Bridget of Sweden

For Swedish royalty, see Bridget of Sweden (disam- The most celebrated saint of Sweden was the daughter of biguation). the knight Birger Persson[2] of the family of Finsta, gov- ernor and lawspeaker of Uppland, and one of the richest Bridget of Sweden (1303 – 23 July 1373); born as Bir- landowners of the country, and his wife, a member of the so-called Lawspeaker branch of the Folkunga family. gitta Birgersdotter, also Birgitta of Vadstena, or Saint Birgitta (Swedish: den heliga Birgitta), was a mystic and Through her mother, Ingeborg, Birgitta was related to the Swedish kings of her era. saint, and founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks af- ter the death of her husband of twenty years. Outside of She was born in June 1303. There is no exact recording Sweden, she was also known as the Princess of Nericia[1] for which precise date. In 1316, at the age of 14[2] she and was the mother of Catherine of Vadstena. (Though married Ulf Gudmarsson of the family of Ulvåsa, Lord normally named as Bridget of Sweden, she was not a mem- of Närke, to whom she bore eight children, four daugh- ber of Swedish royalty.) ters and four sons. Six survived infancy, which was rare at She is one of the six patron saints of Europe, together that time. Her eldest daughter was Märta Ulfsdotter. Her with Benedict of Nursia, Saints Cyril and Methodius, second daughter is now honored as St. Catherine of Swe- Catherine of Siena and Edith Stein. den. Her youngest daughter was Cecilia Ulvsdotter. Brid- get became known for her works of charity, particularly toward Östergötland’s unwed mothers and their children. When she was in her early thirties, she was summoned to 1 Biography be principal lady-in-waiting to the new Queen of Sweden, Blanche of Namur. In 1341 she and her husband went on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. In 1344, shortly after their return, Ulf died at the Cistercian Alvastra Abbey in Östergötland. After this loss, Birgitta became a member of the Third Order of St. Francis and devoted herself wholly to a life of prayer and caring for the poor and the sick.[3] It was about this time that she developed the idea of estab- lishing the religious community which was to become the Order of the Most Holy Saviour, or the Brigittines, whose principal house at Vadstena was later richly endowed by King Magnus IV of Sweden and his queen. One distinc- tive feature of the pre-Reformation houses of the Order was that they were double monasteries, with both men and women forming a joint community, though with sep- arate cloisters. They were to live in poor convents and to give all surplus income to the poor. However, they were allowed to have as many books as they pleased.[3] In 1350, a Jubilee Year, Bridget braved a plague-stricken Europe to make a pilgrimage to Rome accompanied by her daughter, Catherine, and a small party of priests and disciples. This was done partly to obtain from the Pope the authorization of the new Order and partly in pursuance of her self-imposed mission to elevate the moral tone of the age. This was during the period of the Avignon Papacy within the Roman Catholic Church, however, and she had to wait for the return of the papacy Saint Bridget in the religious habit and the crown of a Bridgettine to Rome from the French city of Avignon, a move for nun, in a 1476 breviary of the form of the Divine Office unique which she agitated for many years. to her Order

1 2 3 THE FIFTEEN 'OUR FATHER AND HAIL MARY PRAYERS’

