MA DAMBURA NE MENT PAS » : MUSIQUE ET IDENTITÉ CHEZ LES HAZARA D'afghanistan Par Mathieu Poitras Département De Sociolog

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MA DAMBURA NE MENT PAS » : MUSIQUE ET IDENTITÉ CHEZ LES HAZARA D'afghanistan Par Mathieu Poitras Département De Sociolog « MA DAMBURA NE MENT PAS » : MUSIQUE ET IDENTITÉ CHEZ LES HAZARA D’AFGHANISTAN Par Mathieu Poitras Département de sociologie et d’anthropologie Faculté des Sciences sociales Université d’Ottawa Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise en anthropologie Sous la direction de Stéphane Vibert (Université d’Ottawa) © Mathieu Poitras, Ottawa, Canada, 2015 Table des matières RÉSUMÉ....................................................................................................................................................III REMERCIEMENTS.................................................................................................................................IV GUIDE DE PRONONCIATION...............................................................................................................V INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1 CHAPITRE 1 : LES HAZĀRA : ÉCHOS PASSÉS ET PRÉSENTS................................................................20 1.1 DES HOMMES, D'UN NOM, D'UN TERRITOIRE......................................................................................20 1.2 BRÈVE HISTOIRE RÉCENTE DES HAZĀRA...........................................................................................31 1.3 GUERRES, ÉVEIL, EXIL : LES ENJEUX ACTUELS.................................................................................34 CHAPITRE 2 : ORGANOLOGIE, JEU, RÉPERTOIRE : LA DAMBURA COMME OBJET..............................41 2.1 MISE EN CONTEXTE............................................................................................................................41 2.2 L’OBJET...............................................................................................................................................42 2.3 LE SON................................................................................................................................................48 2.4 LA POÉSIE...........................................................................................................................................59 CHAPITRE 3 : L'EXPÉRIENCE DE LA MUSIQUE : LA DAMBURA COMME PROCESSUS..........................65 3.1 LA PERFORMANCE MUSICALE EN AFGHANISTAN...............................................................................66 3.2 LA PERFORMANCE MUSICALE HORS D’AFGHANISTAN.......................................................................76 3.3 CONDITIONS D’AUDITION ET D’APPRENTISSAGE...............................................................................88 CHAPITRE 4 : LA MUSIQUE DE L'EXPÉRIENCE : LA DAMBURA COMME ENJEU...................................96 4.1 PREMIER ENJEU : PRENDRE SA PLACE................................................................................................96 4.2 DEUXIÈME ENJEU : LE POLITIQUE...................................................................................................105 4.3 TROISIÈME ENJEU : DAMBURA ET RELIGION......................................................................................113 4.4 QUATRIÈME ENJEU : ÉVOCATION, MÉMOIRE ET ETHOS....................................................................118 4.5 CINQUIÈME ENJEU : L’IDENTITÉ.......................................................................................................128 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................132 ANNEXE A......................................................................................................................................................I ANNEXE B...................................................................................................................................................IX ANNEXE C...................................................................................................................................................XI ANNEXE D................................................................................................................................................XIV ANNEXE E..................................................................................................................................................XV ANNEXE F.................................................................................................................................................XVI ANNEXE G...............................................................................................................................................XVII ANNEXE H................................................................................................................................................XIX