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Bridget of

For Swedish royalty, see (disam- landowners of the country, and his wife, a member of biguation). the so-called Lawspeaker branch of the Folkunga family. Through her mother, Ingeborg, Birgitta was related to the Bridget of Sweden (1303 – 23 July 1373; also Birgitta Swedish kings of her era. of , Birgitta (Swedish: den heliga Birgit- In 1316, at the age of 14[1] she married Ulf Gudmars- ta or Birgitta Birgersdotter), was a mystic and saint, and son of the family of Ulvåsa, Lord of Närke, to whom she founder of the and after the bore eight children, four daughters and four sons. Six sur- death of her husband of twenty years. She was also the vived infancy, which was rare at that time. One daughter mother of Catherine of Vadstena. is now honored as St. Catherine of Sweden. Bridget be- She is one of the six patron of , together came known for her works of , particularly toward with , Saints Cyril and Methodius, Östergötland’s unwed mothers and their children. When and . she was in her early thirties, she was summoned to be lady-in-waiting to the new Queen of Sweden, Blanche of Namur. In 1341 she and her husband went on 1 Biography to . In 1344, shortly after their return, Ulf died at the Cistercian in Östergötland. After this loss, Birgitta became a member of the Third Order of St. Francis and devoted herself wholly to a life of prayer and caring for the poor and the sick. It was about this time that she developed the idea of estab- lishing the religious community which was to become the Order of the Most Holy Saviour, or the Brigittines, whose principal house at Vadstena was later richly endowed by King Magnus IV of Sweden and his queen. One distinc- tive feature of the pre- houses of the Order was that they were double , with both men and women forming a joint community, though with separate cloisters. In 1350, a year of jubilee, Bridget braved a plague- stricken Europe to make a pilgrimage to accom- panied by her daughter, Catherine, and a small party of priests and disciples. This was done partly to obtain from the Pope the authorization of the new Order and partly in pursuance of her self-imposed mission to elevate the moral tone of the age. This was during the period of the Avignon Papacy within the Roman , however, and she had to wait for the return of the papacy to Rome from the French city of Avignon, a move for which she agitated for many years. It was not until 1370 that Pope Urban V, during his brief attempt to re-establish the papacy in Rome, confirmed St. Bridget in the and the crown of a Bridgettine the Rule of the Order, but meanwhile Birgitta had made , in a 1476 of the form of the Divine Office unique herself universally beloved in Rome by her kindness and to her Order good works. Save for occasional , including one to in 1373, she remained in Rome until The most celebrated saint of Sweden was the daughter of her death on 23 July 1373. the knight Birger Persson[1] of the family of Finsta, gov- ernor and lawspeaker of Uppland, and one of the richest In her pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem and Bethlehem,

1 2 3 THE FIFTEEN 'OUR FATHER AND HAIL MARY PRAYERS’

she sent “back precise instructions for the construction of mained very commonly treated with chiaroscuro through the ” now known as Blue Church, insisting that to the . Other details often seen such as a single an “abbess, signifying the Virgin Mary, should preside candle “attached to the wall,” and the presence of God over both nuns and monks. extquotedbl extquotedbl[2] the Father above, also come from Bridget’s vision. Although she never returned to Sweden, her years in The Virgin kneels to pray to her child, to be joined by Rome were far from happy, being hounded by debts and St. Joseph, and this (technically known as the Adora- by opposition to her work against Church abuses.She was tion of the Child) becomes one of the commonest depic- originally buried at San Lorenzo in Panisperna before her tions in the fifteenth century, largely replacing the reclin- remains were returned to Sweden. She was canonized in ing Virgin in the West. Versions of this depiction occur the year 1391 by Pope Boniface IX, which was confirmed as early as 1300, well before Bridget’s vision, and have by the in 1415. Because of new dis- a Franciscan origin, by which she may have been influ- cussions about her works, the Council of Basel confirmed enced, as she was a member of the Franciscan Order.[4] the orthodoxy of the in 1436. Her visions of were also well known.[5] In addition, “she even predicted an eventual Vatican , foretelling almost the exact boundaries delineated 2 Visions by Mussolini for Vatican City in 1921.”[6] Pope Benedict XVI spoke of Bridget in a general audi- ence on 27 October 2010, saying that the value of St. Bridget’s Revelations, sometimes the object of doubt, was specified by the Blessed John Paul II in the letter Spes Aedificandi: “Yet there is no doubt that the Church,” wrote my beloved predecessor, “which recognized Brid- get’s holiness without ever pronouncing on her individual revelations, has accepted the overall authenticity of her interior experience.”[7]