It was not until 1370 that Pope Urban V, during his brief of Christ became the center of her spiritual life.[3] The attempt to re-establish the papacy in Rome, confirmed revelations she had received since childhood now be- the Rule of the Order, but meanwhile Birgitta had made came more frequent, and her records of these Revela- herself universally beloved in Rome by her kindness and tiones coelestes (“Celestial revelations”) which were trans- good works. Save for occasional pilgrimages, including lated into Latin by Matthias, canon of Linköping, and by one to Jerusalem in 1373, she remained in Rome until her her confessor, Peter Olafsson, prior of Alvastra, obtained death on 23 July 1373, urging ecclesiastical reform.[3] a great vogue during the Middle Ages.[2] These revela- In her pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem and Bethlehem, tions made Bridget something of a celebrity to some and a controversial figure to others.[5] she sent “back precise instructions for the construction of the monastery” now known as Blue Church, insisting that Her visions of the Nativity of Jesus had a great influence an “abbess, signifying the Virgin Mary, should preside on depictions of the Nativity of Jesus in art. Shortly be- over both nuns and monks.”[4] fore her death, she described a vision which included the Bridget went to confession every day, and had a constant infant Jesus as lying on the ground, and emitting light smiling face.[3] Although she never returned to Sweden, himself, and describes the Virgin as blond-haired; many her years in Rome were far from happy, being hounded depictions followed this and reduced other light sources by debts and by opposition to her work against Church in the scene to emphasize this effect, and the Nativity re- abuses. She was originally buried at San Lorenzo in mained very commonly treated with chiaroscuro through Panisperna before her remains were returned to Swe- to the Baroque. Other details often seen such as a single den. She was canonized in the year 1391 by Pope Boni- candle “attached to the wall,” and the presence of God face IX, which was confirmed by the Council of Con- the Father above, also come from Bridget’s vision. stance in 1415. Because of new discussions about her The Virgin kneels to pray to her child, to be joined by works, the Council of Basel confirmed the orthodoxy of Saint Joseph, and this (technically known as the “Adora- the revelations in 1436. tion of the Child”) becomes one of the commonest depic- tions in the fifteenth century, largely replacing the reclin- ing Virgin in the West. Versions of this depiction occur 2 Visions as early as 1300, well before Bridget’s vision, and have a Franciscan origin, by which she may have been influ- enced, as she was a member of the Franciscan Order.[6] Her visions of Purgatory were also well known.[7] In addition, “she even predicted an eventual Vatican State, foretelling almost the exact boundaries delineated by Mussolini for Vatican City in 1921.”[8] Pope Benedict XVI spoke of Bridget in a general audi- ence on 27 October 2010, saying that the value of Saint Bridget’s Revelations, sometimes the object of doubt, was specified by Pope John Paul II in the letter Spes Aedificandi: “Yet there is no doubt that the Church,” wrote my beloved predecessor, “which recognized Brid- get’s holiness without ever pronouncing on her individual revelations, has accepted the overall authenticity of her interior experience.”[9]

3 The Fifteen 'Our Father and Hail Mary prayers’ The Vision of St Bridget. The Risen Christ, displaying his wound from Longinus, inspires the writing of Saint Bridget. De- Saint Bridget prayed for a long time to know how many tail of initial letter miniature, dated 1530, probably made at blows Jesus Christ suffered during His terrible Passion. Syon Monastery, England, a Bridgettine House. (BL Harley MS Rewarding her patience, one day He appeared to her and 4640,f.15) said, “I received 5480 blows upon My Body. If you wish to honor them in some way, recite fifteen Our Fa- At the age of ten, Bridget had a vision of Jesus hanging thers and fifteen Hail Marys with the following Prayers, upon the cross. When she asked who had treated him like [3] which I Myself shall teach you, for an entire year. When this, he answered: the year is finished, you will have honored each of My She was so impressed that from that moment the Passion Wounds.”[10] 3

4 Veneration

Saint Bridget’s reliquary, holding a piece of her bone.

