Index Stahl's Illustrated

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-75852-9 - Antidepressants Stahl’s Illustrated Index More information

Stahl’s Illustrated Index

abbreviations/symbols, 166 psychotherapy, 112, 163 adrenergic autoreceptors, 20, 21 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), affective expression, 34, 153–154 111, 121, 166 affect-meter, 34, 153 vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 42, 73, agomelatine, 125 85, 98, 111, 120. 166 algorithms, symptom-based, 143, 154–162 antidepressants. see individual drugs alpha 2 antagonists anxiety disorder treatment asenapine, 86 atypical antipsychotics, 123 clozapine, 86 escitalopram, 59 mechanisms of action, 87 paroxetine, 52, 53 mianserin, 86 venlafaxine, 63 mirtazapine, 83, 85, 86, 88–89 anxiolytics, 54 paliperidone, 86 apathy, 37 perospirone, 86 appetite change, 38 quetiapine, 86 appetite suppressants, 106 risperidone, 86 aripiprazole, 123, 128, 162 as second-line treatment, 85–89 asenapine, 86 alpha 2 receptors, 20–26 atomoxetine, 78, 148 alprazolam, 149 atorvastatin, 149 amino acids, 14 attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 7, 78–79 amygdala (A), 38, 39, 166 atypical antipsychotics, 48, 86, 123 ancillary treatment augmentation therapies deep brain stimulation (DBS), 111, 120-121, 166 atypical antipsychotics, 123 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 42, evidence-based, 160 73, 85, 98, 161 with other treatment strategies, 85 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 42, 73, symptom-based treatment, 162 85, 98, 112, 161 with TMM, 111–112 interpersonal therapy (IPT), 42, 73, 85, “Z-drugs,” 122 98, 112, 161 Antidepressants: Index 175

basal forebrain, 36, 166 dendritic spine formation, 134 benzodiazepines (BZ), 42, 73, 85 depression. see also major depressive bipolar disorder, 5, 6, 48–49, 113, 123 disorder (MDD) brain. see also specific brain regions overview, 3–12 activity, 39 dysthymia, 2–5 DBS, 111, 120–121, 166 psychotic/delusional, 54 dopaminergic projections, 33 treatment-resistant, 80–81 noradrenergic projections, 23 unipolar depression, 5, 113, 123, 128 regions, 35 symptoms serotonergic projections, 18 affective expression, 153 TMS, 111, 121, 166 inefficient/dysfunctional, 36 VNS, 42, 73, 85, 98, 111, 120, 166 negative affect, 34 brainstem positive affect, 34 locus coeruleus, 23, 24, 86, 120 vasomotor, 129, 136–142 neurotransmitter centers, 33, 35 depression pharmacy, 42, 73, 85, 98 bulimia nervosa, 49 desvenlafaxine, 64–65 bupropion, 50, 76–77 diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPNP), buspirone, 112, 149, 160 66–67 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, version IV (DSM-IV), 35 cardiac impairment, 41 disinhibitors, 48, 86, 87, 88, 101 cardiac risk factors. see individual drugs DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), 19, 27 catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT), 19, 27 dopamine (DA) children/adolescents: drug dosing/ defined, 166 interactions. see individual drugs deficiency, 8–9 chronic pain, 7, 66, 67, 68, 69 dysfunction, 36 citalopram, 56–57 5HT interaction, 31 clozapine, 86 5HT/NE interaction, 32 codeine, 148 neurons, 19 cognitive therapy, 161 partial agonists, 42, 73, 85 combination treatment, 143 pathways, 33, 153 cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450) projections, 37 defined, 166 receptors, 28 CYP450 1A2, 47, 145, 147 synthesis/metabolism, 27 CYP450 2C19, 145 transporters, 28, 74, 166 CYP450 2C9, 145 as a trimonoamine, 114–116 CYP450 2D6, 47, 145, 146, 148 dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), 19 CYP450 3A4, 47, 145, 149 dopamine partial agonists (DPAs), 42, 73, 85 decarboxylase (AADC), 14 dopamine transporters (DATs), 28, 74, 166 decongestants, 106 “dopamine-deficiency syndrome,” 76 deep brain stimulation (DBS), 111, dopaminergic neurotransmission, 28, 29, 120–121, 166 153

