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Washington Geologic Newsletter, V. 16, No. 4, October 1988

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Washington Geologic Newsletter, V. 16, No. 4, October 1988 WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER Volume 16 Number 4 October 1988 Washington State Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources The "Blue Lake rhino" as it probably appeared in life. (Sketch by Owen J. Poe, courtesy of the Geological Society of America) IN THIS ISSUE The Blue Lake rhinoceros ................................. p. 3 INDEX ISSUE Earthquake-induced water waves ....................... p. 9 Newsletter index, 1973 - July 1988 .................. p. 29 Surface by Raymond Lasmanis, State '-'"''v,v::1".n During the current state biennium, Geologist is responsible for 950 active ing permits. A majority of the permits are and gravel or rock pits. The pertinent Revised Code of Washington (RCW) corresponding Washington Administrative (WAC) 332.18. Permits for surface processed according to requirements of the Environmental Policy Act, RCW 43.21C. WAC 332.41. Supervlsor During the last session of the legislature, amend­ ments were introduced to RCW 78.44 which would DIVISION OF Raymond GEOLOGY AND State Geologist encourage reclamation and at the same time reduce EARTH RESOURCES Schuster the number of pits that fall under the regulatory juris­ Geologist diction of the Department of Resources. The most significant change is that the threshold at which must have a permit is now 3 acres of disturbed Geologists Brent Barnett William M. (Olympia) Matthew Brunengo (as defined) or slopes greater than 1: 1 with Michael A. Korosec Katherine M. Reed wall exceeding 30 feet. This supersedes the Wiliiam S. Lingley. Henry W. Schasse of 2 acres of disturbed ground or 10,000 Robert L. (Josh) Logan Timothy J. Walsh tons of material removed in 12 months. Geologists Nancy L Joseph Keith Stoffel The significance of the change is that small (Spokane) Stephanie Z. Waggoner with only intermittent removal of not have a permit if the disturbed area librarian Connie Manson than 3 acres. Library Technician Gwen Crain Most important, the changes encourage Research Technician Arnold Bowman tion. By reclaiming the pit down to an area less 3 acres, the permit can be closed out and Editor Katherine M. Reed operator no longer has to pay the annual fee or Cartographers Nancy E. Herman a reclamation bond. Donald W. Hiller For additional information, contact Keith G. Ikerd regional Department office in "'v'v"''"'· Word Processor Specialist (vacant) Castle Rock, Chehalis, Enumclaw, or Administrative Assistant p Clerical Staff Joy Fleenor popular brochure, Naomi Hall Minerals of Washington", has been reprinted Jim Leighton again available. The brochure is but $1 to mail orders, which can be sent to the !Jl';>;n•u, Regulatory Clerical Staff Preston Olympia address, MAILING ADDRESSES Main Office: Department of Naturai Resources DIVISION LOCATION Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY.)2 WA 98504 (206) 459-6372 Field Office: Department of Natural Resources Division of and Earth County Aar1currurn 222 Havana Spokane, WA 99202 Phone: (509) 456-3255 Publications available from The Blue Lake Rhinoceros by Keith L. Kaler The Blue Lake rhinoceros fossil consists of a com­ This article briefly synthesizes information from plete body mold and some associated bones of a published and unpublished works and interviews with large Miocene mammal, a member of the order some of the scientists who have studied either the Perissodactyla, which includes modem horses and geology or the fossil. For more detailed accounts, a tapirs. The way in which it is preserved indicates that list of sources is offered at the end of this article. fluid lava engulfed a probably dead, bloated animal. It is one of Washington's most famous fossils and is DISCOVERY AND EARLY STUDIES widely known to the world's community of vertebrate paleontologists. However, information about the fos­ The fossil site is in the west wall of Jasper Can­ sil is sparse and scattered. Most articles about the yon at Blue Lake in Grant County, eastern Washing­ rhino in the popular hobby magazines have been ton (Fig. 1). The lake basin was formed more than brief and general. When early technical articles were 12,000 years ago by the same process that created written (for example, Chappell and others, 1949, Dry Falls and Grand Coulee. Catastrophic outburst 1951), knowledge of Columbia River basalt stratig­ floods caused by releases of water from glacial Lake raphy was considerably less complete than it is today. Missoula scoured the fractured Columbia River basalt As understanding of these basalts developed, men­ flows and created deep and narrow canyons now oc­ tion was occasionally made of the rhino in conjunc­ cupied by the string of lakes between Soap Lake and tion with basalt geology (Lefebvre, 1966, 1970), but Coulee City. Also