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Kariba Dam Zambia and Zimbabwe WCD Case Study Kariba Dam Zambia and Zimbabwe Final Report: November 2000 Prepared for the World Commission on Dams (WCD) by: Soils Incorporated (Pvt) Ltd, Harare, Zimbabwe in association with Chalo Environmental & Sustainable Development Consultants, Lusaka, Zambia Secretariat of the World Commission on Dams P.O. Box 16002, Vlaeberg, Cape Town 8018, South Africa Phone: 27 21 426 4000 Fax: 27 21 426 0036. Website: http://www.dams.org E-mail: [email protected] Lake Kariba, Zambia and Zimbabwe i Disclaimer This is a working paper of the World Commission on Dams - the report published herein was prepared for the Commission as part of its information gathering activity. The views, conclusions, and recommendations are not intended to represent the views of the Commission. The Commission's views, conclusions, and recommendations will be set forth in the Commission's own report. Please cite this report as follows: Soils Incorporated (Pty) Ltd and Chalo Environmental and Sustainable Development Consultants. 2000. Kariba Dam Case Study, prepared as an input to the World Commission on Dams, Cape Town, www.dams.org The WCD Knowledge Base This report is one component of the World Commission on Dams knowledge base from which the WCD drew to finalize its report “Dams and Development-A New Framework for Decision Making”. The knowledge base consists of seven case studies, two country studies, one briefing paper, seventeen thematic reviews of five sectors, a cross check survey of 125 dams, four regional consultations and nearly 1000 topic-related submissions. All the reports listed below, are available on CD-ROM or can be downloaded from www.dams.org Case Studies (Focal Dams) Country Studies Briefing Paper • Grand Coulee Dam, Columbia River Basin, USA • India • Russia and NIS • Tarbela Dam, Indus River Basin, Pakistan • China countries • Aslantas Dam, Ceyhan River Basin, Turkey • Kariba Dam, Zambezi River, Zambia/Zimbabwe • Tucurui Dam, Tocantins River, Brazil • Pak Mun Dam, Mun-Mekong River Basin, Thailand • Glomma and Laagen Basin, Norway • Pilot Study of the Gariep and Van der Kloof dams- Orange River South Africa Thematic Reviews • TR I.1: Social Impact of Large Dams: Equity and • TR IV.1: Electricity Supply and Demand Distributional Issues Management Options • TR I.2: Dams, Indigenous People and Vulnerable • TR IV.2: Irrigation Options Ethnic Minorities • TR IV.3: Water Supply Options • TR I.3: Displacement, Resettlement, • TR IV.4: Flood Control and Management Options Rehabilitation, Reparation and • TR IV.5: Operation, Monitoring and Development Decommissioning of Dams • • • TR II.1: Dams, Ecosystem Functions and • TR V.1: Planning Approaches Environmental Restoration • TR V.2: Environmental and Social Assessment for • TRII.1: Dams, Ecosystem Functions and Large Dams Environmental Restoration • TR V.3: River Basins – Institutional Frameworks • TR II.2: Dams and Global Change and Management Options • TR V.4: Regulation, Compliance and • TR III.1: Economic, Financial and Distributional Implementation Analysis • TR V.5: Participation, Negotiation and Conflict • TR III.2: International Trends in Project Financing Management: Large Dam Projects • Regional Consultations – Hanoi, Colombo, Sao Paulo and Cairo • Cross-check Survey of 125 dams This is a working paper prepared for the World Commission on Dams as part of its information gathering activities. The views, conclusions, and recommendations contained in the working paper are not to be taken to represent the views of the Commission Lake Kariba, Zambia and Zimbabwe ii Acknowledgements The consultants in this assignment are grateful for the assistance that they received from a wide spectrum of individuals and institutions during the course of this study. This enormous task would have been impossible to accomplish without this assistance. The WCD secretariat provided guidance to the study team, especially with respect to selection of and the amount of material to be presented in the report. Being an old dam, there is a tremendous amount of information and data available on Kariba. Guidance provided by WCD staff, especially Drs Madiodio Niasse, Bruce Aylward, and Englebertus Oud was valuable in the preparation of a concise report for a broad subject such as the Kariba project. Most of the material relating to Kariba Dam is held in the libraries of the Zambezi River Authority in Lusaka, Kariba and Harare. The consultants are grateful to the Zambezi River Authority (ZRA), through its Chief Executive, Eng. Tumbare, for allowing the consultants free access to their libraries. Their librarians at these three locations, especially Ms Huxtable of Kariba, went out of their way to point out some obscure documents that the consultants would, otherwise, have found difficult to locate. The other source of information on Kariba