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dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 37, gamma aminobutyric (GABA) interneurons, 39, 166 31, 32, 134 drug metabolism, 144 generalized anxiety disorder, 122 drugs: dosing/interactions. see individual genes drugs expression, 12, 135 duloxetine, 66–69, 147–148 polymorphism, 146 dysthymia risk genes, 40 defined, 3 genetic polymorphism, 146 clinical trials, 150 gut symptom chart, 4, 5 CYP450 enzyme system, 144 MAO-A presence in, 109–110 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 42, 73, 85, 98, 112, 161 hepatic risk factors. see individual drugs enzymes, 14, 19, 27. see also cytochrome hippocampus (H), 166 P450 enzyme system (CYP450) erythomycin, 149 hormones escitalopram, 58–59 estradiol, 131, 133, 134, 135 estradiol (E2), 131, 133, 134, 135 estrogen, 129, 130–142 estrogen progesterone, 133 for depression, 140 testosterone, 112, 130 estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 131 thyroid hormone, 42, 73, 85, 111, 115, health risks, 137, 140 137 level fluctuation, 129, 133, 138, 142 human neurokinins, 126–127 in menstrual cycle, 134 hypertensive crisis, 106–107 receptors, 135 hyperthermia, 106 vasomotor symptoms and, 138, 139 hyperthymic temperament, 3 eszopiclone, 122 hypnotic drugs, 122 euthymia, 2 hypomania, 2, 4, 5, 150 executive dysfunction, 37 hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers, 137–139 5HT. see serotonin (5HT) hypothalamus (Hy), 23, 35, 36, 137–139, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5HTP), 14 166 5-L-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (MTHF)see L-methylfolate. insomnia, 122 fatigue, 37 interpersonal therapy (IPT), 42, 73, 85, 98, feelings, 38 161 “fibrofog,” 69 fibromyalgia, 63, 66–69 ketoconazole, 149 fluoxetine, 48–49, 148, 149 fluvoxamine, 54–55, 147, 149 lithium (Li), 111, 113, 114, 137, 166 folic acid, 119 L-methylfolate, 111, 116–119, 137, 162, food, tyramine content, 107–108 166 locus coeruleus, 24, 86, 120 lovastatin, 149 Antidepressants: Index 177 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-75852-9 - Antidepressants Stahl’s Illustrated Index More information

