DOCSLIB.ORG

Text and Transformation: Refiguring Identity in Postcolonial Phillipines" (2004)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2004 Text and Transformation: Refiguring Identity in ostcolonialP Phillipines R Edmund Lacson University of San Francisco Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Lacson, R Edmund, "Text and Transformation: Refiguring Identity in Postcolonial Phillipines" (2004). Master's Theses. 1215. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/1215 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. University of San Francisco Text and Transformation: Refiguring Identity in Postcolonial Philippines A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School ofEducation Organization and Leadership Program With emphasis in Pacific Leadership International Studies In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by R. Edmund J..,acson San Francisco May2004 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate's dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in this work represent the work of the candidate alone. ~ '3/, '2-0CJ.i Candidate Date 7)1 u.-cA. 3 i) 2 &rf 4 11 Acknowledgments Completing an academic program of this nature is always a group activity and never the result of one person's effort only. Many inspired me, and many helped me. Topping the list is my mother, Dr. Evangelina Hilario-Lacson, who never tired of encouraging me to enroll in a doctoral program of interest to me. Closely following her are Dr. L. Robert Kohls, and Dr. Mark W. Rosegrant. Both of them recommended to the University of San Francisco my acceptance to the Organization and Leadership (PLI) doctoral program. This dissertation could not have been completed without the participation of my research conversation partners. My thanks and appreciation go to four students, leaders in their own right, of the University ofthe Philippines: Khalim Buking Tangilag, Joanna Faith H. Villanueva, Maharlika Alonto, and Eunessa A. Baterina. No less than thanks and appreciation are due Arnold M. Azurin, Dr. Ma. Celeste T. Gonzalez, F. Sionil Jose, Josefina Padilla-Rufino, Dr. Perla Rizalina M. Tayko, and Conrad de Quiros. Were it not for their generosity in sharing their ideas and time with me, this study would not have been completed. The advice, counsel, and encouragement I received from my adviser Dr: Ellen A. Herda, I can only describe as invaluable. I found studying under her direction not only enlightening, but also enjoyable. To Ernesto "Butch" M. Hilario and to his wife, Chat Garcia, maraming salamat for inviting me to make their home my home during my stay in Manila. A special note of thanks is due Butch for introducing me to his friends Arnold M. Azurin, and Conrad de Quiros. lll Whenever research work was on the verge of overwhelming me, Pablo "Tito" and Bobbie Mercado were always available for pleasant company. They also made sure I was never inconvenienced for lack of a motor vehicle. This wonderful couple made certain I had reliable hatid/sundo service. A special note of gratitude is due my friend Ernest Rufino, who made certain I received all the books and other materials I requested sent from Manila. Also to Ranilo B. Hermida for sharing his understanding of the Spirit of 1896 with me. To the many other friends who helped make my stay in the city of my birth very pleasant, thank you all. I would have found doing my research to be very difficult were it not for Emma Evidente. She coordinated and assisted in numerous activities that had to do with my research in Manila. If only every researcher were as fortunate as I was in having someone like Emma help manage his or her activities with such efficiency. I cannot say thank you enough to Patricia F. Lacson, my friend and spouse. What I have accomplished I would not have been able to achieve were she absent. Errors and omissions, I do not share with anyone. I alone am responsible for them. IV Table of Contents Chapter One Description of the Research Introduction to Research Issue .................................................... 1 Background ofResearch Issue ..................................................... 3 Rizal's Vision of the Filipino Nation.......................................... 9 Rizal's El Sentimiento Nacional ................................................ 10 Significance of the Study......................................................... 13 Summary and Upcoming Text ................................................... 14 Chapter Two Background of Country Introduction ........................................................................ 16 Colonial Periods ................................................................... 18 From pre-Spanish Contact to the return of American rule in 1945 Colonial Discourse ................................................................ 29 From Imperialism to Neocolonialism ........................................... 31 Modernity and the Postcolonial Present ........................................ 34 Views on the Public Sphere, Politics, Society, the Economy, and the Postcolonial Present Postmodernity. 56 Summary and Upcoming Text................................................ 62 Chapter Three Review ofLiterature Introduction ........................................................................ 64 Origin of the Country ............................................................. 66 Colonization, Resistance, and Nationhood .................................... 67 Colonialism and Identity .......................................................... 7 4 Persistence ofRacial and Ethnic Stereotyping ................................ 80 Gathering Scattered Pieces, llluminating Traces ................... : .......... 84 Summary and Upcoming Text ................................................... 88 Chapter Four Description of the Research Process Introduction ........................................................................ 90 Theoretical Background .......................................................... 91 Mimesis1, Mimesis3, and Mimesis2 Entree ............................................................................... 98 Research Participants ............................................................. 99 Research Categories and Questions ............................................ 102 Journals ........................................................................... l 03 Data Collection and Analysis ................................................... 104 v / Research Focus .................................................................. 106 Research Timeline................................................ 107 Background of Researcher... 107 Summary and Upcoming Text ................................................. 109 Chapter Five Synopses and Analyses of Conversations Introduction ....................................................................... 111 Khalim Buking Tangilag ........................................................ 111 Joanna Faith H. Villanueva ..................................................... 116 Eunessa A. Baterina ............................................................. 123 Maharlika S. Alonto ............................................................. 124 Josefina Padilla-Rufino ......................................................... 127 Perla Rizalina M. Tayko ........................................................ 133 F. Sionil Jose ..................................................................... 137 Arnold M. Azurin... 142 Conrad de Quiros ................................................................ 146 Ma. Celeste T. Gonzalez ........................................................ 150 Gleanings from Conversations ................................................. 160 Summary and Upcoming Text ................................................. 165 Chapter Six Hermeneutics, History, and Issues from Conversations Introduction ....................................................................... 167 The Mimetic Functions Figuration, Reflection on, and Remembering of the Past (Mt) ................................................... 169 Reflection and Remembering ....................... 169 Memory, Identity, and the Other ................... 172 Refiguration and the Imagining of an Alternate World (M3) ...................................... 185 The First Spark. ....................................... 185 The Spirit of 1896 ........................... , ........ 188 What is Ideology? .................................... 189 Rizal' s Demands for Reform, Ideology and Concept of Social Ethics ............................. 190 Redemption in Dapitan, Betrayal in Manila ............................................... 201 Imagination and Potential for Action ........................ 202 Nineteenth Century and Twenty-First Century Problems ...................................
Recommended publications
  • THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History

    THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History

    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
  • The Kingly Treasures Auction 2018 1 December 2018 | 2:00 PM Marina Cruz Untitled Ronald Ventura Embrace León Gallery FINE ART & ANTIQUES

    The Kingly Treasures Auction 2018 1 December 2018 | 2:00 PM Marina Cruz Untitled Ronald Ventura Embrace León Gallery FINE ART & ANTIQUES

    León Gallery FINE ART & ANTIQUES The Kingly Treasures Auction 2018 1 December 2018 | 2:00 PM Marina Cruz Untitled Ronald Ventura Embrace León Gallery FINE ART & ANTIQUES AuctionAuction SaturdaySaturday || DecemberDecember 1,1, 20182018 2:002:00 PMPM PreviewPreview NovemberNovember 2424 -- 30,30, 20182018 9:009:00 AMAM -- 7:007:00 PMPM VenueVenue G/FG/F EurovillaEurovilla 11 RufinoRufino cornercorner LegazpiLegazpi StreetsStreets LegazpiLegazpi Village,Village, MakatiMakati CityCity PhilippinesPhilippines ContactContact www.leon-gallery.comwww.leon-gallery.com [email protected]@leon-gallery.com +632+632 856-27-81856-27-81 Fernando Amorsolo Planting Rice Mark Justiniani Lutaw-Lutaw 9 Foreword 10 - 249 Lots 1 - 167 256 Index 257 Terms and Conditions 258 Registration Form León Gallery FINE ART & ANTIQUES Director Jaime L. Ponce de Leon Curator Lisa Guerrero Nakpil Consultants Martin I. Tinio, Jr Augusto M.R Gonzalez III Ramon N. Villegas (+) Writer Earl Digo Book Design and Layout Jefferson Ricario Senior Graphic Designer Dia Marian P. Magculang Graphic Design & Photography John Gabriel Yu Christine Marie Tabiosas Dana de Vera Kyle Kenneth Bautista Project Assistants Nestorio Capino Jane Daria Ramil Flores Robert Gotinga Generoso Olaco Catalino Mallabo Jr. Anjello Bueno Reneliza de Taza Laurence Anne Torres Wilfredo M. Manalang Anna Lyn Calizo Richelle Custodio Published by León Gallery G/F Eurovilla 1 Rufino corner Legazpi Streets Legazpi Village, Makati City Metro Manila, Philippines This catalogue is published to accompany the auction by León Gallery entitled The Kingly Treasures Auction 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this catalogue may be reproduced or re-printed without the express written consent of León Gallery.
  • Responses of 'Carabao' Mango to Various Ripening Agents