The prayers became known as the “Fifteen O’s”, be- cause in the original Latin, each prayer began with the words O Jesu, O Rex, or O Domine Jesu Christe.[11] Some have questioned whether Saint Bridget is in fact their author; Eamon Duffy reports that the prayers probably originated in England, in the devotional circles that sur- rounded Richard Rolle or the English Brigittines.[12] Whatever their origin, the prayers were quite widely cir- culated in the late Middle Ages, and became regular fea- tures in Books of Hours and other devotional literature. They were translated into various languages; an early En- glish language version of them was printed in a primer by William Caxton. The prayers themselves reflect the late medieval tradition of meditation on the passion of Christ, and are structured around the seven last words of Christ. They borrow from patristic and Scriptural sources as well Statue of Bridget of Sweden in Vadstena Abbey. Work by sculptor as the tradition of devotion to the wounds of Christ.[13] Johannes Junge in 1425. During the Middle Ages, the prayers began to circulate In 1651 the Brigitta Chapel was erected in Vienna, and in with various promises of indulgence and other assurances of supernatural graces supposed to attend from their reg- 1900 the new district Brigittenau was founded. In Swe- den, adjacent to Skederid Church, built by Bridget’s fa- ular recitation over the course of a year. These indul- gences were repeated in the manuscript tradition of the ther on the family’s land, a memorial stone was erected in 1930. Books of Hours, and may constitute one major source of the prayers’ popularity in the late Middle Ages. They On 1 October 1999 Pope John Paul II named Saint Brid- promise, among other things, the release from Purgatory get as a patron saint of Europe.[18][19] Her feast day is of fifteen of the devotee’s family members, and that they celebrated on 23 July, the day of her death. Her feast would keep fifteen living family members in a state of was not in the Tridentine Calendar, but was inserted in grace.[14][15] the General Roman Calendar in 1623 for celebration on 7 The extravagance of the promises made in these rubrics – October, the day of her 1391 canonization by Pope Boni- one widely circulated version promised that the devotee face IX. Five years later, her feast was moved to 8 Octo- would receive “his heart’s desire, if it be for the salva- ber (although the Church in Sweden celebrates it on the tion of his soul”[14] — attracted critics early and late. In 7th), where it remained until the revision of the General Roman Calendar in 1969, when it was set on the date cur- 1538, William Marshall enjoined his readers to “hense- [20] forth ... forget suche prayers as seynt Brigittes & other rently used. Some continue to use the earlier General lyke, whyche greate promyses and perdons haue falsly Roman Calendar of 1954, the General Roman Calen- auaunced.”[16] In 1954, the Acta Apostolicae Sedis found dar of Pope Pius XII, or the General Roman Calendar the alleged promises (though not the prayers themselves) of 1960. unreliable, and directed local ordinaries not to permit the The Third Order of St. Francis includes her feast day on circulation of pamphlets containing the promises.[17][10] its Calendar of Saints on same day as the general Church, 4 7 REFERENCES honoring her as a member of the Order. 7 References Bjärka-Säby Monastery has a portrait of Bridget of Swe- den venerated by Christians of several denominations. Footnotes An hour away from this monastery, Vadstena Abbey, also known as Blue Church, contains relics of the saint, with [1] Furstinnan från/av Närke Eivor Martinus in Barndrottnin- her body being venerated by both Lutheran and Catholic gen Filippa, ISBN 978-91-7331-663-7 pp 115, 164 & 167 believers.[21][22] [2] “Kirsch, Johann Peter. “St. Bridget of Sweden.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Ap- pleton Company, 1907. 6 Jan. 2013”. Newadvent.org. 5 Critical evaluation over time Retrieved 17 April 2013. [3] Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). “St. Bridget”. My First In Sweden itself, different images of Bridget have pre- Book of Saints. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate - Quality vailed over the centuries: the Swedish nationalist image, Catholic Publications. pp. 158–159. ISBN 971-91595- the ecumenical, the European, the spiritual and mystical, 4-5. even accusations associating her visions with mental ill- [4] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First ness. Things. Institute on Religion and Public Life. June Martin Luther called her die tolle Brigit (“the crazy Brid- 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Bridget—or Birgitta as get”), Olaus Petri called her revelations “day dreams”, she is known in Sweden—left her homeland and trav- elled to Rome, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, sending back and Queen Christina of Sweden said she preferred to precise instructions for the construction of the monastery be counted among the sensible rather than among the I am now entering, known as the “Blue Church” after saints, compared because she too moved to Rome. Some the unique color of its granite. Birgitta insisted that the 19th-century writers presented her as a forerunner of the abbess, signifying the Virgin Mary, should preside over Protestant Reformation due to her criticism of popes, both nuns and monks. bishops and other clergy for not living in accordance with the teaching of their religion.[23] However, she never crit- [5] “Ball, Judy, “Woman on a Bod Mission”, ''Saint Anthony icized that teaching or the church as such. Messenger”. Americancatholic.org. Retrieved 17 April 2013. Of her as depicted in his play Folkungasagan August Strindberg explained Bridget as “a power-hungry, vain- [6] Schiller and Seligman, pp. 76–78. glorius woman who intentionally vied for sainthood”, [7] Duffy, p. 338. adding “of this unpleasant woman and according to the historical documents I made the uncontrollable ninny [8] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First now in my drama, although in her honor I let her awaken Things. Institute on Religion and Public Life. June 2014. to clarity about her silliness and her arrogance.”[24] Retrieved 18 May 2014. Faced with the corruption of the Avignon papacy, she even predicted an eventual Vatican In Throne of a Thousand Years (1996) it is described how State, foretelling almost the exact boundaries delineated Bridget damaged King Magnus and Queen Blanche by ac- by Mussolini for Vatican City in 1921. cusing them of “erotic deviatons, extravagance and mur- derous plots”,[25] criticism particularly noted by Dala- [9] Saint Bridget of Sweden, General Audience, 27 October Demokraten as likely to upset Swedish nuns.[26] With the 2010. translation of her Latin works into Swedish, however, [10] Puskorius, Casimir M. “Magnificent Prayers, Yes – Mag- there is now more understanding and appreciation of her [27] nificent Promises, No”. dailycatholic.org. Retrieved 23 in some Swedish circles. July 2013.