3 The Fifteen 'Our Father and Hail Mary prayers’

Saint Bridget prayed for a long time to know how many blows Jesus Christ suffered during His terrible Passion. Rewarding her patience, one day He appeared to her and said, “I received 5480 blows upon My Body. If you wish to honor them in some way, recite fifteen Our Fathers and fifteen Hail Marys with the following Prayers, which The Vision of St Bridget. The Risen Christ, displaying his wound from , inspires the writing of St Bridget. Detail of initial I Myself shall teach you, for an entire year. When the year [8] letter miniature, dated 1530, probably made at Syon Monastery, is finished, you will have honored each of My Wounds.” England, a Bridgettine House. (BL Harley MS 4640,f.15) The prayers became known as the Fifteen O’s, because in the original , each prayer began with the words As a child, she had already believed herself to have vi- O Jesu, O Rex, or O Domine Jesu Christe.[9] Some have sions; these now became more frequent, and her records questioned whether Saint Bridget is in fact their author; of these Revelationes coelestes (“Celestial revelations”) Eamon Duffy reports that the prayers probably originated which were translated into Latin by Matthias, canon of in England, in the devotional circles that surrounded Linköping, and by her confessor, Peter, prior of Alvas- or the English Brigittines.[10] [1] tra, obtained a great vogue during the Middle Ages. Whatever their origin, the prayers were quite widely cir- These revelations made Bridget something of a celebrity [3] culated in the late Middle Ages, and became regular fea- to some and a controversial figure to others. tures in Books of Hours and other devotional literature. Her visions of the had a great influence They were translated into various languages; an early En- on depictions of the Nativity of Jesus in art. Shortly be- glish language version of them was printed in a primer by fore her death, she described a vision which included the William Caxton. The prayers themselves reflect the late infant Jesus as lying on the ground, and emitting light medieval tradition of meditation on the passion of Christ, himself, and describes the Virgin as blond-haired; many and are structured around the seven last words of Christ. depictions followed this and reduced other light sources They borrow from patristic and Scriptural sources as well in the scene to emphasize this effect, and the Nativity re- as the tradition of devotion to the wounds of Christ.[11] 3

During the Middle Ages, the prayers began to circulate with various promises of and other assurances of supernatural graces supposed to attend from their reg- ular recitation over the course of a year. These indul- gences were repeated in the manuscript tradition of the Books of Hours, and may constitute one major source of the prayers’ popularity in the late Middle Ages. They promise, among other things, the release from Purgatory of fifteen of the devotee’s family members, and that they would keep fifteen living family members in a state of grace.[12][13] The extravagance of the promises made in these rubrics – one widely circulated version promised that the devotee would receive “his heart’s desire, if it be for the salva- tion of his soul”[12] — attracted critics early and late. In 1538, William Marshall enjoined his readers to “hense- forth ... forget suche prayers as seynt Brigittes & other lyke, whyche greate promyses and perdons haue falsly auaunced.”[14] In 1954, the found the alleged promises (though not the prayers themselves) unreliable, and directed local ordinaries not to permit the circulation of pamphlets containing the promises.[15][8]

