Constitutional Law in Context Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦
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Constitutional Law in Context Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J. Simson, Chairman Cornell Law School Raj K. Bhala University of Kansas School of Law John C. Coffee, Jr. Columbia University School of Law Randall Coyne University of Oklahoma Law Center John S. Dzienkowski University of Texas School of Law Paul Finkelman University of Tulsa College of Law Robert M. Jarvis Shepard Broad Law Center Nova Southeastern University Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary’s University School of Law Michael A. Olivas University of Houston Law Center Kenneth Port William Mitchell College of Law Michael P. Scharf Case Western Reserve University Law School Peter M. Shane H. J. Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management Carnegie Mellon University Emily L. Sherwin University of San Diego School of Law John F. Sutton, Jr. Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law David B. Wexler University of Arizona College of Law Constitutional Law in Context Volume 1 Michael Kent Curtis Wake Forest University School of Law J. Wilson Parker Wake Forest University School of Law Davison M. Douglas William & Mary School of Law Paul Finkelman University of Tulsa College of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2003 Michael Kent Curtis, J. Wilson Parker, Davison M. Douglas, and Paul Finkelman All rights reserved. Volume 1 0-89089-420-5 Volume 2 0-89089-522-8 LCCN: 2003109809 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone: (919) 489-7486 Fax: (919) 493-5668 Email: [email protected] www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America. Summary of Contents Table of Cases vii Table of Authorities xix Permissions xxv A Timeline of American Constitutional History xxvii Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court lvii Membership Changes in the U.S. Supreme Court, by Chief Justice, 1789–2002 lxv Chapter 1.An Introduction to American Constitutional Law 3 I. The Articles of Confederation 5 II. The Constitution of the United States of America 6 III. The Constitution: Institutions, Powers, and Limits 20 IV.What Is Constitutional Law? 21 V. On Reading the Constitution 30 VI. A Problem for Constitutional Analysis: The Clinton Impeachment 38 Chapter 2.National Power: Article I and the Powers and Limits of Congress 59 I. Implied Congressional Power: Its Nature and Extent 62 II. The Commerce Clause: A Delegated Power 97 III. Ducking the Issue: Statutory Construction as a Means of Avoiding Constitutional Interpretation 204 IV.Other Delegated Sources of National Power: The Power to Spend, the War Power, and the Treaty Power 211 Chapter 3.Limits on Federal Power: The Federal Structure, the 10th Amendment, and State Sovereign Immunity 233 I. National Power and State Power: The 10th Amendment 235 II. National Power and State Power: State Sovereign Immunity 287 III. The Rehnquist Court 308 Chapter 4. Powers and Limits of the Federal Courts 313 I. Federal Judicial Review 315 II. Congressional Control over Federal Judicial Review 363 III. Justiciability 369 Chapter 5. The Role of the President 459 I. The Scope of Executive Power 461 II. The President as Commander-in-Chief 497 III. Appointments and the Separation of Powers 500 IV. Executive Privilege: Judicial Immunities 519 v vi SUMMARY OF CONTENTS Chapter 6.Limits on State Power: Preemption, the Dormant Commerce Clause, and the Privileges and Immunities Clause 549 I. Preemption 551 II. The Dormant Commerce Clause 580 III. The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV 659 IV. Special Considerations: The World Trade Organization and the North American Free Trade Agreement 670 Chapter 7. The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 675 I. Introduction 677 II. Application of the Bill of Rights to the States: 1791–1833 687 III. From Barron to the Adoption of the 14th Amendment: The Pre-Civil War Background 690 IV.The Drafting of the 14th Amendment 711 V. Applying Methods of Interpretation to the 14th Amendment’s First Section 735 VI. Reconstruction and the Initial Judicial Response 737 VII. The Bill of Rights and Incorporation after Slaughter-House 761 VIII. Incorporation: Approaches, Effects, and Concluding Thoughts 781 IX. The Warren Court 783 Chapter 8.Substantive Due Process 791 I. Introduction 793 II. Liberty and Economic Rights 802 III. The Origins of Substantive Protection for Non-Economic Rights 838 IV. Liberty and Sexual Privacy 847 V. Liberty and the Family 904 VI. Liberty and Sexual Autonomy: Restrictions on Private Sexual Behavior 922 VII. Liberty and the “Right” to Die 943 VIII. A Model of Substantive Due Process Analysis 968 IX. The Takings Clause 969 Chapter 9. Procedural Due Process 993 I. Goals For Chapter 9 995 II. How Does One Establish the Right to Process: What Is “Property” and “Liberty”? 