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LQC Lamar and the Politics of Reconciliation University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2012 Only Nixon Could Go to China: L. Q. C. Lamar and the Politics of Reconciliation Richard Brian Wilson University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Richard Brian, "Only Nixon Could Go to China: L. Q. C. Lamar and the Politics of Reconciliation" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1223. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1223 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Only Nixon Could Go to China: L. Q. C. Lamar and the Politics of Reconciliation A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Southern Studies at the Center for the Study of Southern Culture The University of Mississippi BRIAN WILSON May 2012 Copyright Richard Brian Wilson 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Lucius Quintus Cinncinatus Lamar was a statesman with an almost unmatched career, serving on the President’s Cabinet, in Congress, and on the Supreme Court. Lamar’s work in government spanned one of the most tumultuous times in American history, and his transformation from secessionist to advocate for reconciliation in the post-Civil War period illustrates the complexity of politics at that time. This thesis examines Lamar’s life and provides an historiographic survey of Lamar scholarship to date. From this review, the thesis moves to new and necessary areas of inquiry, including Lamar’s relationship with black Reconstruction politicians, his role in the early conservation movement, and his life as a source of inspiration for twentieth and twenty-first century public policy and reconciliation groups. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many wonderful people have contributed to the completion of this thesis. Dr. Charles Reagan Wilson, Dr. John Winkle, and Dr. Ted Ownby, three remarkable professors, graciously served as my committee. Dr. Winkle, Professor of Political Science, provided keen insight into legal and political issues and an encouraging voice. Dr. Ownby, Director of the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Professor of History and Southern Studies, encouraged me to ask the hard questions regarding slavery and labor, and Dr. Wilson, Kelly Gene Cook Sr. Chair of History and Professor of Southern Studies, chaired and guided my efforts with humor and patience. Although retired, Dr. David Sansing, Professor Emeritus of History, provided significant assistance with research and encouragement. I will always fondly remember Dr. Sansing as one of the very few lecturers gifted enough for me to enjoy attending 8 am classes in the summer during my undergraduate tenure years ago. Dr. Katie McKee, McMullan Associate Professor of Southern Studies and Associate Professor of English, offered kind advice and dignified leadership for battling the sometimes byzantine graduate bureaucracy as graduate student advisor. Becca Walton, Associate Director of the Center for the Study of Southern Culture, demonstrated skill as an unofficial writing coach, editor, and source of encouragement. These wonderful individuals created a mosaic of support for a project that has only just begun. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………............……………ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ………………………………………………………………iii CHAPTER ONE: REDEMPTION OF A LEGACY…………………………..………….1 CHAPTER TWO: INTERPRETATION OF A LIFE AT CENTER STAGE…………….5 CHAPTER THREE: THE LAMARS OF GEORGIA……………………………...……10 CHAPTER FOUR: LONGSTREET ASCENDING……………………………..………16 CHAPTER FIVE: TERRAIN OF THE HEART………………………...………………23 CHAPTER SIX: FIERCE MODERATION……………………………………..………27 CHAPTER SEVEN: I SHALL STAY WITH MY PEOPLE………………………...….34 CHAPTER EIGHT: RADICAL CENTRIST……………………………...……………39 CHAPTER NINE: THE UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY…………………… ………..53 BIBLIOGRPAHY…………………………………………………………………....…..58 VITA…………………………………………………………..…………………………62 iv CHAPTER ONE REDEMPTION OF A LEGACY Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar has been described as Oxford, Mississippi’s second most famous resident. I would describe Lamar as the most famous Mississippian that most Mississippians today have never heard of. He may even be the nation’s greatest statesman ever produced by Mississippi1. Lamar’s current obscurity is hard to explain, because, like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, the public once regarded Lamar as a national figure with celebrity appeal. Also like Jefferson and Franklin, Lamar lived the life of a Renaissance man, serving as lawyer, planter, diplomat, soldier, and politician. He even served as a college professor teaching his worst subject, mathematics. Lamar is one of only two men in American history to serve in the President’s Cabinet, both houses of Congress, and the Supreme Court, the only Mississippian ever to do so.2 Lamar’s transformation from a slave owner and secessionist to a champion of reconciliation and defender of black voting and political rights and education is one of the great American stories of personal redemption. Dr. James Silver, in Mississippi: The Closed Society, highlights Lamar as an example of the best in Mississippi and its potential.3 In September 1962, when President John F. Kennedy ordered 30,000 United States combat troops to occupy an American city to enforce federal court 1 Frank E. Smith and Audrey Warren. Mississippians All (New Orleans: Pelican Publishing House, 1968), 73. 