, Sacharissa, see WALLER. where she devoted much time to gardening. In 1922 she met Virginia *Woolf, whose Orlando (1928) was SACHS, Hans (1494-1576), shoemaker of Nuremberg, inspired by their close friendship. Her other works and author of a vast quantity of verse, including include a pastoral poem, The Land (1926, Hawthorn- meistersongs and some 200 plays. He was raised to den Prize), All Passion Spent (1931, novel), Collected mythic status by *Wagner in his opera Die Meister­ Poems (1933), and many works on travel, gardening, singer von Nürnberg (1868). and literary topics. Her unorthodox marriage was SACKS, Oliver (1933- ), London-born neurologist described by her son Nigel Nicolson in Portrait of a and writer, educated at St Paul's School, the Queen's Marriage (1973). A biography by Victoria *Glendin- College, Oxford, and Middlesex Hospital; he has ning was published in 1983. worked for many years as clinician and instructor Sacripant, (1) in *Orlando innamorato and *Orlando in New York. Awakenings ( 1973, the source of A Kind of furioso, the king of Circassia and a lover of *Angelica. Alaska by *Pinter ) is a description, with vividly written He catches *Rinaldo's horse *Bayard, and rides away case histories, of the reactions of post-encephalitic on it, and Rinaldo calls him a horse-thief; (2) in 'sleeping-sickness' patients of the 1916-17 epidemic to Tassoni's Seccia rapita (The Rape of the Bucket), a the new drug L-DOPA. Other works include Seeing hectoring braggart; (3) Sacrapant, a magician in Peele's Voices (1989), An Anthropologist on Mars (1995), and *The Old Wives Tale. In modern French sacripant is a The Island of the Colour-Blind and Cycad Island (1996). rascal or blackguard. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat was adapted by Peter *Brook as L'Homme qui (Paris, 1993: UK, The SADE, Donatien Alphonse, comte, known as marquis Man Who, 1994). de (1740-1814), French novelist and pornographer. His career as a cavalry officer was destroyed by the SACKVILLE, Charles, Lord Buckhurst, and later sixth disorder of his life. During prolonged periods of earl of Dorset ( 1638-1706), a favourite of Charles II and imprisonment he wrote a number of pornographic noted for dissipation, who later became a loyal sup­ novels, including Justine ou les malheurs de la vertu porter of William III. He was a friend and patron of (1791), La Philosophie dans le boudoir (1795), and poets, was praised as a poet by *Prior and *Dryden, and Nouvelle Justine (1797). Their obsession with the has been identified with the Eugenius of the latter's *Of minutiae of sexual pathology and their extreme he­ Dramatick Poesy. His poems, which appeared with donistic nihilism have been seen to anticipate those of *Sedley in 1701, include some biting satires *Nietzsche, *Freud and *Foucault. Long censored in and the ballad 'To all you Ladies now at Land'. Britian, but now readily available, they have had a SACKVILLE, Thomas, first earl of Dorset and Baron considerable influence on English literature, inspiring SA'DÏ I ST AUBIN DE TERÁN 890 imitation and parody from writers as diverse as marries the beautiful but morally flawed Hallgerr; she *Swinburne, Angus *Wilson, and A. *Carter. De sets in motion a series of feuds which culminates first Sade's period of imprisonment at the mental hospital in her husband's heroic last stand and death, and then of Charenton (where he died) was the basis of *Weiss's in the burning of Gunnarr's friend Njall, a wise and play, commonly known as the 'Marat/Sade' (1964), peaceable lawyer who accepts his fate with Christian which, through Peter *Brook's production, had a resignation. The main concerns of the saga (the growth powerful impact on British theatre. There is a life of social stability, legal and political, among the settlers of de Sade by Maurice Lever (1991, trans. 1993). of a new community, and the part played by human emotions, especially rivalry, loyalty, and sexual jeal­ SA'DÏ (d. 71292), a celebrated Persian poet, whose ousy, in the course of this development) are charac­ principal works were the collections of verse known as teristic of the other family sagas too, though Njáls saga the 'Gulistan' or Rose Garden, and the 'Bustan' or Tree stands out because of its scope and breadth of Garden. characterization. Eyrbyggja saga is especially con­ SADLEIR (formerly Sadler), Michael (1888-1957), cerned with the emergence of a politically stable bibliographer and novelist, educated at Rugby and community, though it also recounts some bizarre Balliol College, Oxford. He joined the publishing house supernatural incidents. Laxdaela saga deals with of Constable of which he became director in 1920. He the theme of a tragic love triangle and the fortunes amassed an outstanding collection of i9th-cent. books, of one of Iceland's most powerful families at that time. often of less-known authors, and wrote important Grettis saga tells, with remarkable psychological depth bibliographical works, including Excursions in Victor­ and sublety, the story of a famous Icelandic outlaw; ian Bibliography (1922) and Nineteenth Century Fiction Grettir's fights with the monstrous walking corpse (2 vols, 1951). His best-known novel, Fanny by Gaslight Glámr and with a troll woman are analogous to (1940), has been made into a film. Beowulf's fight with Grendel and Grendel's mother (see BEOWULF ). Snorri Sturluson's *Heimskringla com­ Sad Shepherd, The, or A Tale of Robin Hood, the last prises a history of the kings of Norway; * Volsunga saga and unfinished play of *Jonson, a pastoral tragi­ recounts the legends of the Goths and Burgundians comedy written c.1635, printed 1641. which underlie Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen cycle. Robin Hood invites the shepherds and shepherd­ Sturlunga saga is unique in being a compilation of esses of the Vale of Belvoir to a feast in Sherwood sagas about figures almost contemporary with their Forest, but the feast is marred by the arts of the witch i3th-cent. authors. W. *Morris did much to popularize Maudlin, aided by her familiar, Puck-Hairy Aegla- Icelandic literature in England. (See SIGURD THE mour, the Sad Shepherd, relates the loss of his beloved VOLSUNG.) Earine, whom he believes drowned in the Trent. In Njáls saga, trans. M. Magnusson and H. Pálsson reality Maudlin has stripped her of her garments to (i960); Eyrbyggja saga, trans. H. Pálsson and P. adorn her daughter and shut her up in an oak as a prey Edwards (1973); Laxdaela saga, trans. M. Magnusson for her son, the uncouth swineherd Lorel. The witch and H. Pálsson (1969); The Saga of Grettir the Strong, assumes the form of Maid Marian, sends away the trans. G. A. Hight (1965). venison prepared for the feast, abuses Robin Hood, and throws his guests into confusion. Lorel tries to win SAID, Edward (1935- ), Palestinian critic, born in Earine but fails. The wiles of Maudlin are detected, and Jerusalem, and educated at Victoria College, Cairo, Robin's huntsmen pursue her. Only the first three acts then at Princeton and Harvard. Since 1963 he has of the play exist; there are continuations by Francis taught at Columbia University, New York. His works of Waldron (1783) and Alan Porter (1935). general literary theory, Beginnings (1975) and The World, the Text and the Critic ( 1983), show the influence saga, an Old Norse word meaning 'story', applied to of ^Foucault. His most influential book, Orientialism narrative compositions from Iceland and Norway in (1978), shows how Western 'experts' have constructed the Middle Ages. There are three main types of saga: a myth of the 'Orient'; it is a founding text of modern family sagas, dealing with the first settlers of Iceland *post-colonial theory complemented by the essays and their descendants; kings' sagas, historical works collected in Culture and Imperialism (1993).
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