World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education

Volume 5

Lampiran B-2

UNESCO International Centre for Engineering Education

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. Zenon J. Pudlowski UICEE, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. Telephone: +61 3 990-54977; Fax: +61 3 990-51547; E-mail: [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS Prof. Khedidja Allia Faculty of Process and Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Alger 32, A1 Alia Beida, Algiers, Algeria. Prof. Colin U. Chisholm Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, Scotland, United Kingdom. Prof. Romuald Cwilewicz Faculty of Maritime Mechanical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 83, PL-81-962 Gdynia, Poland. Prof. Rae A. Davis University of Technology, Jamaica, 237 Old Hope Road, Kingston 6, Jamaica. Prof. Norbert Griinwald Hochschule Wismar - University of Technology, Business and Design, PF 1210, D-23952 Wismar, Germany. A/Prof. Aisa S.M. Jadi Higher Institute of Engineering, PO Box 61160, Hoon, Aljoufra, Libya. Prof. Mangesh T. Karad Maharashtra Academy of Engineering and Educational Research, S.No. 124, MIT Campus, Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune - 411 038, Maharashtra, India Prof. Finn Kjaersdam Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7F, DK-9220 Aalborg East, Denmark. Prof. Frank McIntosh Caledonian College of Engineering, PO Box 2322, CPO Seeb 111, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Prof. Diane Meehan Faculty of Technology and Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Build ing, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, United Kingdom. Prof. Constantin Oprean Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blv., 550024 Sibiu, Romania. Prof. Yuri P. Pokholkov Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634034, Russia. Prof. Harold P. Sjursen Polytechnic University, 5 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11201, United States of America. Prof. Janusz Szopa Faculty of Management, Technical University of Czestochowa, Al. Armii Krajowej no. 19/b, PL- 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland. Prof. David W-S. Tai Department of Industrial Education, National Changhua University of Education. 1 Jinn-Der Road, Changhua 500, Taiwan. Prof. Shan-Tung Tu East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China. Prof. Doraiswamy Anna University, Guindy, Chennai 600-025, India. Viswanathan Prof. Wojciech Zielinski Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 10, PL-44-100 Gliwice, Poland. ASSISTANT EDITOR Mr Marc J. Riemer UICEE, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Tuncay Birand Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey. Prof. Alexander I. Chuchalin Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634034, Russia. Prof. Georg Hartung Fachbereich Nachrichtentechnik, Fachhochschule Köln - University of Applied Sciences Köln, Betzdorfer Strasse 2, D-50679 Köln, Germany. A/Prof. Claudiu V. Kifor Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Blv., 550024 Sibiu, Romania. Prof. Krzysztof Kluszczynski Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 10, PL-44-100 Gliwice, Poland. Prof. Romanas V. Krivickas Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, Kaunas, Lithuania. A/Prof. Wojciech Kuczborski Edith Cowan University, 2 Bradford Street, Mount Lawley, Perth, WA 6050, Australia. A/Prof. Ian H. Marshall Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. Prof. Nikos J. Mourtos College of Engineering, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, California 95192-0080, USA. Prof. Derek O. Northwood Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. A/Prof. Kevin Rochford Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. Prof. Czeslaw Sajdak Faculty of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krasin skiego 8, PL-40-019 Katowice, Poland. Prof. Dieter Schott Fachbereich Elektrotechnik/Informatik, Hochschule Wismar - University of Technology, Business and Design, PF 1210, D-23952 Wismar, Germany. Prof. Algirdas V. Valiulis Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, Vilnius LT-2040, Lithuania. Prof. H. Oner Yurtseven Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI), 799 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5160, USA. < ™ >

World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education

Editor-in-Chief: Zenon J. Pudlowski UNESCO International Centre for Engineering Education (UICEE) Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia

Melbourne - Wismar 2006 UTCEE Partners

Aalborg University Anna University Caledonian College of Engineering, Chinese Culture University Aalborg, Denmark Chennai, India Muscat, Oman Taipei, Taiwan

■

East China University of Science & Gdynia Maritime University Glasgow Caledonian University Higher Institute of Engineering Technology, Shanghai, PRC Gdynia, Poland Glasgow, Scotland, UK Hoon, Libya