    Responses of 'Carabao' Mango to Various Ripening Agents

    Philippine Journal of Science 148 (3): 513-523, September 2019 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 08 Apr 2019 Responses of ‘Carabao’ Mango to Various Ripening Agents Angelyn T. Lacap1, Emma Ruth V. Bayogan1*, Leizel B. Secretaria1, Christine Diana S. Lubaton1, and Daryl C. Joyce2,3 1College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Tugbok District, Davao City 8022 Philippines 2School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia 3Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102 Australia Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with moisture in the air to produce acetylene (C2H2) gas, an analog of ethylene (C2H4). Commercial sources of CaC2 may be contaminated with arsenic and phosphorous, which are also released during a chemical reaction. This constitutes a potentially serious health risk to ripeners and may contaminate the product. Although banned in many countries, CaC2 is still used in the Philippines because equally inexpensive and effective alternatives are lacking. This study investigated the relative efficacy of alternatives for ripening ‘Carabao’ mango. Fruit harvested at –1 107 d after flower induction were treated with CaC2 (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g kg ); ethephon (500, 1000, or 1500 μL L–1); Gliricidia sepium leaves (20% w/w); or ‘Cardava’ banana fruit (10% w/w) for 72 h. Mangoes were then held under ambient room conditions [29.9 ± 3.1°C, 77.74 ± 2.9% relative humidity (RH)] for 7 d. Assessments of peel color, firmness, and total soluble solids showed that fruit treated with higher concentrations of ethephon (1000 or 1500 μL L–1) exhibited similar ripening –1 responses as those treated with CaC2.
  • Asturica Augusta

    Asturica Augusta

    Today, as yesterday, communication and mobility are essential in the configuration of landscapes, understood as cultural creations. The dense networks of roads that nowadays crisscross Europe have a historical depth whose roots lie in its ancient roads. Under the might of Rome, a network of roads was designed for the first time that was capable of linking points very far apart and of organizing the lands they traversed. They represent some of the Empire’s landscapes and are testimony to the ways in which highly diverse regions were integrated under one single power: Integration Water and land: Integration Roads of conquest The rural world of the limits ports and trade of the mountains Roads of conquest The initial course of the roads was often marked by the Rome army in its advance. Their role as an instrument of control over conquered lands was a constant, with soldiers, orders, magistrates, embassies and emperors all moving along them. Alesia is undoubtedly one of the most emblematic landscapes of the war waged by Rome’s legions against the peoples that inhabited Europe. Its material remains and the famous account by Caesar, the Gallic Wars, have meant that Alesia has been recognized for two centuries now as a symbol of the expansion of Rome and the resistance of local communities. Alesia is the famous battle between Julius Caesar and Vercingetorix, the Roman army against the Gaulish tribes. The siege of Alesia took place in 52 BC, but its location was not actually discovered until the 19th century thanks to archeological research! Located on the site of the battle itself, in the centre of France, in Burgundy, in the village of Alise-Sainte-Reine, the MuseoParc Alesia opened its doors in 2012 in order to provide the key to understanding this historical event and the historical context, in order to make history accessible to the greatest number of people.
  • Skeletonized Microfossils from the Lower–Middle Cambrian Transition of the Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain

    Skeletonized Microfossils from the Lower–Middle Cambrian Transition of the Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain

    Skeletonized microfossils from the Lower–Middle Cambrian transition of the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain SÉBASTIEN CLAUSEN and J. JAVIER ÁLVARO Clausen, S. and Álvaro, J.J. 2006. Skeletonized microfossils from the Lower–Middle Cambrian transition of the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (2): 223–238. Two different assemblages of skeletonized microfossils are recorded in bioclastic shoals that cross the Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary in the Esla nappe, Cantabrian Mountains. The uppermost Lower Cambrian sedimentary rocks repre− sent a ramp with ooid−bioclastic shoals that allowed development of protected archaeocyathan−microbial reefs. The shoals yield abundant debris of tube−shelled microfossils, such as hyoliths and hyolithelminths (Torellella), and trilobites. The overlying erosive unconformity marks the disappearance of archaeocyaths and the Iberian Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary. A different assemblage occurs in the overlying glauconitic limestone associated with development of widespread low−relief bioclastic shoals. Their lowermost part is rich in hyoliths, hexactinellid, and heteractinid sponge spicules (Eiffelia), chancelloriid sclerites (at least six form species of Allonnia, Archiasterella, and Chancelloria), cambroclaves (Parazhijinites), probable eoconchariids (Cantabria labyrinthica gen. et sp. nov.), sclerites of uncertain af− finity (Holoplicatella margarita gen. et sp. nov.), echinoderm ossicles and trilobites. Although both bioclastic shoal com− plexes represent similar high−energy conditions, the unconformity at the Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary marks a drastic replacement of microfossil assemblages. This change may represent a real community replacement from hyolithelminth−phosphatic tubular shells to CES (chancelloriid−echinoderm−sponge) meadows. This replacement coin− cides with the immigration event based on trilobites previously reported across the boundary, although the partial infor− mation available from originally carbonate skeletons is also affected by taphonomic bias.
  • Presenting Affiliations with Adresses MPSD - 01 Adopting Blueprints of Nature: Marine Waste-Derived Jolleen Natalie I

    Presenting Affiliations with Adresses MPSD - 01 Adopting Blueprints of Nature: Marine Waste-Derived Jolleen Natalie I

    SCIENTIFIC POSTERS - LIST OF ACCEPTED ABSTRACTS - MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES No. Title of Abstract (Please do not use All Caps.) Names of authors Major Author - Presenting Affiliations with Adresses MPSD - 01 Adopting blueprints of nature: Marine waste-derived Jolleen Natalie I. Jolleen Natalie Jolleen Natalie The Graduate School self-healing hydrogels for wound healing Balitaan, Chung-Der Balitaan Balitaan and Department of Hsiao, Jui-Ming Yeh, Chemistry, College of Karen S. Santiago Science University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila 1008 MPSD - 02 Antioxidant Activity of Total Carotenoids Extracted Arvin Paul P. Tuaño, Arvin Paul P. Arvin Paul P. Institute of Human from Lemon Peels via Dual Enzyme-Assisted Audrey Dana F. Tuaño Tuaño Nutrition and Food, Extraction using Microbial Xylanase and Cellulase Domingo, and Vyanka College of Human Teia Leeniza M. Gonzales Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna; Department of Biochemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, Dasmariñas, Cavite MPSD - 03 Aromatic Ether Bond Cleavage of Lignin Model Mormie Joseph F. Sarno, Mormie Joseph Mormie Joseph Adventist University of Compound (Benzyl Phenyl Ether) Utilizing Cobalt- Allan Jay P. Cardenas, F. Sarno F. Sarno the Philippines PDI Complexes Mae Joanne B. Aguila MPSD - 04 Biocompatible and Antimicrobial Cellulose Acetate Carlo M. Macaspag, Jenneli E. Caya Carlo M. Philippine Textile Nanofiber Membrane from Banana (Musa Jenneli E. Caya Macaspag Research Institute, Gen. acuminata x balbisiana) Pseudostem Fibers. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631 MPSD - 05 Citric Acid Crosslinked Nanofibrillated Cellulose Jared Vincent T. Josanelle Jared Vincent T. Philippine Textile from Banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) Lacaran, Ronald Angela V.
  • Death by Garrote Waiting in Line at the Security Checkpoint Before Entering