4 Veneration

In 1651 the Brigitta Chapel was erected in , and in 1900 the new district Brigittenau was founded. In Swe- Statue of Bridget of Sweden in Vadstenas abbey. Work by sculp- tor Johannes Junge in 1425. den, adjacent to Skederid Church, built by Bridget’s fa- ther on the family’s land, a memorial stone was erected in 1930. 5 Critical evaluation over time In 1 October 1999 Pope John Paul II named St Bridget as a of Europe.[16][17] Her feast day is celebrated on 23 July, the day of her death. Her feast was not in the In Sweden itself, different images of Bridget have pre- , but was inserted in the General Ro- vailed over the centuries: the Swedish nationalist image, man Calendar in 1623 for celebration on 7 October, the the ecumenical, the European, the spiritual and mystical, day of her 1391 by Pope Boniface IX. Five the crazy. years later, her feast was moved to 8 October (although called her die tolle Brigit (“the crazy Brid- the Church in Sweden celebrates it on the 7th), where it get”), Olaus Petri called her revelations “day dreams”, remained until the revision of the General Roman Calen- [18] and Queen Christina of Sweden said she preferred to be dar in 1969, when it was set on the date currently used. counted among the sensible rather than among the saints, Some continue to use the earlier General Roman Calen- compared because she too betook herself to Rome. Some dar of 1954, the of Pope Pius 19th-century writers presented her as a forerunner of the XII, or the General Roman Calendar of 1960. Protestant Reformation due to her criticism of popes, The Third Order of St. Francis includes her feast day on bishops and other clergy for not living in accordance with its on same day as the general Church, the teaching of their religion.[21] However, she never crit- honoring her as a member of the Order. icized that teaching or the church as such. Bjärka-Säby Monastery has a portrait of Bridget of Swe- Of her as depicted in his play Folkungasagan August den venerated by Christians of several denominations. Strindberg explained Bridget as “a power-hungry, vain- An hour away from this monastery, , also glorius woman who intentionally vied for sainthood”, known as Blue Church, contains relics of the saint, with adding “of this unpleasant woman and according to the her body being venerated by both Lutheran and Catholic historical documents I made the uncontrollable ninny believers.[19][20] now in my drama, although in her honor I let her awaken 4 7 REFERENCES to clarity about her silliness and her arrogance.”[22] [9] O Jesus; O King; O Lord Jesus Christ.

In Throne of a Thousand Years (1996) it is described how [10] Duffy, p. 249. Bridget damaged King Magnus and Queen Blanche by ac- cusing them of “erotic deviatons, extravagance and mur- [11] Duffy, pp. 249–252. derous plots”,[23] criticism particularly noted by Dala- [12] Duffy, p. 255. Demokraten as likely to upset Swedish nuns.[24] With the translation of her Latin works into Swedish, however, [13] The Secret of Happiness: The Fifteen Prayers Revealed By there is now more understanding and appreciation of her Our Lord to Saint Bridget in the Church of Saint Paul in in some Swedish circles.[25] Rome (Pamphlet), Suzanne Foinard, Editions Sainte-Rita (1940). OCLC 25228073.