W m JMU Hochschule Wismar - University of Technology, Business & Design Liverpool John Moores University, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Maharashtra Academy of Engineering Wismar, Germany Liverpool, England, UK Sibiu, Romania & Educational Research Pune, India ¿sum Technical University of Czestochowa, National Changhua University of Polytechnic University Silesian University of Technology Faculty of Management, Education, Changhua, Taiwan New York, USA Gliwice, Poland Czestochowa, Poland

CST H a Technologie- u. Gewerbezentrum e.V. (TGZ) - Technology and University of Science & Commercial Centre, Schwerin- Tomsk Polytechnic University Technology Houari Boumediene University of Technology, Jamaica Wismar, Germany Tomsk, Russia Algiers, Algeria Kingston, Jamaica

Published by:

UNESCO International Centre for Engineering Education (UICEE), Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia

ISSN 1446-2257

Papers published in the World Transactions have undergone a formal process of peer review by international referees.

This Journal is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the publisher.

Responsibility for the contents o f these articles rests upon the authors and not the publisher. Data presented and conclusions developed by the authors are for information only and are not intended for use without independent substantiating investigations on the part o f the potential user. 2006 Vol.5, No.l

World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education

Contents

Z.J. Pudlowski Editorial 5

M. Ogot & G.E. Okudan Integrating project management early in the engineering curriculum: a spreadsheet- 7 based approach

E. Moesby, H.H.W. Johannsen & Individual activities as an integrated part of project work: an innovative approach to 11 L. Kjanwv Project Oriented and Problem-Based Learning (POPBL)

C.U. Chisholm & M.S.G. Blair Extending the models for work-based learning into the lifeplace 19

E.C. Kalkani, L.G. Boussiakou & Restructuring a hydropower engineering course to address international 27 I.K. Boussiakou professional needs

R.B. Ward Educating - power 35

G.G. Rogozin A study of the synergetic approach in pedagogical psychology through research on 41 the self-organisational structure and processes in the field of technical objects and painting

E. Moesby Implementing Project Oriented and Problem-Based Learning (POPBL) in 45 institutions or sub-institutions

L.G. Boussiakou, I.K. Boussiakou Student development using emotional intelligence 53 & E.C. Kalkani

C-Y. Chao, Y-L. Huang & An application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for a competence analysis 59 M-Y. W ang of technology managers from the manufacturing industry in Taiwan

D .E .Jansen Developing intercultural competences for future engineers and managers 63

C.J. Lemckert, K. Sanmugarasa & The ministerial brief - a tool for coastal zone management education 69 R.A. Stewart

D.M. Boyajian, D.C. Weggel & Instituting seminal teaching-datums: examples from plate and shell theory 73 S-E. Chen

S-J. Lou & K-H. Tseng Research on the use of a knowledge management platform by mechanical teachers 77 at vocational high schools

S. Thatcher, A. Fyfe, C. Jones & Preliminary investigation of education transfer from simulator to aircraft 83 J. Ong-Aree

Y. Itoh, C. Liu & T. Ishiyama Development and applications of an experimental database for structural 87 engineering education

S-J. Lou & R-C. Shih A study on the sources of, and approaches to, knowledge transfer for students 95 majoring in mechanical engineering at vocational high schools in Taiwan

J. Poomsripanon & Y. Chitramvong A new instructional model using the integrated 5Es inquiry cycle and Geographic 101 Information System (GIS) to enhance students’ understanding of the nature of science

K. Rochford & L. Hodes A comparison of the responses of science talent quest (Expo) students and research 107 students in education to the question: Why am I doing research?

M-L. Tung, B-Y. Lu & T-D. Han Vocational English tests for license examinations and the corresponding training 111 programmes in the technical and vocational education system

C-Y. Chao, P-C. Wang & The construction and verification of a baccalaureate curriculum to foster 119 K-H. Chung fundamental industrial technology competences

3 H-C. Hsiao Using a competence analysis to construct curricula for engineering technology 125 education: a case study from Taiwan

C-Y. Chen & Y-J. Lee Specific practice of the Last Mile project at Taiwanese universities of science and 129 technology: the topping course

D.W.S. Tai & W-M. Hsu Developmental indicators for adult technological and vocational education in 137 Taiwan

W. Abulfaraj, A.H. Zahed, The international trends and reforms in engineering education at King Abdulaziz 143 M. Kabesh & S. Ali University