[11] O Jesus; O King; O Lord Jesus Christ. 6 See also [12] Duffy, p. 249. [13] Duffy, pp. 249–252. • List of Catholic saints [14] Duffy, p. 255.

• Patron saint [15] The Secret of Happiness: The Fifteen Prayers Revealed By Our Lord to Saint Bridget in the Church of Saint Paul in • Pirita Convent Rome (Pamphlet), Suzanne Foinard, Editions Sainte-Rita (1940). OCLC 25228073. • Societas Sanctae Birgittae [16] Quoted in Summit, Jennifer (2000). Lost Property: The Woman Writer and English Literary History, 1380–1589. • Syon Monastery University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-78013-9. 5

[17] Acta Apostolicae Sedis, XLVI (1954), 64: In aliquibus Retrieved 18 May 2014. Like England, Sweden went locis divulgatum est opusculum quoddam, cui titulus “SE- Protestant during the Reformation. But the Lutheran pas- CRETUM FELICITATIS – Quindecim orationes a Domino tor who met us there was not the steward of an empty shell, S. Birgittae in ecclesia S. Pauli, Romae, revelatae”, Niceae but instead oversaw a living devotional site frequented by ad Varum (et alibi), variis linguis editum. Protestants and Catholics alike. (It does not hurt that Bir- Cum vero in eodem libello asseratur S. Birgittae quasdam gitta’s forceful critique of the papacy led some to see her promissiones a Deo fuisse factas, de quarum origine su- as proto-Protestant.) pernaturali nullo modo constat, caveant Ordinarii locorum ne licentiam concedant edendi vel denuo impremendi opus- [24] Heliga Birgittas comeback - Forskning&Framsteg cula vel scripta quae praedictas promissiones continent. [25] page 29 “In certain places a small pamphlet has been published in several languages, whose title is THE SECRET OF HAP- [26] Kyhle, Lars (29 May 1997). “Blood-Swain och Olaf PINESS: Fifteen prayers revealed by the Lord to St. Bridget Scotking, Svenska kungar från Ludvikas och USA:s ho- in the church of St. Paul at Rome. risont”. Dala-Demokraten. p. 3. Since in this book it is claimed that several promises were made by God to Saint Bridget, and the supernatural origin [27] Heliga Birgittas comeback – Forskning&Framsteg (The of those promises has been in no way established, the lo- Comeback of Saint Bridget – Research and Progress). cal Ordinaries are admonished not to authorize the publi- cation or distribution of pamphlets or writings containing Sources those promises. • [18] Proclamation of the Co-Patronesses of Europe, Apostolic Duffy, Eamon (1992). The stripping of the altars: Letter, October 1, 1999. Traditional religion in England, c.1400 – c.1580. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0- [19] Liturgical Feast of St. Bridget, Homily, November 13, 300-05342-5 1999 Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. • Schiller, Gertrud; Seligman, Janet (1971). Iconog- [20] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana raphy of Christian Art, Vol. I: Christ’s incarna- 1969), p. 98. tion, childhood, baptism, temptation, transfiguration, [21] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First works and miracles, (English trans from German). Things. Institute on Religion and Public Life. June 2014. London: Lund Humphries. OCLC 59999963 Retrieved 18 May 2014. But the Lutheran pastor who met us there was not the steward of an empty shell, but instead oversaw a living devotional site frequented by Protestants 8 Editions and Catholics alike. (It does not hurt that Birgitta’s force- ful critique of the papacy led some to see her as proto- Protestant.) After placing our fingers in the holes, my Saint Birgitta’s Revelaciones, that is, her Revelations writ- companions and I entered the complex, and were met ten in Latin, appeared in critical editions during the years with a beautiful cross celebrating Birgitta and her daugh- 1956 to 2002 under the aegis of the Royal Academy of ter Catherine, painted by a Pentecostal icon painter. Most Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm. remarkable was the vaulting of this massive Gothic com- plex. Brigittine nuns wear the “Crown of the Five Holy • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. I. Ed. by C.-G. Wounds” with five red symbolic stones. In the same Undhagen. Stockholm 1978. way, the five bosses connecting the Gothic ribbing are here painted red, causing pilgrims to momentarily become • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. II. Ed. by C.-G. Brigittines themselves, their heads enclosed with the five Undhagen† and B. Bergh. Stockholm 2001. wounds as they step under every vaulted bay. Although there was some destruction and damage to statues from • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. III. Ed. by A.-M. invading Danish soldiers, most here have survived. We Jönsson. Stockholm 1998. make our way to the still-preserved relics of Birgitta, but are interrupted by a bell. Thirty pilgrims stop to gather • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. IV. Ed. by H. in the rear of the church for a Taizé prayer service before Aili. Stockholm 1992. a gorgeous Byzantine icon of Christ made by that same Pentecostal painter. • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. V. Ed. by B. Bergh. Uppsala 1971. [22] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First Things. Institute on Religion and Public Life. June 2014. • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VI. Ed. by B. Retrieved 18 May 2014. Martin Luther may have called Bergh. Stockholm 1991. her die tolle Brigit, “crazy Birgitta,” but there was her body—enclosed in a red casket, now tastefully tended by • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VII. Ed. by B. Lutherans. Bergh. Uppsala 1967.