[14] Quoted in Summit, Jennifer (2000). Lost Property: The 6 See also Woman Writer and English Literary History, 1380–1589. University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-78013-9. • [15] Acta Apostolicae Sedis, XLVI (1954), 64: In aliquibus • Patron saint locis divulgatum est opusculum quoddam, cui titulus “SE- CRETUM FELICITATIS – Quindecim orationes a Domino • Pirita monastery S. Birgittae in ecclesia S. Pauli, Romae, revelatae”, Niceae ad Varum (et alibi), variis linguis editum. • Societas Sanctae Birgittae Cum vero in eodem libello asseratur S. Birgittae quasdam promissiones a Deo fuisse factas, de quarum origine su- pernaturali nullo modo constat, caveant Ordinarii locorum 7 References ne licentiam concedant edendi vel denuo impremendi opus- cula vel scripta quae praedictas promissiones continent. “In certain places a small pamphlet has been published in Footnotes several languages, whose title is THE SECRET OF HAP- PINESS: Fifteen prayers revealed by the Lord to St. Bridget [1] “Kirsch, Johann Peter. “St. Bridget of Sweden.” The in the church of St. Paul at Rome. Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Ap- Since in this book it is claimed that several promises were pleton Company, 1907. 6 Jan. 2013”. Newadvent.org. made by God to St. Bridget, and the supernatural origin of Retrieved 17 April 2013. those promises has been in no way established, the local Ordinaries are admonished not to authorize the publica- [2] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First tion or distribution of pamphlets or writings containing Things (in English). Institute on Religion and Public those promises. Life. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. “Bridget— or Birgitta as she is known in Sweden—left her home- [16] Proclamation of the Co-Patronesses of Europe, Apostolic land and travelled to Rome, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, Letter, October 1, 1999. sending back precise instructions for the construction of the monastery I am now entering, known as the “Blue [17] Liturgical Feast of St. Bridget, Homily, November 13, Church” after the unique color of its granite. Birgitta in- 1999. sisted that the abbess, signifying the Virgin Mary, should [18] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana preside over both nuns and monks.” 1969), p. 98. [3] “Ball, Judy, “Woman on a Bod Mission”, ''Saint Anthony [19] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First Messenger”. Americancatholic.org. Retrieved 17 April Things (in English). Institute on Religion and Public Life. 2013. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. “But the Lutheran [4] Schiller and Seligman, pp. 76–78. pastor who met us there was not the steward of an empty shell, but instead oversaw a living devotional site fre- [5] Duffy, p. 338. quented by Protestants and Catholics alike. (It does not hurt that Birgitta’s forceful critique of the papacy led some [6] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First to see her as proto-Protestant.) After placing our fingers Things (in English). Institute on Religion and Public Life. in the holes, my companions and I entered the complex, June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. “Faced with the and were met with a beautiful cross celebrating Birgitta corruption of the Avignon papacy, she even predicted an and her daughter Catherine, painted by a Pentecostal icon eventual Vatican State, foretelling almost the exact bound- painter. Most remarkable was the vaulting of this mas- aries delineated by Mussolini for Vatican City in 1921.” sive Gothic complex. Brigittine nuns wear the “Crown of [7] Saint Bridget of Sweden, General Audience, October 27, the Five Holy Wounds” with five red symbolic stones. In 2010. the same way, the five bosses connecting the Gothic rib- bing are here painted red, causing to momentarily [8] Puskorius, Casimir M. “Magnificent Prayers, Yes – Mag- become Brigittines themselves, their heads enclosed with nificent Promises, No”. dailycatholic.org. Retrieved 23 the five wounds as they step under every vaulted bay. Al- July 2013. though there was some destruction and damage to statues 5