K.N. Le & C.J. Lemckert A student-exchange scheme between Australia and Vietnam: a UMAP case study 149

H.I. Abu-Mulaweh Engineering capstone senior design 153

G.U. Davis The role of case studies for the integration of sustainable development into the 159 education of engineers

M. Isreb & D. Nag An innovative 4-MAT-based system for geo, solid and fluid mechanics education 163 with geo-mechanics applications

Sindhu R. & N.J. Rao A structured approach to developing learning objectives and assessmént tools for an 167 engineering course to enhance the process of learning

J.Z. Zhang & A.K. Ball Design of a user knowledge-based interface for a remote access engineering 171 laboratory

J. Njock Libii Design, analysis and testing of a force sensor for use in teaching and research 175

G. Pour Expanding the horizons of software engineering education: integrating autonomic 179 computing into the curriculum

W-J. Shyr An optimum design course supported by the particle swarm optimisation algorithm 183 for undergraduate students

B. Asiabanpour & V. Sriraman Tool design for a competitive world 187

A. Charchalis A diagnostic system for marine gas turbine engines 191

S.K. Pun, C. Liu, C. Langston, Promoting the reuse and recycling of building demolition materials 195 G. Treloar & Y. Itoh

B. Akpinar The effects of the changes that have taken place in the global pedagogical 201 paradigms in Turkish engineering education

J-H. Li An undergraduate digital control project: a digital signal processor (DSP)-based 207 magnetic levitation system

M-L. You Incorporating technology in designing a Chinese floral arts course for general education 211

R.A. Stewart Benchmarking international Masters students’ baseline level of understanding on 217 engineering management practice and research

D.W.S. Tai & R. Wang A framework for human resources development in Taiwan’s high tech industry 221

A.R.N. Molson Globalisation and technological education in the Greek Engineering Model (GEM) 225

G. Oliver, F. Bernard, D. Downer The quality control of graphitic irons using the ultrasonic method: the Jamaican 229 & B. Wilson experience

J. Tharakan Educating engineers in appropriate technology for development 233

K. Jitgarun, A. Therdyothin & The development of spray tower equipment for the treatment of carbon dioxide and 237 N. Kuansagar smog produced by agricultural waste combustion: a case study of coconut shells

S. Susanto, Emawati & P. Vasant Students’ allocation using fuzzy clustering algorithms and Fukuyama and Sugeno’s 241 fuzzy cluster validity index

4 2006 Vol.5, No.l

World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education

Editorial

It :> pleasing to see that the World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education (WTE&TE), an international research ind development journal published by the UNESCO International Centre for Engineering Education (UICEE), based at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, has really taken off the ground with a large number of high quality articles being submitted to its recent issue, marked Vol.5, No.l.

This particular issue of the WTE&TE), initiates the fifth volume of this relatively new publication, with a collection of 46 contributions from academics from 18 countries worldwide. The articles included in this issue present research, development and promotional activities, which document well the recent status and quality of international undertakings in engineering and technology education. The authors of these articles endeavour to present a multitude of concepts, ideas, innovative procedures and practical applications so vital for the development of teaching/learning methodologies employed in engineering and technology education at academic education institutions on a worldwide basis. It should be pointed out that the release of this issue for the global circulation falls into the 13th year of the operation of the UICEE.

It is somehow disappointing that the prevailing majority of the authors of these innovative works presented in their and highly informative articles, who in their professional and academic work devise, develop and implement so many interesting ideas, apparatus, programs and procedures have not, as yet, taken the opportunity to collaborate closely with members of the UICEE, not only for their own professional and personal gain, but also for the benefit of the entire global community of engineering and technology educators. I would certainly appeal to the authors who have published their articles in the WTE&TE to support not only this journal, but also other activities of the UICEE and its international members which produce tangible results for academia, its staff and students.