contributing to the process of these references consisted of a few sentences and erosion was the diversion of the Columbia River could easily be overlooked by the nonspecialist. No through these canyons. Part of the Okanogan ice literature has been found that both explains the geol­ lobe blocked the river and forced it into a new chan­ ogy and describes the fossil. nel east of the older one. The history of the Coulee t ® N LENORE LAKE 10 MILES EPHRAfaA @®17 Figure 1. Location of Blue Lake rhino mold. 3 Washington Geologic Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 4 area is described in McKee (1973), Allen and others GEOLOGIC SETTING (1986), and numerous other reports cited in those works. Three members of the Wanapum Basalt are ex­ The rhinoceros mold was discovered in the sum­ posed in Jasper Canyon. From oldest to youngest, mer of 1935 by Mr. and Mrs. Haakon B. Friele and these are the Frenchman Springs (three flows), Roza Mr. and Mrs. G. B. Peabody of Seattle. They may (two flows) and Priest Rapids (several flows). The have been looking for petrified wood, which was Wanapum Basalt is part of the Yakima Basalt Sub­ quite plentiful elsewhere in the vicinity in 1935, but group of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Potas­ no longer can be found at the rhino site. Mr. Friele sium-argon dates for members of the Wanapum was the first of the group to enter the cavity. indicate an age range from 14.5 to 15.5 million years (Reidel and others, 1987). Lefebvre (1966) At the time of the discovery visit, several bone states that there are four Priest Rapid flows in the fragments, including part of the lower left jaw, were Grand Coulee region and that these are the youngest removed by Mr. Friele and given to Mrs. Peabody. basalts to occur there. The mold is in the lowermost Subsequently, she gave these to the University of Priest Rapids flow, which is about 50 to 60 feet thick Washington. Because the University lacked a ver­ at the site (Fig. 2). The flow encasing the rhino is tebrate paleontologist at the time, the bones were probably slightly older than 14.5 million years (mid­ released to George F. Beck, a paleobotanist at what dle Miocene). is now Central Washington University at Ellensburg. Later in 1935, Beck visited the site, collected more In the same paper Lefebvre states that pipe bone fragments, and submitted the entire collection vesicles are present in the base of this lowermost to Chester Stock, a vertebrate paleontologist at the flow and are exposed on the opposite side of Jasper California Institute of Technology. Stock identified Bay, 0.2 mile east of the site (Fig. 1). Pipe vesicles them as belonging to an Aphe/ops-like rhinoceros, a are cylindrical, elongate cavities formed by water middle Miocene to early Pliocene animal. At some vapor streaming up through lava from wet ground time prior to 1948, all this material was sent to the below. The motion of the fluid lava inclines the University of California, Berkeley. In 1948, J. Wyatt vesicles in the direction of flow. Vesicles that Durham and Donald Savage, Berkeley geoscientists, Lefebvre observed here are inclined in vertical planes visited the site, made measurements, and collected that trend S30°E, Sl5°E (and S15°W), indicating more bone (Chappell and others, 1951). All loose that this part of the flow came from the northwest fossil bone from the rhino mold is presently at at the time the rhino was engulfed. This flow direc­ Berkeley. tion is somewhat anomalous because Priest Rapids PRIEST RAPIDS FLOW ROZA FLOW ($CORIACEOUS FLOW TOP) Figure 2. Rhino mold site. Rhino mold occupies the cavity on the right; to the left is a tree mold. Washington Geologic Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 4 4 basalt originated from vents in Idaho, more than 120 be seen in Figure 4, the cast has an unmistakable miles to the southeast. bloated-animal shape. The only anatomical features Between the Roza basalt and the lowest Priest that can be readily identified are the legs and head. Rapids flow is a sedimentary interbed, which Other parts of the anatomy such as the ears or horns Lefebvre (1966, p. 4 7) describes as "a light to dark can be imagined, but there is no sign of them in cast gray pisolitic tuff aceous (?) sediment seldom over 1 or mold. Chappell and others (1951) suggest that foot thick". This interbed is shown in Figure 2. He subtle markings on the neck that were revealed by suggests that all four Priest Rapids flows were laid the cast may be skin folds, but these cannot be clear­ down in rapid succession as there are no interbeds ly seen in the cavity. between them. When one visits the fossil site, it seems remark­ The mold is entirely encased in basal pillow lava able that a cast was made at all. Obstacles abound, of the lowest Priest Rapids flow; it is not in contact not the least of which is the narrow entrance to the with the underlying interbed.
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