from invading Danish soldiers, most here have survived. • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. III. Ed. by A.-M. We make our way to the still-preserved relics of Birgitta, Jönsson. Stockholm 1998. but are interrupted by a bell. Thirty pilgrims stop to gather in the rear of the church for a Taizé prayer service before • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. IV. Ed. by H. a gorgeous Byzantine icon of Christ made by that same Aili. Stockholm 1992. Pentecostal painter.” • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. V. Ed. by B. [20] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First Bergh. Uppsala 1971. Things (in English). Institute on Religion and Public Life. • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VI. Ed. by B. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. “Martin Luther may Bergh. Stockholm 1991. have called her die tolle Brigit, “crazy Birgitta,” but there was her body—enclosed in a red casket, now tastefully • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VII. Ed. by B. tended by Lutherans.” Bergh. Uppsala 1967. [21] “Not So Secular Sweden by Matthew Milliner”. First • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. VIII. Ed. by H. Things (in English). Institute on Religion and Public Life. Aili. Stockholm 2002. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. “Like England, Sweden went Protestant during the Reformation. But the • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones extravagantes Ed. by Lutheran pastor who met us there was not the steward of L. Hollman. Uppsala 1956. an empty shell, but instead oversaw a living devotional site • frequented by Protestants and Catholics alike. (It does not Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. I. Regula Salva- hurt that Birgitta’s forceful critique of the papacy led some toris Ed. by. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1975. to see her as proto-Protestant.) extquotedbl • Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. II. Sermo an- [22] Heliga Birgittas comeback - Forskning&Framsteg gelicus Ed. by. S. Eklund. Uppsala 1972. • Sancta Birgitta. Opera minora Vol. III. Quattuor [23] page 29 oraciones Ed. by. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1991. [24] Kyhle, Lars (May 29, 1997). “Blood-Swain och Olaf Scotking, Svenska kungar från Ludvikas och USA:s ho- English translations are: risont”. Dala-Demokraten. p. 3. • The revelations of St. Birgitta of Sweden, translated [25] Heliga Birgittas comeback – Forskning&Framsteg (The by Denis Searby, with introductions and notes by Comeback of Saint Bridget – Research and Progress). Bridget Morris, 4 vols. (Oxford: , 2006–) [Volume 1 has Books I-III; Volume Sources II has Books IV-V; Volume III has books VI-VII; Volume IV will have book VIII] • Duffy, Eamon (1992). The stripping of the altars: • Birgitta of Sweden, Life and selected revelations, Traditional religion in England, c.1400 – c.1580. edited, with a preface by Marguerite Tjader Harris; New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0- translation and notes by Albert Ryle Kezel; intro- 300-05342-5 duction by Tore Nyberg, (New York: Paulist Press, 1990) [Includes translations of The life of Blessed • Schiller, Gertrud; Seligman, Janet (1971). Iconog- Birgitta by Prior Peter and Master Peter, and Books raphy of Christian Art, Vol. I: Christ’s incarna- 5 and 7 of Revelationes, and the Four prayers from tion, childhood, baptism, temptation, transfiguration, the Revelationes.] works and miracles, (English trans from German). London: Lund Humphries. OCLC 59999963 • Saint Bride and her book: Birgitta of Sweden’s rev- elations, translated from middle English, introduc- tion, by Julia Bolton Holloway, (1992) 8 Editions • Arne Jönsson, St. Bridget’s Revelations to the Popes : an edition of the so-called Tractatus de summis pon- St. Birgitta’s Revelaciones, that is, her Revelations writ- tificibus, (Lund: Lund University Press, 1997) ten in Latin, appeared in critical editions during the years 1956 to 2002 under the aegis of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm. 9 Monographs

• Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. I. Ed. by C.-G. • Aili, H. & Svanberg, J., Imagines Sanctae Birgit- Undhagen. Stockholm 1978. tae. The Earliest Illuminated Manuscripts and Panel Paintings Related to the Revelations of St. Birgitta of • Sancta Birgitta. Revelaciones Lib. II. Ed. by C.-G. Sweden. Stockholm: The Royal Academy of Let- Undhagen† and B. Bergh. Stockholm 2001. ters, History and Antiquities. 2003. 6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links

• Saint Birgitta Official website

• Text of The Revelations of Saint Bridget of Sweden in English: 1 or 2

• Saint Birgitta of Sweden, with a link to her Revela- tiones in Latin • St Bridget of Sweden Grade School & Parish, Van Nuys, California • The Order of the Most Holy Saviour of Saint Bridget

• Two engravings by the Pseudo-Dürer for The Reve- lations from the De Verda collection: 1 and 2