    Death by Garrote Waiting in Line at the Security Checkpoint Before Entering

    Death by Garrote Waiting in line at the security checkpoint before entering Malacañang, I joined Metrobank Foundation director Chito Sobrepeña and Retired Justice Rodolfo Palattao of the anti-graft court Sandiganbayan who were discussing how to inspire the faculty of the Unibersidad de Manila (formerly City College of Manila) to become outstanding teachers. Ascending the grand staircase leading to the ceremonial hall, I told Justice Palattao that Manuel Quezon never signed a death sentence sent him by the courts because of a story associated with these historic steps. Quezon heard that in December 1896 Jose Rizal's mother climbed these steps on her knees to see the governor-general and plead for her son's life. Teodora Alonso's appeal was ignored and Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan. At the top of the stairs, Justice Palattao said "Kinilabutan naman ako sa kinuwento mo (I had goosebumps listening to your story)." Thus overwhelmed, he missed Juan Luna's Pacto de Sangre, so I asked "Ilan po ang binitay ninyo? (How many people did you sentence to death?)" "Tatlo lang (Only three)", he replied. At that point we were reminded of retired Sandiganbayan Justice Manuel Pamaran who had the fearful reputation as The Hanging Judge. All these morbid thoughts on a cheerful morning came from the morbid historical relics I have been contemplating recently: a piece of black cloth cut from the coat of Rizal wore to his execution, a chipped piece of Rizal's backbone displayed in Fort Santiago that shows where the fatal bullet hit him, a photograph of Ninoy Aquino's bloodstained shirt taken in 1983, the noose used to hand General Yamashita recently found in the bodega of the National Museum.
  • And Another Thing... Asian Writing in English

    And Another Thing... Asian Writing in English

    LOGOS And another thing... Asian writing in English: Why it fails to reach a world market Leon Comber As a publisher's representative in Asia in the '50s and '60s, I often reflected that there were Asian writers whose work deserved to be published for audiences beyond their own countries. This gener­ ally involved translation into English. In those days, some British and other publishers with offices in Asia, such as Oxford University Press in Kuala Lumpur and Charles E Turtle in Tokyo, had already A graduate in Modern Chinese of built admirable lists in English translation. Times the School of Oriental and Books International and Federal Publications in African Studies in London, Leon Singapore and New Day in the Philippines were also beginning to publish Asian literature in Comber served as an officer in English. the Indian Army in World War II My concept, on behalf of Heinemann, in India, Burma and Malaya. He was to encourage creative writing in English from then entered publishing in the whole of Asia. The first book in the "Writing in Singapore in the 1950s, and from Asia Series" was Modern Malaysian Chinese Stories (1966), translated by Ly Singko, a newspaper 1960 to 1985 was Managing reporter and part-time lecturer in Chinese drama, Director of Heinemann with some help from myself. Educated at Beijing Publishers Asia Ltd, Hong Kong, University and the Sorbonne, he fell foul of the with responsibilities from Japan Singapore authorities and spent several years in Changi Jail before he was released and allowed to to Indonesia. Recently retired as migrate to Australia.
  • Paganninawanvol

    Paganninawanvol

    THE OFFICIAL NEWSLETTER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT - REGION 1 PAGANNINAWANVOL. 11 NO. 2 APRIL - JUNE 2015 DILG R1 engages 334 youth leaders for WEmboree The Department of the Interior and Local Government Region 1 (DILG R1) gathered 334 youth leaders in the Region for the conduct of WEmboree, a disaster - resiliency camp, in the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and Pangasinan last May 21-22, 2015 and in the province of La Union last May 22-23, 2015. These youth leaders come from the following: 75 from 18 local government units (LGUs) and three (3) Local Resource Institutes (LRIs) of Ilocos Norte, 81 from 31 LGUs of Ilocos Sur, 94 from 15 LGUs of La Union and 84 from 32 LGUs of Pangasinan. The WEmboree of the four (4) provinces were simultaneously conducted at Marcos Stadium, Laoag City, Ilocos Norte; Philippine Science High School, San Ildefonso, Ilocos Sur; Camp Diego Silang, Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union; and Narciso Ramos Sports and Civic Center, Lingayen, Pangasinan.(continued at page 6) WHAT’S INSIDE Ilocos Sur receives 2014 PCF p.2 DILG R1 preps 32 LGUs on BuB-PWS p.3 DILG-Ilocos Norte launces UBAS p.5 Balaoan, LU launches Operation Pinili, IN conducts CBMS App Training p.8 Teenager from Cabugao, IS awarded Listo p.7 with Gawad Kalasag p.11 2 The Official Newsletter of the Department of the Interior and Local Government - Region 1 RPOC 1: Bring government Province of Ilocos Sur closer to affected areas, receives 2014 PCF solve insurgency The Regional Peace and Order Council (RPOC) 1 has recently agreed that the most practical approach to resolve insurgency problems in the Region is to bring the government and its services closer to the affected armed-conflict areas.
  • The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service

