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APPENDIX F GENERATION COST AND PERFORMANCE SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................................2 ANALYTICAL APPROACH............................................................................................................................................3 REPRESENTATIVE RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATIONS .............................................................................................................3 APPENDIX FBI BIOMASS APPENDIX FNU NUCLEAR POWER APPENDIX FCO COAL APPENDIX FOE OCEAN ENERGY APPENDIX FGT GEOTHERMAL APPENDIX FSO SOLAR APPENDIX FHY HYDROPOWER APPENDIX FWN WIND APPENDIX FNG NATURAL GAS F-1 Draft Fourth Northwest Conservation and Electric Power Plan, Appendix F GENERATION COST AND PERFORMANCE SUMMARY Appendix F provides the analysis used to characterize the generating resource alternatives described in this draft plan. Table F-1 lists the types of resources analyzed and summarizes the resulting cost and resource potential. Following this overview are detailed descriptions of each resource. A brief description of the process used to analyze each resource follows. Table F-1 Generating Resource Costs and Potential Block Code Resource Base-Year Technology Ref. Lev. Energy CostsBlock Firm Energy (m/kWh, real): (MWa) GEO 1 Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 49.7 576 GEO 103 Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 49.7 576 GEO 2 Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 59.6 414 GEO 3 Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 72.8 86 GEO 1R Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 49.7 576 GEO 1DR Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 49.7 576 GEO 2R Geothermal 1995 Flash or Binary 59.6 414 BIO 1 Black Liquor 1995 20MW Recovery 22.5 195 BIO 2 Mixed Wood 1995 25 MW Stoker 40.0 300 BIO 3 Landfill Gas 1995 Engine-Generator 31.1 126 BIO 4 Forest Residue 1995 10MW Stoker 68.9 28 BIO 5 Forest Residue 1995 25 MW Stoker 79.4 664 HYD 1 Hydropower Conventional 19.9 64 HYD 2 Hydropower Conventional 46.9 89 HYD 3 Hydropower Conventional 78.2 45 SOL 1 Solar 1995 Fixed Flat Plate 210.0 30 WIN 1 Wind 350kW VS HAWT 40.9 46 WIN 2 Wind 350kW VS HAWT 40.2 75 WIN 3R Wind 350kW VS HAWT 56.1 227 WIN 3DR Wind 350kW VS HAWT 56.1 227 WIN 4 Wind 350kW VS HAWT 63.5 152 WIN 1A Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 40.6 46 WIN 2A Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 46.7 32 WIN 3A Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 41.0 117 WIN 4A Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 49.4 116 WIN 5 Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 63.5 79 WIN 6R Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 55.8 358 WIN 6DR Wind 1995 350kW VS HAWT 55.8 358 CC 1 Natural Gas 1995 7FA CCCT 29.3 3,356 CC 2 Natural Gas 1995 7FA CCCT 29.9 3,356 CC 3 Natural Gas 1995 7FA CCCT 30.8 4,140 1 All resource levelized costs were developed assuming 100 percent investor-owned utility financing except wind resources WN1 and WN1A, which are assumed to be financed with 27 percent public utility, 53 percent investor-owned utility and 20 percent independent capital resources. F-2 Draft Fourth Northwest Conservation and Electric Power Plan, Appendix F ANALYTICAL APPROACH The analysis of alternative generating resources required a four-step process. The first step in the process was to characterize the existing generating plants that are part of the Northwest power system. The second step was to analyze the potential for further development of the particular resource. The third step was to analyze the currently available technologies for converting the resource to electric power. The fourth step was to match the potential for further development