was the National Archives in both Zimbabwe and Zambia. At both archives, the librarians gladly assisted consultants in accessing critical historical documents. A large amount of historical data on power generated at Kariba and the financial costs thereof, were compiled in this study from records maintained by the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA), and the Zambia Electricity Supply Company (ZESCO). The consultants are grateful for the assistance rendered by these two power companies. Most of the literature and debate with respect to Kariba centres on the fate of the 57 000 Tonga people who were displaced by the dam some 40 years ago; and the history of the dam is not complete without the accurate and balanced discussion of this issue. In the course of this study, the sociology consultants spent weeks in discussions with the Tonga people of the Zambezi valley, recording their experiences and their views of Kariba Dam. To these great people, the consultants are grateful. It is hoped that the record of their experiences will provide valuable lessons for similar dam developments in the future, to replicate the good lessons from Kariba and to avoid any negative impacts that Kariba may have had. The draft final version of this report was presented at a meeting of stakeholders at Kariba, 20–22 February 2000, and comments were received on the report from the stakeholders who attended the workshop. In addition, the report was circulated widely to other individuals, NGOs, and other international organisations with interest in the large dam debate. The consultants are grateful to all these organisations and individuals for their comments. Lastly, the consultants are grateful to two reviewers, Professor Saassa, of the University of Zambia and Professor Magadza of the University of Zimbabwe, for editing the first draft of this report. These two learned colleagues have tremendous first hand research experience on Lake Kariba. Their experience greatly improved the content and presentation of the report. However, any outstanding errors and weaknesses in the report are entirely attributable to the consultants. A. Hungwe Team Leader This is a working paper prepared for the World Commission on Dams as part of its information gathering activities. The views, conclusions, and recommendations contained in the working paper are not to be taken to represent the views of the Commission Lake Kariba, Zambia and Zimbabwe iii Financial and in-kind Contributors: Financial and in-kind support was received from 54 contributors including governments, international agencies, the private sector, NGOs and various foundations. According to the mandate of the Commission, all funds received were ‘untied’-i.e. these funds were provided with no conditions attached to them. • ABB • Skanska • ADB - Asian Development Bank • SNC Lavalin • AID - Assistance for India's Development • South Africa - Ministry of Water Affairs and • Atlas Copco Forestry • Australia - AusAID • Statkraft • Berne Declaration • Sweden - Sida • British Dam Society • IADB - Inter-American Development Bank • Canada - CIDA • Ireland - Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Carnegie Foundation • IUCN - The World Conservation Union • Coyne et Bellier • Japan - Ministry of Foreign Affairs • C.S. Mott Foundation • KfW - Kredietanstalt für Wiederaufbau • Denmark - Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Lahmeyer International • EDF - Electricité de France • Lotek Engineering • Engevix • Manitoba Hydro • ENRON International • National Wildlife Federation, USA • Finland - Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Norplan • Germany - BMZ: Federal Ministry for Economic • Norway - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Co-operation • Switzerland - SDC • Goldman Environmental Foundation • The Netherlands - Ministry of Foreign Affairs • GTZ - Deutsche Geschellschaft für Technische • The World Bank Zusammenarbeit • Tractebel Engineering • Halcrow Water • United Kingdom - DFID • Harza Engineering • UNEP - United Nations Environment • Hydro Quebec Programme • Novib • United Nations Foundation • David and Lucille Packard Foundation • USA Bureau of Reclamation • Paul Rizzo and Associates • Voith Siemens • People's Republic of China • Worley International • Rockefeller Brothers Foundation • WWF International This is a working paper prepared for the World Commission on Dams as part of its information gathering activities. The views, conclusions, and recommendations contained in the working paper are not to be taken to represent the views of the Commission Lake Kariba, Zambia and Zimbabwe iv The Study Team Name Sector Dr. Alois Hungwe Team leader & Agriculture/Resettlement Mr. Julius Chileshe Assistant team leader & co-ordinator of studies in Zambia Dr. Norman Reynolds History/Decision Analysis Dr. Hillary
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