• Saint Bridget of Sweden at the Christian Iconogra- phy web site. 7

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• Bridget of Sweden Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden?oldid=628788076 Contributors: Jeronimo, William Avery, Olivier, OlofE, Pit, Mic, Ihcoyc, Ellywa, Andres, Denny, Adam Bishop, Renato Caniatti, Wetman, Dimadick, Robbot, Rursus, Wereon, Wiglaf, Obli, Everyking, Gyrofrog, Andycjp, Keith Edkins, Jonel, Necrothesp, D6, Jkl, Rich Farmbrough, Martinl, Lima, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, KitHutch, Nsaa, Liudger, Snowolf, Tobyc75, Barrylb, ToddFincannon, Fred J, Hailey C. Shannon, Plrk, Jorunn, The wub, FlaBot, DTOx, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, Evrik, Staffelde, Shyam, Mais oui!, T. Anthony, Curpsbot-unicodify, Thomas Blomberg, Tetyler, Unyoyega, JockeSnygg, Hmains, Skizzik, Carl.bunderson, Ludi, NovakFreek, Barend, Baronnet, Mike hayes, Steven- mitchell, Ohconfucius, Neddyseagoon, Bwpach, Fetofsbot2, 5-HT8, Terot, NickW557, Vaquero100, Cydebot, Aristophanes68, Gogo Dodo, Thijs!bot, ObRoy, Anupam, Missvain, A3RO, Juxtatype, Ludde23, Rick.Wicks, Stubbleboy, Waacstats, WhatamIdoing, Martin- Bot, STBot, PadmeAmidala, Cicdc, J.delanoy, ConservativeDC, Johnbod, Aram33, Spaceflower, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Aciram, Tnd, Irish Pearl, TXiKiBoT, Dickstracke, John Carter, JhsBot, BotKung, Eubulides, VanishedUserABC, Alcmaeonid, AlleborgoBot, Yngvarr, SieBot, BotMultichill, Smsarmad, Albanman, Chuck56, Keilana, Digwuren, Monegasque, Byrialbot, Lightmouse, Werldwayd, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, JL-Bot, Richard David Ramsey, ClueBot, Zige21, Drmies, Leadwind, Hegvald, Joncaire, Mattissa, Burner0718, SoxBot III, EstherLois, Ambrosius007, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jafeluv, AkhtaBot, AndersBot, FiriBot, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Poptardkitten, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Roltz, Mauro Lanari, Baraqa1, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, StrengthAndSong, Cavila, Felippe444, RibotBOT, Fortdj33, Alarics, DrilBot, Pinethicket, DefaultsortBot, Saintbridget, RedBot, Beao, SergeWoodzing, FoxBot, Lotje, Kaniczer, Sneakalee, Daniel the , Onel5969, Ripchip Bot, Esoglou, EmausBot, Ascot41, Wikitanvir- Bot, Gfoley4, Lobsterthermidor, Parleybaerformayor, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Mfound1955, Mannanan51, Helpful Pixie Bot, UCBerkeleyMLIS, Gunnora, VIAFbot, CsDix, Yakikaki, SemagMaster99, Br anthony sejda,ofm and Anonymous: 91

11.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Heliga_Birgitta-den_portrattlika.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Heliga_Birgitta-den_ portrattlika.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Xauxa Håkan Svensson • File:Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka_retouched.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/ 2c/Heliga_Birgitta_p%C3%A5_ett_altarsk%C3%A5p_i_Salems_kyrka_retouched.png License: Public domain Contributors: • Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka.jpg Original artist: Heliga_Birgitta_på_ett_altarskåp_i_Salems_kyrka.jpg: Hermann Rode (late 15th century) • File:Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/ Hildegard_von_Bingen_Liber_Divinorum_Operum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Creator:Hildegard von Bingen • File:Kruis_san_damiano.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Kruis_san_damiano.gif License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.hyvinkaanseurakunta.fi/filebank/376-Risti_6_B.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:StBridgetSyonIndenture.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d3/StBridgetSyonIndenture.jpg License: ? Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:St_Brigitta_1476.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/St_Brigitta_1476.jpeg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?imageID=427746 Original artist: Anonymous • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: e3000 • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

11.3 Content license

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