[23] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VIII. Ed. by H. Things. Institute on Religion and Public Life. June 2014. Aili. Stockholm 2002. 6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones extravagantes Ed. by • Saint Birgitta of Sweden, with a link to her Revela- L. Hollman. Uppsala 1956. tiones in Latin • Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. I. Regula Salva- • St Bridget of Sweden Grade School & Parish, Van toris Ed. by. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1975. Nuys, California • Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. II. Sermo an- • The Order of the Most Holy Saviour of Saint Bridget gelicus Ed. by. S. Eklund. Uppsala 1972. • The Syon Breviary - The Daily Office of Our Lady - • Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. III. Quattuor Now in English, commemorating 600 years of Syon oraciones Ed. by. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1991. Abbey. • English translations are: Two engravings by the Pseudo-Dürer for The Reve- lations from the De Verda collection: 1 and 2 • The revelations of Saint Birgitta of Sweden, trans- • Saint Bridget of Sweden at the Christian Iconogra- lated by Denis Searby, with introductions and notes phy web site. by Bridget Morris, 4 vols. (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 2006–) [Volume 1 has Books I-III; Vol- • Literature by and about Bridget of Sweden in the ume II has Books IV-V; Volume III has books VI- German National Library catalogue VII; Volume IV will have book VIII] • Works by and about Bridget of Sweden in the • Birgitta of Sweden, Life and selected revelations, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Li- edited, with a preface by Marguerite Tjader Harris; brary) translation and notes by Albert Ryle Kezel; intro- • duction by Tore Nyberg, (New York: Paulist Press, Bridget of Sweden in the Ecumenical Lexicon of 1990) [Includes translations of The life of Blessed Saints Birgitta by Prior Peter and Master Peter, and Books 5 and 7 of Revelationes, and the Four prayers from the Revelationes.] • Saint Bride and her book: Birgitta of Sweden’s rev- elations, translated from middle English, introduc- tion, by Julia Bolton Holloway, (1992) • Arne Jönsson, St. Bridget’s Revelations to the Popes : an edition of the so-called Tractatus de summis pon- tificibus, (Lund: Lund University Press, 1997)

9 Monographs

• Aili, H. & Svanberg, J., Imagines Sanctae Birgit- tae. The Earliest Illuminated Manuscripts and Panel Paintings Related to the Revelations of St. Birgitta of Sweden. Stockholm: The Royal Academy of Let- ters, History and Antiquities. 2003.