On behalf of the entire Editorial Board and, indeed myself, it is my pleasant duty and real pleasure to express our sincere gratitude to the referees of these articles, who have contributed their precious time to the process of peer review of the articles included in this issue. I wish to acknowledge that the following senior academics, members of the UICEE global network, who have refereed these articles:

• Prof. Chih-Yang (Frank) Chao, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan • Prof. Romuald Cwilewicz, Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland • Prof. Krzysztof Kluszczyriski, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland • Prof. Romanas V. Krivickas, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania • A/Prof. Wojciech Kuezborski, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia • A/Prof. Ian H. Marshall, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia • Prof. Derek O. Northwood, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada • Prof. Dieter Schott, Hochschule Wismar - University of Technology, Business and Design, Wismar, Germany • Prof. Algirdas V. Valiulis, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Furthermore, I believe that the readers would be happy if I take this opportunity to offer our sincere thanks to all the authors of these articles for their willingness to publicise their work and achievements, and to share their ideas so vital for the future development of engineering and technology education. It is also my pleasure to direct our special gratitude to the staff of the UICEE for their tremendous assistance in preparing this issue for its publication and distribution, both in print and electronically.

Zenon J. Pudlowski

Students’ allocation using fuzzy clustering algorithms and Fukuyama and Sugeno’s fuzzy cluster validity index

Sani Susantot, ErnawatiJ & Pandian Vasant*

Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia! Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia} University Teknologi Petronas, Perak, Malaysia*

ABSTRACT: Data Structure is a compulsory 4th semester subject offered by the Department of Informatics at Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Consider that there are 121 students enrolled in this subject, all of whom need to be allocated into classes. This fact raises three questions. Firstly, what is the appropriate number of classes? Secondly, how should those students be allocated into classes? Thirdly, which student belongs to which class? The answer to the second and the third questions for a given number of classes was formulated in a previous article by employing the fuzzy clustering concept, one of several tools in data mining. As a development to this prior article, the research presented by the authors in this current article endeavours to answer the first question by employing the Fukuyama and Sugeno’s fuzzy cluster validity index.

INTRODUCTION the authors discuss and interpret the results obtained. The Conclusion section presents the summary of the research Consider the following fact: 121 students enrolled in the results. For the readers’ ease and convenience and due to space Department of Informatics at the Atma Jaya University, limitations some tables are placed in the Appendices. Yogyakarta, Indonesia, are going to take the subject TF4376 (Data Structure), a compulsory 4th semester unit. Those APPROACH AND METHODS IN CLUSTERING students must be allocated to, say, n classes. This fact raises three questions. Firstly, what is the appropriate value for n l The process of distributing students to classes is called Secondly, should those 121 students be allocated into classes? clustering, while the class obtained is called a cluster. Thirdly, which student belongs to which class? In fact, there Clustering of the 121 students for the subject TF4376 is based are common answers to those questions. According to the on students’ mastery level of its prerequisite. In the case of University’s rules, up to 60 students are allowed to be in a TF4376, its prerequisite subjects are TF2474 (Algorithms and class; thus, two classes are needed. Based on students’ ID Programming) and TF3276 (Introduction to Data Structure). numbers, allocate the first 60 students to are assigned to class Students’ individual mastery levels of the prerequisites are A and the remainder 61 students to class B. based on the scores that students achieved. At the Atma Jaya University, students’ grades are divided into 11 categories, ie However, is there any other more reasonable way to answer from A (excellent) to E (fail), which corresponds to the score those three questions? The answer to the second and third from 4 to 0, as listed in Table 1. question was given by Susanto, Suharto and Sukapto [6], This was carried out by applying a data mining technique called Table 1: Grade and score. fuzzy clustering or fuzzy c-means. This technique divides several items into several groups (also called classes or Grade Score clusters), based on an items’ characteristics or attributes. A 4.00 A' 3.70 The research presented in this article is a development of the B+ 3.30 previous article and tries to answer the first question [6], The B 3.00 B' 2.70 problem formulated by this question belongs to region of fuzzy C+ 2.30 cluster validity problems. Answering it requires a comparison c 2.00 to be carried out between the values of the fuzzy cluster validity c 1.70 index for several numbers of the clusters. D+ 1.30 D 1.00 This article is organised as follows. The Approach and E 0.00 Methods section describes the approach, methods and concepts applied in order to solve the research questions formulated in Scores provide the input information for clustering. Successful the Introduction section. The Results section reports on the clustering results in clusters of students with similar mastery information obtained from the application of the approach, levels of prerequisite subjects. Students’ scores of these methods and the concept employed. In the Discussion section, prerequisites are listed in Table 2 (see Appendices) as

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