with the technologies most appropriate for the Northwest. This last step includes calculation of the cost of energy and capacity, as well as an estimate of the environmental impacts of resource development. To analyze each of these resources in a way that provides a fair comparison, a common set of financial assumptions was used in the last step of the characterization process. Table F-2 summarizes these assumptions. For purposes of developing representative resource costs, financing was assumed to be 100 percent investor-owned utility, except for currently committed wind resources WN1 and WN1A, which are assumed to be financed with 27 percent public utility, 53 percent investor-owned utility and 20 percent independent capital resources. Table F-2 Financial Assumptions for Generating Resource Cost Analysis Public Utility Investor-Owned Unregulated Utility Independent Base Renew- Base Renew- Base Renew- Financial Parameter Resource ables Resource ables Resource ables Federal Income Tax Rate (%) n/a n/a 34.0% 34.0% 34.0% 34.0% Federal Investment Tax Credit (%) n/a n/a 10.0% 10% G,S 10.0% 10% G,S Accelerated Depreciation Recovery (Years) n/a n/a 20 20 20 20 Renewable Production Incentive/Tax Credit n/a B,G,S,W n/a W n/a W State Income Tax Rate (%) n/a n/a 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% State Investment Credit (%) n/a n/a 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Gross Revenue Tax (%) 2.2% 2.2% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% Property Tax Rate (%) 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% 1.4% Insurance Rate (%/yr) 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% Municipal Bond Term (years) 15 30 n/a n/a n/a n/a Financial Life (years) 15 30 15 30 15 15 Debt Ratio (%) 100% 100% 50% 50% 80% 80% Debt Interest Rate (nominal. %/yr) 7.5% 7.5% 9.7% 9.7% 9.7% 9.7% Return on Equity (nominal. %/yr) n/a n/a 11.3% 11.3% 18.3% 18.3% Debt Financing Fee (%) 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% Discount Rate (real, %/yr) 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% Inflation Rate (%/yr) 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% CODING: B-Biomass, G-Geothermal, S-Solar, W-Wind. n/a-not applicable. Representative Resource Characterizations Because the computational time required by the integrated-system acquisition analysis model is a function of the number of resource choices available to it, it is desirable to limit the total number of resource characterizations to the minimum amount that still accurately represents available resources. To satisfy this need for simplification, individual resources selected from the last step of the resource analysis have been chosen to represent discrete “blocks” of resource potential in the system model. Table F-3 summarizes the key physical and economic characteristics of the resources included in these blocks. Table F-4 summarizes the impacts of resource development on air, water and land use. Impacts on fish and wildlife are not quantified here, but are discussed in more detail in each resource section. F-3 Draft Fourth Northwest Conservation and Electric Power Plan, Appendix F Table F-3 Generating Resources Plant Cost and Capacities Used in the Integrated System Analysis Block Resource Description Block Block Equivalent Dis Mini No. Unit Avg. Forced Siting & S&L Con Variable Fixed Variable 2 Code Rated Peak Availability patch mum of Rated Heat Outage Licen Hold struction Fuel O&M O&M Capacity Capacity (%) Load Units Capac. Rate Rate sing Cost Cost (m/kWh) ($/kW/yr) (m/kWh) (MW) (MW) (%) (MW) (Btu/ (%) ($/kW) ($/kW/yr) ($/kW) kWh) GEO 1 Shield Complexes @ Main Grid 640 630 90.0% D 25% 21 30 9,300 6.0% $80 $2.60 $2,724 0.0 $80 7.8 GEO Shield Complexes @ Main Grid - 2003 640 630 90.0% D 25% 21 30 9,300 6.0% $80 $2.60 $2,724 0.0 $80 7.8 