995 III. What Process Is Due? 1021 IV. Liberty Outside the Employment Context 1026 Index I Table of Cases Prim a r y cases are prin t ed in bold and the page num b er is also bol d . Not e cases and cases di s c u s s e d in notes by the auth o rs have the page num b ers indicated, but are not in bol d . Pag e num b ers are not listed for cases that are cited in prim a r y cases and in note cases. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, Anderson v.Dunn, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 204 295 U.S. 495 (1935), 149, 909 (1821) Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136 Andrus v.Sierra Club, 442 U.S. 347 (1979) (1967), 451 Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51 (1979) Ableman v. Booth, 62 U.S. (21 How.) 506 Anti-Fascist Committee v.McGrath, 341 U.S. (1859) 123 (1951) Adair v.United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404 (1972), 781 147–48 Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 Adamson v.California,332 U.S.46 (1947), 685, (1964), 897 767, 768, 772 Arizona v.California, 373 U.S. 546 (1963) Adickes v. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144 (1970) Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252 (1977) U.S. 211 (1899), 131 Armstrong v.United States, 364 U.S. 40 (1960), Adkins v.Children’s Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 991 (1923), 149, 823, 824, 966 Asbell v.Kansas, 209 U.S. 251 (1908) Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997), 311 Ashby v.White (Eng. Q.B. 1702) Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985), 311 Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143 (1944) Air Courier Conference of America v.American Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 498 U.S. U.S. 288 (1936), 370 517 (1991), 450, 451 Association of Data Processing Service Organi- Akron v.Akron Center for Reproductive zations, Inc. v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150 (1970), Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416 (1983), 875 450 Alden v.Maine,527 U.S.706 (1999), 288, 289, Atkin v.Kansas, 191 U.S. 207 (1903), 820 310 Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Co. v. Florida, 295 U.S. Alexander v.Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625 (1972), 301 (1935) 781 Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Co. v. Georgia, 234 Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737 (1984), 422, 435 U.S. 280 (1914) Allgeyer v.Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897), 794, Au s tin v. New Ha m p s h i re , 420 U. S . 6 5 6 965 ( 1 9 7 5 ) American Communications Ass’n v.Douds, Bacchus Imports, Ltd. v. Dias, 468 U.S. 263 339 U.S. 382 (1950) (1984) American Power & Light Co. v. SEC, 329 U.S. Bain Peanut Co. of Tex. v. Pinson, 282 U.S. 499 90 (1946) (1931), 845 American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. United Baker v.Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962), 373, 786 States Environmental Protection Agency, Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig,Inc., 294 U.S. 511 175 F.3d 1027 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (1935), 643, 644 American Yearbook Co. v. Askew, 339 F.Supp. Baldwin v. Fish & Game Comm’n of Montana, 719 (M.D. Fla.1972) 436 U.S. 371 (1978), 664 Americans United for Separation of Church Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. v. Baugh, 149 U.S. and State, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of 368 (1893) Health Education and Welfare, 619 F.2d Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co. v. Interstate Com- 252 (3rd Cir. 1980) merce Commission, 221 U.S. 612 (1911) Anderson v.City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564 Bank of the State v. Cooper, 10 Tenn. 599 (1985) (1831), 964 vii viii TABLE OF CASES Bank of Columbia v. Okely, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) Brown Forman Distillers Corp. v. New York 235 (1819) State Liquor Authority, 476 U.S. 573 Bank of the United States v. Primrose, 38 U.S. (1986), 553–54 (123 Pet.) 519 (1839) Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I), 347 Barrett v.United States, 668 F.Supp. 339 U.S. 483 (1954), 353 876 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) Brown v.Maryland, 25 U.S. (12 Wheat.) 419 Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Balti- (1827), 347 more,32 U.S.(7 Pet.) 243 (1833), 33, 347, Brown v.Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936) 683, 688, 693, 715–16, 721 Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249 (1953) Kelco Disposal Inc., 492 U.S. 257 (1989), Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 85 U.S.129 (1874), 965 781 Beer Co. v. Massachusetts, 97 U.S.