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Fostering and Sustaining Urban Tourism Systems Through Governance Networks: a Comparative Analysis of England and Thailand

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Fostering and Sustaining Urban Tourism Systems Through Governance Networks: a Comparative Analysis of England and Thailand FOSTERING AND SUSTAINING URBAN TOURISM SYSTEMS THROUGH GOVERNANCE NETWORKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLAND AND THAILAND T TENGRATANAPRASERT PhD 2017 FOSTERING AND SUSTAINING URBAN TOURISM SYSTEMS THROUGH GOVERNANCE NETWORKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLAND AND THAILAND THANAPORN TENGRATANAPRASERT A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Philosophy and Politics Manchester Metropolitan University 2017 ABSTRACT Sustainable Urban Tourism (SUT) is a central concept in tourism literature and practice. Commentators and practitioners have argued that SUT requires negotiation and compromise to avoid overemphasising one dimension. The literature suggests that governance networks (GNs) are valuable mechanism in determining the success of SUT. However, research has shown that many practical challenges can impede the development of effective GNs. This study examines how GNs might be used to gain insights into the dynamics of partnerships and enhance SUT policies and practices by comparative empirical analysis of World Heritage Sites (WHS) and tourist seaside towns in England and Thailand. This thesis examines the impact of what can be called ‘institutional designs’ and modes of governance on network effectiveness. A thematic analysis was employed to systematically analyse qualitative data. It was found that foundational platform factors - both government structure and national culture - have a significant impact upon shaping governance partnerships, leading to different modes of GNs. It was found that towns within the same national context can have different policy outcomes. This thesis shows that the norms of leadership, inclusiveness, transparency, responsibility and equity must also be followed at the network level. A shared action agenda is important for defining individual network members’ roles and responsibilities with leadership and coordination being key factors. The study shows that GNs offer an effective and suitable means of addressing the challenges of SUT in the context of national culture and policy outcomes. Each country has its own tourism governance model, produced and defined by a unique set of circumstances; a successful model must be cognisant of each country’s cultural and political context. The challenge for Thailand is to adapt the current permit centrally controlled and directed policy networks to create governance partnerships with more local influence over policy planning and implementation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of many interactions at Manchester Metropolitan University with dozens of remarkable individuals who I wish to acknowledge. I would like to thank my Director of Study, Dr Annabel KIERNAN, for her the patient guidance, encouragement and advice throughout my work. Special mention goes to my enthusiastic supervisor, Francis CARR. My PhD has been an amazing experience and I thank Frank wholeheartedly, not only for his tremendous academic support, but also for giving me encouragement. Similar, profound gratitude goes to Dr Steven HURST, who has been a truly dedicated third supervisor, especially for sharing his taxonomic expertise so willingly. This work would not have been possible without the financial support of the Royal Thai Government. I am also hugely appreciative of the executives at the Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC), Dr Thosaporn Sirisumphand, Avoot Wannvong, and Nakornkate Sutthapreda who have been supportive of my career goals and provided me with opportunity to undertake PhD studies. Special mention goes to my colleagues at OPDC, especially, Aksorn Tongsri and Wassana Juttuphorn for their kindness and moral support. Special thanks go to my flatmate Jeerati Poon-ead for her support, assistance and friendship throughout my time at MMU. I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Allan Coombes of Santhanes Associates for his invaluable comments and suggestions on my thesis, particularly proofreading. Sincere thanks to all participants who contributed to this research both in England and Thailand, your kindness means a lot to me. Finally, but by no means least, I owe a massive debt of gratitude to my parents, Songrak and Prayard Tengratanaprasert and my sister, Ratchada Tengratanaprasert for their incredible love and support. They are the most important people in my world and I dedicate this thesis to them. DECLARATION I declare that the thesis submitted is my own work and I have maintained professional integrity during all aspects of my research degree and I have complied with the Institutional Code of Practice and Research Degree Regulations. Contributions from this thesis have been published in the following papers: • Tengratanaprasert, T. (2016) ‘Fostering and Sustaining Urban Heritage Tourism Through Governance Networks: A Comparative Analysis of England and Thailand.’ In International Association for Tourism Policy. Conference Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Tourism (ICOT 2016) New Challenge and Boundaries in Tourism: Policies, Innovation and Strategies. University of Federico II of Naples, Italy, 29th June – 2nd July 2016. Andriotis, K. (ed.) Naples: University of Federico II of Naples, pp. 474-489. • Tengratanaprasert, T. (2017) ‘Developing and Fostering Sustainable Urban Tourism Through Governance Networks: A Comparative Analysis of England and Thailand.’ In Cambridge Conference Series. Conference Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Law, Economics and Politics and International Conference on Economics, Accounting and Finance. Cambridge, 18th – 20th September 2017. Chhina, R. (ed.) Cambridge: FLE Learning, pp. 77- 87. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Aims of the study 3 1.3 Structure of the thesis 10 1.4 Contribution of the research 13 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Research strategy: exploratory research 17 2.3 Research design: trans-national comparative case studies 21 2.3.1 Trans-national research 21 2.3.2 Case study approach 30 2.4 The four stages of research 31 2.5 Sampling design 33 2.5.1 Selection of cases: the use of purposive sampling 34 2.5.2 Rationale for case study selection 35 2.6 Data collection and undertaking the research 40 2.6.1 Documentary data sources 41 2.6.2 Semi-structured interviews 43 2.6.3 Selecting and interviewing key informants 44 2.6.4 Conducting interviews: procedures and realities 49 2.7 Data analysis 58 2.7.1 Within-case analysis: longitudinal case studies 59 2.7.2 Cross-case analysis: thematic analysis 60 2.8 Challenges regarding the quality of case study research 66 2.8.1 Validity 65 2.8.2 Reliability 66 2.8.3 Generalisability 67 2.8.4 Ethical considerations 67 2.9 Conclusion 69 CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNANCE NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN TOURISM: THE INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Defining governance networks: key themes from the literature 73 3.3 PNs and link with GNs: how does the process of institutional design shape the emergence and strategy of GNs and under what circumstances? 76 3.3.1 Theories of power and the state: the relationship between government and GNs 81 3.3.2 Theories of State 83 3.3.3 Institutional design 89 3.3.4 Unit of meso-level analysis 92 3.4 Urban tourism 93 3.4.1 Sustainable urban tourism 97 3.4.2 Achieving sustainable development 99 3.5 The modes of governance approach: how do different forms and dynamics of GNs contour policy outcomes and why? 100 3.5.1 Types of governance networks 101 3.5.2 The relationship between GNs and SUT 105 3.6 Factors influencing the success and failure of GNs 107 3.6.1 Foundational platform factors 109 3.6.2 Acceptance of diversity, equity and inclusiveness 111 3.6.3 Leadership 112 3.6.4 Consensus and conflict 113 3.6.5 Effectiveness and legitimacy 114 3.6.6 Trust 115 3.7 Conclusion 116 CHAPTER 4: GOVERNANCE NETWORK STRUCTURES IN URBAN TOURISM: LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF HERITAGE TOURISM CASES 4.1 Introduction 118 4.2 Governance Networks of the World Heritage Site in Bath, England 120 4.2.1 Background 120 4.2.2 The City of Bath World Heritage Site 121 4.2.3 Institutional design 123 4.3 Application of GN models in Bath 124 4.3.1 The development of partnership working 124 4.3.2 Phase 1: Developing the networks 127 4.3.3 Phase 2: Collaborative working and direction-setting 137 4.3.4 Phase 3: Collaborative working and implementation 141 4.4 Modes of governance 144 4.5 Governance Networks of the World Heritage Site in Ayutthaya, Thailand 152 4.5.1 Background 152 4.5.2 Institutional design 154 4.6 Application of GNs models in Ayutthaya 157 4.6.1 The development of partnership working 157 4.6.2 Phase 1: Developing the networks 159 4.6.3 Phase 2: Collaborative working and direction-setting 168 4.6.4 Phase 3: Collaborative working and implementation 171 4.7 Mode of governance networks 172 4.8 Conclusion 175 CHAPTER 5: GOVERNANCE NETWORK STRUCTURES IN URBAN TOURISM: LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF SEASIDE TOWN CASES 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 GNs in SUT the seaside town of Margate 179 5.2.1 Background 179 5.2.2 Institutional design 181 5.3 Application of GN models in the Margate case study 182 5.3.1 The development of partnership working 182 5.3.2 Phase 1: Developing the networks 185 5.3.3 Phase 2: Collaborative working and direction-setting 190 5.3.4 Phrase 3: Collaborative working and implementation 192 5.4 Modes of governance networks 195 5.5 GNs in SUT in the seaside towns
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