major depressive disorder (MDD). see also hypothesis of antidepressant action, 9, depression 11–12 comorbidities of, 7 hypothesis of depression, 8–10 relapse, 152 receptors, 10–11 remission, 122, 151 transporters, 9 risk genes, 40 monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) symptom-based treatment algorithms, defined, 166 143, 154–162 drugs to avoid, 106 symptoms, 35, 156–159 food monitoring, 107–108 therapeutic interventions, 112 hypertensive crisis, 106–107 treatment drugs interaction with SRIs, 105 atomoxetine, 78, 148 MAO-A/MAO-B, 14, 19, 27, 104–105, atypical antipsychotics, 123 110 bupropion, 77 as second-line treatment, 104–110 citalopram, 56-57 selegiline (transdermal) and, 110 desvenlafaxine, 65 tyramine and, 107–110 duloxetine, 66–67 monotherapies escitalopram, 59 for affective disorder, 154 fluoxetine, 48–49, 149 augmentation, 80, 111, 160, 162 fluvoxamine, 149 first-line, 42, 73, 85, 123, 160 MAOIs, 98, 104-110 second-line, 73, 85, 90–95, 98, 161 milnacipran, 68–69 third-line, 98 mirtazapine, 89 in treatment plans, 111 nefazodone, 95, 149 mood chart, 2 paroxetine, 53 mood disorders. see also bipolar disorder; reboxetine, 80–81 major depressive disorder (MDD) sertraline, 50–51, 54 arousal and cognition, 18, 23 trazodone, 83, 85, 90, 92-93 identifying, 4 venlafaxine, 62-63, 148 mood chart, 2 TCAs, 98-103 mood-related symptoms, 153 men, depression and, 130 as progressive, 6 menopause, 129, 140–142 muscarinic/cholinergic antagonism (m-ACh), menstrual cycle, 133 47 mianserin, 86 milnacipran, 68–69, 147 nefazodone, 83, 85, 90, 94–95, 149 mirtazapine, 83, 85, 88–89 negative affect, 34, 153, 154 modafinil, 162 neurokinins, 126–127 monoamine. see also dopamine (DA); neuromodulation, 120–121 neurotransmitters; norepinephrine (NE); neuronal circuits, 17 serotonin (5HT) neurotransmitters 33, 35 8, 9, 10, 166 overview, 8–12 new treatments, 124–128 deficiency, 8–9, 140 nicotine addiction, 76–77 nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), 47, 166

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N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, 134 perimenopause, 136–142 nonremitters, 151 perospirone, 86 noradrenergic dysfunction, 34, 86, 153 pharmacokinetics, 143–149 norepinephrine (NE) pimozide, 149 defined, 166 positive affect, 34, 153, 154 affects of, 18 postmenopausal depression, 140–142 DA/5HT interaction, 32 postpartum depression, 131 deficiency, 8–9 posttraumatic stress disorder, 53 dysfunction, 36 prefrontal cortex (PFC), 36, 60–61, 75, 166 5HT interaction, 24, 25 pregnancy risk factors, 132. see also neurons, 19 individual drugs pathways, 22 premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), 49, projections, 37 51, 53 receptors, 20–22 presynaptic receptors, 20–21, 28–30 transporters, 19, 20, 74, 166 progesterone, 133 as a trimonoamine, 114–116 protease inhibitors, 149 norepinephrine dopamine dishinhibitors psychomotor agitation, 36 (NDDIs), 48, 88, 125, 166 psychotherapy, 112, 163 norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors puberty, 131 (NDRIs) defined, 166 quetiapine, 86, 123, 128 drugs atomoxetine, 78–79, 148 radafaxine, 74 bupropion, 76–77 rate-limiting enzymes, 14, 19, 27 radafaxine, 74 reboxetine, 80–81 reboxetine, 80–81 remission, 143, 151 as first-line treatment, 71, 73, 160 renal risk factors. see individual drugs molecular action, 74 retardation, 36 regional effects, 75 reuptake pumps, 9, 11 norepinephrine reuptake pump, 19 reversible MAOs (RIMAs), 109 norquetiapine, 123 risperidone, 86, 123 nucleus accumbens, 75

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 49–55 S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe), 112 olanzapine, 48, 123 saredutant, 127 omega-3 fatty acids, 112 sedation. see individual drugs opioids, 106 selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors orbital frontal cortex (OFC), 38 (NRIs) defined, 166 pain pathways, 18, 23 molecular action, 74 paliperidone, 86, 123 regional effects, 75 panic disorders, 49, 51, 53, 81 as second-line treatment, 78–81 paroxetine, 52–53, 138, 148 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antidepressants: Index 179 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-75852-9 - Antidepressants Stahl’s Illustrated Index More information