GEO 2 Basin & Range Areas @ Main Grid 458 458 90.3% D 25% 15 31 9,300 6.0% $85 $2.90 $3,283 0.0 $108 7.9 GEO 3 B&R Areas & Composite Centers @ 95 95 90.2% D 25% 3 32 9,300 6.0% $102 $4.00 $4,054 0.0 $140 7.9 GEO Shield Complexes @ Main Grid - 640 630 90.0% D 25% 21 30 9,300 6.0% $80 $2.60 $2,724 0.0 $80 7.8 GEO Shield Complexes @ Main Grid - Pilots 640 630 90.0% D 25% 21 30 9,300 6.0% $80 $2.60 $2,724 0.0 $80 7.8 GEO Basin & Range Areas @ Main Grid - 458 458 90.3% D 25% 15 31 9,300 6.0% $85 $2.90 $3,283 0.0 $108 7.9 BIO 1 Chemical Recovery Boiler Upgrades 260 260 75.0% MR n/a 13 20 4,500 10.0% $31 $3.00 $588 0.0 $0 14.4 BIO 2 Clean wood residues from MSW stream 375 375 80.0% D 66% 15 25 14,400 10.0% $130 $13.00 $2,470 -11.1 $99 2.3 BIO 3 Landfill Gas Recovery 140 140 90.0% MR n/a 28 5 11,000 5.0% $62 $6.00 $1,176 0.0 $0 15.5 BIO 4 Eastside forest restoration residues - 35 35 80.0% D 66% 5 7 14,420 10.0% $43 $13.00 $817 28.8 $180 2.3 BIO 5 Eastside forest restoration residues - 830 830 80.0% D 66% 33 25 14,400 10.0% $130 $13.00 $2,470 28.8 $99 2.3 HYD 1 New Small Hydropower 195 195 33.0% MR n/a 20 10 0 1.1% $59 $2.10 $789 0.0 $17 0.0 HYD 2 New Small Hydropower 223 223 40.0% MR n/a 22 10 0 1.1% $105 $3.80 $1,400 0.0 $30 0.0 HYD 3 New Small Hydropower 107 107 42.2% MR n/a 11 10 0 1.1% $185 $6.60 $2,463 0.0 $53 0.0 SOL 1 Rooftop Photovoltaics 145 145 21.0% MR n/a 145 1 0 1.0% $250 $94.00 $4,250 0.0 $10 0.0 WIN 1 Scheduled, @ Main Grid (to be 129 65 35.9% MR n/a 4 32 0 0.0% $0 $2.50 $984 0.0 $54 -4.9 WIN 2 New, Low Cost @ Main Grid (to be 230 108 32.5% MR n/a 8 29 0 0.0% $28 $2.90 $946 0.0 $27 3.0 WIN New, Med Cost @ Main Grid - 797 362 28.5% MR n/a 16 30 0 0.0% $21 $2.60 $988 0.0 $47 3.1 WIN New, Med Cost @ Main Grid - Pilots @ 797 362 28.5% MR n/a 16 30 0 0.0% $21 $2.60 $988 0.0 $47 3.1 WIN 4 Blackfeet 500 @ Main Grid 465 101 32.6% MR n/a 9 52 0 0.0% $23 $2.50 $1,554 0.0 $31 3.1 WIN 1A Scheduled, @ Main Grid 129 65 38.3% MR n/a 4 32 0 0.0% $17 $2.50 $985 0.0 $54 -4.9 WIN 2A New, Low Cost Spring - Summer Peak 120 34 26.3% MR n/a 4 30 0 0.0% $3 $2.50 $923 0.0 $26 3.0 WIN 3A New, Low Cost Winter Peak @ Main 365 161 32.0% MR n/a 12 30 0 0.0% $22 $2.80 $950 0.0 $28 3.0 WIN 4A New, Med Cost Winter Peak @ Main 307 217 37.7% MR n/a 10 31 0 0.0% $17 $2.80 $1,029 0.0 $69 3.1 WIN 5 New, High Cost Spring - Summer Peak 350 68 22.5% MR n/a 12 29 0 0.0% $36 $3.00 $1,046 0.0 $32 3.0 WIN 6R New, High Cost Winter Peak @ Main 1,318 558 27.2% MR n/a 26 51 0 0.0% $37 $1.80 $983 0.0 $40 3.4 WIN New, High Cost Winter Peak @ Main 1,318 558 27.2% MR n/a 26 51 0 0.0% $37 $1.80 $983 0.0 $40 3.4 CC 1 New CC, Permitted Sites @ Main Grid 3,648 3,854 92.0% D 70% 16 228 7,215 5.0% $0 $0.80 $665 8.13 $19 1.0 CC 2 New CC, Unpermitted Sites @ Main 3,648 3,921 92.0% D 70% 16 228 7,346 5.0% $14 $0.80 $670 8.22 $20 1.0 CC 3 High-cost Placeholder 4,500 4,753 92.0% D 70% 20 225 7,436 5.0% $18 $0.90 $774 8.32 $20 1.0 2 Coding: D-Dispatchable, MR-Must Run.
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    Renewable Energy in Alaska WH Pacific, Inc. Anchorage, Alaska NREL Technical Monitor: Brian Hirsch NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Subcontract Report NREL/SR-7A40-47176 March 2013 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Renewable Energy in Alaska WH Pacific, Inc. Anchorage, Alaska NREL Technical Monitor: Brian Hirsch Prepared under Subcontract No. AEU-9-99278-01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Subcontract Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/SR-7A40-47176 Golden, Colorado 80401 March 2013 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 This publication was reproduced from the best available copy submitted by the subcontractor and received minimal editorial review at NREL. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.