2 Ibid. 3 James W. Silver. Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), x. 1 orders, a fourteen-hour battle ensued. Many thought, and a few hoped, the conflict in Oxford, Mississippi, between the United States and the State of Mississippi over James Meredith’s admission to the University of Mississippi was the beginning of a new American civil war. At the height of this madness, what author Willie Morris called “the last battle of the Civil War,”4 President Kennedy took to the airwaves to plead with Mississippians to stand down. Speaking to the nation on television and radio, the President invoked the name of Lamar: “This is the State of Lucius Lamar and many others who have placed the national good ahead of sectional interest.”5 Vanderbilt historian Dr. Frank Owsley considered Lamar “one of the few truly great men of American history” and “had he not been born a Southerner would probably have been president.”6 On Monday April 27, 1874, a 49-year-old Mississippian stepped to the podium in the United States House of Representatives. Referred to by many of his contemporaries as “Colonel” due to his recent service in an army that had tried to capture this capital city less than a decade before, the congressman, possessing a pale face but dark hair, prepared to deliver a eulogy on the passing of a longtime and famous senator.7 The galleries were packed with spectators for the series of eulogies that day. Knowing the congressman had fiercely supported Southern secession and lost two brothers in the carnage of the recent Civil War, the throngs gathered in the House chamber expected little more than a half-hearted tribute for the Massachusetts senator, a fierce abolitionist and “perhaps the most universally hated man in the 4 Willie Morris, “At Ole Miss: Echoes of a Civil War’s Last Battle,” Time (October 4, 1982) 5 John F. Kennedy, Radio and Television Report to the Nation on the Situation at the University of Mississippi, September 30, 1962. The Presidential Papers of John F. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 6 Frank L. Owsley, review of Lucius Q.C. Lamar: Secession and Reunion, by Wirt Armistead Cate. The American Review 5 (April-October 1935): 503-511. 7 Tribute of Blanche K. Bruce On the Life and Character of Mr. Lamar, Boston Herald, January 28, 1893. 2 South.”8 But the Colonel from Mississippi shocked and electrified the crowd with one of the most powerful and emotional tributes to the patriotism and sacrifices made by radical Republican Charles Sumner and those of the Union cause.9 Calling for the end of sectional bitterness and suspicion, the speaker closed his now famous speech with this charge: “My countrymen, know one another, and you will love one another.”10 Many members openly wept, including Maine Republican and Speaker of the House, James G. Blaine. New York Congressman Lyman Tremaine exclaimed: “My God, what a speech! And how it will ring through the country!”11 Thus strode Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar to center stage of the struggle for reconciliation. John F. Kennedy’s Profiles in Courage features L. Q. C. Lamar of Mississippi, one of only two Americans to ever serve in both houses of Congress, in the President’s Cabinet, and on the Supreme Court, as an example of political and professional courage. Earning the Pulitzer Prize for history in 1957, Profiles in Courage highlighted the leadership of eight of the most prominent public servants in American history, such as John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, and Sam Houston. Kennedy described Lamar as “the most gifted statesman given by the South to the nation from the close of the Civil War to the turn of the century.”12 Such an extensive career and inclusion in such an illustrious group by a Pulitzer Prize-winning future President of the United States would seem to guarantee Lamar a place in the pantheon of great and honored Americans. 8 Smith and Warren, Mississippians All, 63. 9 Wirt Armistead Cate, Lucius Q.C. Lamar: Secession and Reunion (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1935), 1-7. 10 Congress, House, Representative Lamar of Mississippi speaking to the House of Representatives on the death of Senator Charles Sumner, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 2, pt. 4 (27 April 1874): 3410-11. 11 Edward Mayes, Lucius Q.C. Lamar: His Life, Times, and Speeches, 1825-1893 (Nashville: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1896), 188.
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