    The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service

    The Development of the Philippine Foreign Service During the Revolutionary Period and the Filipino- American War (1896-1906): A Story of Struggle from the Formation of Diplomatic Contacts to the Philippine Republic Augusto V. de Viana University of Santo Tomas The Philippine foreign service traces its origin to the Katipunan in the early 1890s. Revolutionary leaders knew that the establishment of foreign contacts would be vital to the success of the objectives of the organization as it struggles toward the attainment of independence. This was proven when the Katipunan leaders tried to secure the support of Japanese and German governments for a projected revolution against Spain. Some patriotic Filipinos in Hong Kong composed of exiles also supported the Philippine Revolution.The organization of these exiled Filipinos eventually formed the nucleus of the Philippine Central Committee, which later became known as the Hong Kong Junta after General Emilio Aguinaldo arrived there in December 1897. After Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines in May 1898, he issued a decree reorganizing his government and creating four departments, one of which was the Department of Foreign Relations, Navy, and Commerce. This formed the basis of the foundation of the present Department of Foreign Affairs. Among the roles of this office was to seek recognition from foreign countries, acquire weapons and any other needs of the Philippine government, and continue lobbying for support from other countries. It likewise assigned emissaries equivalent to today’s ambassadors and monitored foreign reactions to the developments in the Philippines. The early diplomats, such as Felipe Agoncillo who was appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary of the revolutionary government, had their share of hardships as they had to make do with meager means.
  • F:\MANOJ\IF Journal Home\July-A

    F:\MANOJ\IF Journal Home\July-A

    FOCUS Strategic Cultures: Pax Sinica versus Pax Indica Mohan Malik* Editor's Note: This article is reproduced from the book by the author, CHINA AND INDIA: GREAT POWER RIVALS (Lynne Rienner and Viva Books, 2011). Chinese belligerence on its border with India and indeed at the borders with all its other neighbours is a recurring feature in Chinese history, which arises from a worldview that places China at the centre of the world. This article is extremely relevant today, as it was when it was written nearly a decade ago, to understand the Chinese behaviour and policies toward India. s ancient civilisations, China and India geopolitics. The biggest obstacle to Sino-Indian coexisted in peace and harmony for amity is that both countries aspire to the same things Amillennia. As postcolonial modern nation- at the same time on the same continental landmass states, however, with the exception of a very short and its adjoining waters.1 period of bonhomie in the early 1950s, relations To understand the roles China and India want between the two Asian giants have been marked to play on the international stage in the twenty- by conflict, containment, mutual suspicion, distrust, first century, we first need to return to history to and rivalry. Just as the Indian sub-continental plate gain an understanding of their roles and relationship has a tendency to constantly rub and push against several millennia ago. Both China and India have the Eurasian tectonic plate, causing friction and gone through regular periods of decline and volatility in the entire Himalayan mountain range, resurgence.
  • Global History and the Present Time

    Global History and the Present Time

    Global History and the Present Time Wolf Schäfer There are three times: a present time of past things; a present time of present things; and a present time of future things. St. Augustine1 It makes sense to think that the present time is the container of past, present, and future things. Of course, the three branches of the present time are heavily inter- twined. Let me illustrate this with the following story. A few journalists, their minds wrapped around present things, report the clash of some politicians who are taking opposite sides in a struggle about future things. The politicians argue from histori- cal precedent, which was provided by historians. The historians have written about past things in a number of different ways. This gets out into the evening news and thus into the minds of people who are now beginning to discuss past, present, and future things. The people’s discussion returns as feedback to the journalists, politi- cians, and historians, which starts the next round and adds more twists to the en- tangled branches of the present time. I conclude that our (hi)story has no real exit doors into “the past” or “the future” but a great many mirror windows in each hu- man mind reflecting spectra of actual pasts and potential futures, all imagined in the present time. The complexity of the present (any given present) is such that no- body can hope to set the historical present straight for everybody. Yet this does not mean that a scientific exploration of history is impossible. History has a proven and robust scientific method.