ANNEXE I...................................................................................................................................................XX ANNEXE J................................................................................................................................................XXII ANNEXE K.............................................................................................................................................XXIV BIBLIOGRAPHIE................................................................................................................................XXV II RÉSUMÉ « MA DAMBURA NE MENT PAS » : MUSIQUE ET IDENTITÉ CHEZ LES HAZĀRA D’AFGHANISTAN Cette thèse porte sur l’articulation entre la dambura et l’identité Hazāra contemporaine. La dambura est un instrument de musique traditionnel présent dans le centre et le nord de l’Afghanistan. Les Hazāra sont une minorité ethno-culturelle et religieuse d’Afghanistan touchée historiquement par une stigmatisation multiforme qui persiste toujours jusqu’à ce jour. Ils forment aujourd’hui une communauté transnationale aux multiples diasporas. Dans le cadre d’un éveil identitaire transnational contemporain, l’affirmation identitaire hazāra a enfin libre cours. La dambura devient alors le médium d'une poésie non seulement traditionnelle mais aussi engagée, exprimant un discours identitaire qui aura contribué à la consolidation d’une conscience ethno-nationale. En cernant les pratiques, les discours et les significations reliés à la dambura pour les musiciens et les non-musiciens hazāra, et en examinant ce que révèle le corpus poétique du répertoire musical à la dambura, nous voyons comment la dambura se trouve élevée au statut de symbole identitaire. III REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens ici à exprimer ma gratitude à tous ceux qui m’auront accompagné dans cette entreprise qui transcende les cadres formels de la recherche, et sans lesquels ce travail n’aurait pas été possible. Je veux remercier mes amis Afghans du milieu universitaire à Ottawa, et aussi particulièrement les amis Hazāra qui m’auront fait connaître qui ils étaient. D’abord, je remercie Musa Hazāra qui fut le premier damboriste au Canada à me donner l’intuition qu’une telle entreprise de recherche était chose possible; puis Ali Karimi qui m’ouvrait à la possibilité de passer du temps en Afghanistan en ayant l’idée de me faire rester chez ses amis du quartier hazāra de Dacht-e Bartchi à Kaboul, et enfin, Asad Buda de m’avoir hébergé chez lui, ainsi que ceux sans lesquels il m’aurait été impossible de mener à bien le travail nécessaire en Afghanistan : Aziz, Hassan Karimi, Zia Sadeq, etc. Je tiens à remercier Maisam Nadjafizada pour son aide, d’abord au Canada, sans quoi il m’eût été peut-être impossible de me rendre en Afghanistan, et de voyager à l’intérieur du pays; Niamatullah Ibrahimi pour ses propos éclairants qui furent décisifs quant aux hypothèses formulées dans ce travail et Amir Foladi, organisateur du Silk Road Festival, pour son rôle crucial dans l’échantillonage en Afghanistan. Je suis extrêmement reconnaissant envers Mme Heidari et Mme Rezai, ainsi et leurs amis pour leur générosité et leur accueil à Toronto, me permettant ainsi de participer et m’initier à la communauté Hazāra de Toronto et dans le monde qui est le leur. Remerciements à l’ASA (Afghan Student Association) de l’université d’Ottawa dont les activités m’initièrent à la richesse culturelle de l’Afghanistan, et dont l’appui plus tard me permit de mener à bien l’entreprise de recherche. Je remercie donc tout particulièrement Khalid Mateen pour son aide inestimable dans la traduction cruciale et la transcription d’une part de matériel amassé en Afghanistan. Je remercie également M. Mahdavi pour son aide à la traduction de poèmes. Je dois une profonde reconnaissance envers tous ceux et celles qui au cours d’éclairantes et vibrantes conversations, me firent part de la condition Hazāra en Afghanistan et hors Afghanistan, ou qui contribuèrent également à précieuse traduction de chansons à la dambura : Grand merci tout spécialement à Nazira pour sa grande patience lors des traductions, ainsi que Shamim Ahmadi, Farkhonda Akbar, Mehdi Hakimi, Ali Lali, Mohamad Ibrahim Alizada, M. Nazari, et tous ceux que je n’ai pas nommé qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à cette recherche, particulièrement tous ceux qui auront bien voulu partager leurs idées sur la dambura et offrir leur amitié. Je remercie la mère de Nazira pour les repas offerts à Kaboul et la cordialité de son accueil, ainsi que pour l’enthousiasme quant à ma recherche, précieuse inspiration. Enfin, je remercie Stéphane Vibert pour sa bienveillante supervision lors
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