10 External links

•

• Complete online facsimiles of her Revelations at the Swedish Royal Library: MS. A 5a, MS. A 5b, MS. A 44, MS. A 110 • Saint Birgitta website maintained by Vadstena Mu- nicipality • Text of The Revelations of Saint Bridget of Sweden in English: 1 or 2 7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text • Bridget of Sweden Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden?oldid=781608818 Contributors: Jeronimo, William Avery, Olivier, OlofE~enwiki, Pit~enwiki, Mic, Ihcoyc, Ellywa, Andres, Denny, Adam Bishop, Renato Caniatti~enwiki, Wetman, Dimadick, Robbot, Rursus, Wereon, Wiglaf, Obli, Everyking, Gyrofrog, Andycjp, Keith Edkins, Jonel, Necrothesp, D6, Jkl, Rich Farmbrough, Mar- tinl~enwiki, Jnestorius, Lima, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, KitHutch, Nsaa, Liudger, Snowolf, Tobyc75, Barrylb, ToddFincannon, Pol098, Fred J, Hailey C. Shannon, Plrk, Jorunn, The wub, FlaBot, DTOx, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, Evrik, Staffelde, Shyam, Mais oui!, T. Anthony, Curpsbot-unicodify, Thomas Blomberg, Tetyler, Unyoyega, JockeSnygg~enwiki, Hmains, Skizzik, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, H2ppyme, NovakFreek, Barend, Baronnet, Mike hayes, Egsan Bacon, Stevenmitchell, Ohconfucius, Neddyseagoon, Bwpach, Dl2000, Fetofsbot2, 5-HT8, Terot, NickW557, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Aristophanes68, Gogo Dodo, Thijs!bot, ObRoy, Anupam, Missvain, A3RO, Juxtatype, Ludde23, Rick.Wicks, Stubbleboy, Magioladitis, Waacstats, WhatamIdoing, MartinBot, STBot, PadmeAmidala, Ci- cdc, J.delanoy, ConservativeDC, Johnbod, Aram33~enwiki, Spaceflower, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Aciram, Tnd~enwiki, Irish Pearl, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Dickstracke, John Carter, JhsBot, BotKung, Eubulides, VanishedUserABC, Alcmaeonid, AlleborgoBot, Yngvarr, SieBot, BotMultichill, Smsarmad, Albanman, Chuck56, Keilana, Digwuren, Monegasque, Byrialbot, Lightmouse, Werldwayd, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, JL-Bot, Richard David Ramsey, Randy Kryn, ClueBot, Zige21, Drmies, Hafspajen, Lead- wind, Hegvald, Joncaire, Mattissa, Burner0718, SoxBot III, EstherLois, Ambrosius007, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jafeluv, AkhtaBot, Anders- Bot, FiriBot, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Poptardkitten, Bermicourt, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Roltz, Mauro Lanari, Baraqa1, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, StrengthAndSong, Cavila, Felippe444, RibotBOT, Fortdj33, Alarics, DrilBot, Pinethicket, De- faultsortBot, Saintbridget, RedBot, Beao, SergeWoodzing, FoxBot, Lotje, Kaniczer, LilyKitty, Sneakalee, Peacedance, Daniel the Monk, Onel5969, Ripchip Bot, Esoglou, EmausBot, Ascot41, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Gfoley4, Lobsterthermidor, Parleybaerformayor, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Catlemur, Passignano, Mfound1955, Mannanan51, Helpful Pixie Bot, UCBerkeleyMLIS, JeBonSer, Marcocapelle, Gunnora, Adbenassi, TwoTwoHello, VIAFbot, CsDix, Yakikaki, ArmbrustBot, MagicatthemovieS, NickGe- orge1993, , Monkbot, SemagMaster99, Br anthony sejda,ofm, Altenmaeren, Ashtkerr, KasparBot, Westfield2015, Oskjonsson, In- ternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot, Justus et peccator and Anonymous: 101

11.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: • Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE. svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of Vatican City State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded this version on 19 January 2007. • File:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://files.mojeeuro.meu.zoznam.sk/200000288-390ab3a04d/2_Commemorative_coin_Vatican_ city_2010.jpg labelbasis Original artist: Unknown • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Heliga_Birgitta-den_portrattlika.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Heliga_Birgitta-den_ portrattlika.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xauxa Håkan Svensson • File:Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka_retouched.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 2/2c/Heliga_Birgitta_p%C3%A5_ett_altarsk%C3%A5p_i_Salems_kyrka_retouched.png License: Public domain Contributors: • Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka.jpg Original artist: Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka.jpg: Hermann Rode (late 15th century) • File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Creator:Hildegard von Bingen • File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open- Clipart Original artist: OpenClipart • File:Sacredheart.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Sacredheart.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia by en:User:Frater5 on 22:12, 2 June 2007, revised by AnonMoos on 18:16, 3 June 2007. Original artist: Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia by en:User:Frater5 on 22:12, 2 June 2007, revised by AnonMoos on 18:16, 3 June 2007. 8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Saint_Bridget’{}s_Reliquary.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Saint_Bridget%27s_Reliquary. JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Catlemur • File:StBridgetSyonIndenture.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/StBridgetSyonIndenture.jpg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:St_Brigitta_1476.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/St_Brigitta_1476.jpeg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?imageID=427746 Original artist: Anonymous • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:Symbol_template_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Eddy Van 3000 • File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC) Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by Simon. • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0