overview, 42–59 mechanisms of action, 91 defined, 166 as second-line treatment, 83, 85, 90–95 alpha 2 antagonists and, 85 serotonin dopamine antagonists (SDA), 42, augmenting with “Z-drugs,” 122 73, 85, 98 drugs serotonin norepinephrine disinhibitors citalopram, 56–57 (SNDIs), 83–89, 166. see also alpha 2 antagonists escitalopram, 58–59 serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine, 48–49, 148, 149 (SNRIs) fluvoxamine, 54–55, 147, 149 defined, 166 paroxetine, 52–53, 138, 148 drugs sertraline, 50–51, 54 desvenlafaxine, 64–65 as first-line treatment, 41, 42, 160 duloxetine, 66–67, 147–148 interaction with MAOIs, 105 milnacipran, 68–69 mechanisms of action, 43–45 venlafaxine, 62–63 pharmacological action, 47 as first-line treatment, 41–42, 60–69, for vasomotor symptoms, 141 160 selegiline (transdermal), 110 molecular action, 60–61 serotonergic dysfunction, 34 for vasomotor symptoms, 139 serotonergic projections, 18 serotonin syndrome, 105, 106 serotonin (5HT), 14 serotonin transporter (SERT) defined, 166 defined, 166 accelerator, 25 blockade, 76, 92 axon terminals (5HT brake), 24, 26 inhibition, 43, 56, 59, 62, 64, 94, 119, DA/NE interaction, 32 120 deficiency, 8–9 sertraline, 50–51, 54 dysfunction, 36, 38 side effects. see individual drugs 5HT1A/DA release, 31 sigma-1 receptor actions (ó), 47 5HT2A/DA release, 31 simvastatin, 149 NE interaction, 24, 25 sleep disorders, 7, 36, 122, 125, 156 pathways, 18 somatodendritic receptors, 16, 21 receptors, 15, 16, 17 stimulants, 106 serotonergic dysfunction, 34 striatum, 75 serotonergic projections, 18 substance abuse, 7 synthesis/metabolism, 14 suicide risk, 38, 132. see also individual as a trimonoamine, 114–116 drugs serotonin 1A partial agonists (5HT1A), 42, symptom-based treatment algorithms, 143, 85 154–157 serotonin antagonist/reuptake inhibitors symptoms charts, 2–7 (SARIs) synaptic vesicle pump, 19, 20, 27 defined, 166 drugs testosterone, 112, 130 nefazodone, 83, 85, 90, 94–95 tetra-hydro-biopterin (BH4), 117 trazadone, 83, 85, 90, 92–93 thalamus (T), 36, 166

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theophyllin, 147 vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 42, 73, 85, therapy, interpersonal (IPT), 42, 73, 85, 98, 111, 120, 166 161 vasomotor symptoms, 129, 136–142 thioridazine, 49, 148 venlafaxine, 62–63, 148 thyroid hormone (T3/T4), 42, 73, 85, 111, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), 38, 115, 137 39, 166 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 111, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), 121, 166 13, 14, 19, 20, 27, 28 transcription, 135 vitamin D, 112 trazadone, 83, 85, 90, 92–93 treatment-resistant depression, 80–81 weight change, 38 triazolam, 149 weight gain. see individual drugs tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) women, depression in, 129–142 overview, 98–103 defined, 166 zaleplon, 122 MAOIs and, 98 “Z-drugs,” 122 properties of, 99 ziprasidone, 123 as second-line treatment, 97–103 zolpidem, 122 side effects, 102–103 therapeutic effects, 100–101 toxic levels, 148 trimonoamine modulators (TMMs) overview, 111–112 defined, 166 augmentation, 112 estrogen as modulator, 140 lithium (Li), 114, 137 L-methylfolate, 116–119, 137, 162 neuromodulation, 120 thyroid hormone (T3/T4), 115, 137 trimonoamines, 114–116 triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), 124 tryptophan (TRY), 14 tryptophan hydroxylase (TRY-OH), 14 tryptophan transporters, 14 tyramine, 107–110 tyrosine (TYR), 19, 27 tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), 19, 27 tyrosine transporter, 27

unipolar depression, 5, 113, 123, 128