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EVALUATION of VARIOUS FACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PROPORTIONS in INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan

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EVALUATION of VARIOUS FACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PROPORTIONS in INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan Facial anthropometric proportions Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2016, 8 (1): 10-17 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Original Communication EVALUATION OF VARIOUS FACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PROPORTIONS IN INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua, West Indies RESUMEN ABSTRACT El equililbrio y la armonía de los diferentes rasgos de The balance and harmony of various facial features la cara son esenciales para el cirujano quien debe are essential to surgeon who requires facial analysis in analizar la cara para poder planificar su tratamiento. the diagnosis and treatment planning. The evaluation La evaluación de la cara femenina se puede hacer por of female face can be made by various linear medio de medidas lineales, angulares y proporciones. measurements, angles and ratios. The aim of this El propósito de esta investigación es examinar varias study was to investigate various facial ratios in Indian proporciones faciales en las mujeres aborígenes American women and to compare them with the Indian americanas y compararlas con las normas de las and Caucasian norms. Additionally, we wanted to personas indias (de India) y las personas caucásicas. evaluate whether these values satisfy golden and Tambien queriamos saber si estas normas satisfacen silver ratios. Direct facial anthropometric measur- las proporciones de oro y de plata. Las medidas ements were made using a digital caliper in 100 Indian faciales antropometricas se tomaron utillizando un American women students (18 - 30 years) at the calibre digital en cien estudiantes aborigenes American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. A set americanas (18-30 años) en la Universidad Americana of facial ratios were calculated and compared with de Antigua (AUA). Un conjunto de proporciones Indian and Caucasian norms. Coefficients of variation faciales fue calculado y comparado con las normas de of the ratios were also calculated. All the facial ratios las mujeres de la India y de las mujeres caucásicas. were found to be similar with previous reports on Los coeficientes de variación de las proporciones Indian women. Most of the facial ratios had small también se calcularon. Todas las proporciones faciales coefficients of variation thus making them highly fueron similares con los informes anteriores sobre las reliable due to reduced intra-sample variability. The mujeres de la India. La mayoría de las proporciones upper face-face height index, mandibulo-lower facial tenian pequeñas coeficientes de variación haciéndolas height and upper face height-biocular width index were así muy confiables, debido a la reducción en la close to golden ratios whereas the nasal index was variabilidad de las muestras. El indice de altura de la close to a silver proportion. There was significant parte superior de la cara, la altura facial mandíbulo- difference in most of the values when compared to inferior y la altura biocular de la parte superior de la Indian and Caucasian data using unpaired t test. The cara se acercaban todos a las proporciones de oro present facial ratios data can be used as a reference mientras el indice nasal era casi una proporción de value for Indian American women. plata. Habian diferencias significativas en la mayoría Keywords: Facial anthropometry, facial ratio, golden de los resultados cuando se comparaban las ratio, silver ratio. estadísticas de los indios y las personas caucásicas _________________________________________________ utilizando evaluaciones desapareadas. Las estadís- ticas actuales de las proporciones faciales pueden ser * Correspondence to: Chakravarthy Marx Sadacharan, utilizadas como valores de referencia para las mujeres School of Medicine, American University of Antigua (AUA), aborígenes de América. P.O-1451, Coolidge, St. John’s, Antigua, West Indies. [email protected] Palabras clave: Antropometría facial, proporción facial, proporción de oro, proporción de plata. Received: 23 January, 2016. Revised: 3 February, 2016. Accepted: 17 February, 2016. 10 Todos los derechos reservados. Reg. Nº: 5237680 www.anatclinar.com.ar Facial anthropometric proportions Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2016, 8 (1): 10-17 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION years, various studies in the general population and orthodontic patients have tried to establish A face is beautiful and shows harmonious the importance of golden proportions in features if the individual components are determining facial attractiveness and esthetics, proportional. This is referred to as facial balance. but with conflicting results. Certain authors A pleasant and harmonious face can be a great (Jefferson, 2004; Pancherz et al, 2014) found a asset to one’s social status. We all have same correlation between golden proportion and facial features in the face. But, their proportions and attractiveness whereas others (Baker and relationships vary from one face to another within Woods, 2001; Kiekens et al, 2008) failed to find a group or race (George et al, 1993). The facial any correlation at all (Rajiv and Juhi, 2014). proportions are essential to facilitate the surgeon Today, orthodontic treatment for facial aesthetic who requires facial analysis in the diagnosis and reasons has risen from 25% to over 75%, which treatment planning. means that, 3 out of 4 patients request an Anthropometry is an art and science used improvement of facial appearance (Edler et al, extensively for measuring the facial soft tissue 2006). In Indian population, lower third of face is proportions. Soft tissue plays a major role in greater than middle third (Jain et al, 2004). 87.2% determining the outcome of the facial aesthetic of Indian-American adults in 2010 were foreign- surgical procedures (Dunlevy et al, 1987). The born, the highest percentage among the six Golden ratio, also known as the divine proportion, largest Asian-American groups; 37.6% of those is considered by many to be the key to the secret had been in the United States of America (USA). of aesthetics, attraction and human beauty (DeSilver, 2014). (Bashour, 2006). There were very few anthropometric studies that The Golden ratio (1:1.618) is a special number have dealt with different migrant ethnic groups in found by dividing a line into two parts in which, the USA. Indian Americans are the second- the longer part divided by the smaller part is also fastest growing ethnic group in the USA. Most of equal to the whole length divided by the longer the studies on facial proportion and golden ratio part. It is a geometrical proportion in which, a line in the USA were done in Caucasians and AB is divided at a point C in such a way that therefore, may not be applicable for Indian AB/AC = AC/CB. It is often symbolized using phi, Americans. after the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Aesthetic surgery on Indian American patients 1509, Luca Pacioli wrote a book that refers to the relying on Caucasian norms may result in number as the "Divine Proportion," which was dissonant facial proportions. It will be useful if illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci later facial proportions data for the Indian Americans called this section aurea or the Golden section. are maintained and used in case they need to The golden ratio was used to achieve balance undergo facial surgeries. and beauty in many Renaissance paintings and A few studies have been conducted on facial sculptures. The golden ratio also appears in da proportions in Indian populations, India (Kalha et Vinci's Vitruvian Man and the Mona Lisa (Baker al, 2008; Packiriswamy et al, 2012; Jagadish and Woods, 2001; Rossetti et al, 2013). The Chandra et al, 2012; Upadhyay et al, 2013; silver ratio is an analog of the more well-known Sinojiya et al, 2014; Kalra et al, 2015). A study golden ratio which arises in many mathematical performed by Husein et al (2010) with 100 Indian and geometric expressions. The silver ratio is the American female face by using photographs did limiting ratio of consecutive Pell numbers and is not deal with facial proportions. However, there denoted by the symbol δS. The silver ratio is the are no reports available on the ear anthropometry analogous continued fraction with all coefficients in Indian American population. equal to 2. The aim of the present study was to find out the The scientific applications of golden and silver average values of various anthropometric ratios ratios have been done in various fields like in Indian American female face and to compare prosthodontics, facial surgery, orthodontics, facial them with the Caucasian norms. This study also attractiveness study, and in the development of attempts to find out if any of the ratios can be facial mask and dental grid system (Naini and called as golden or divine proportions. Gill, 2008). Jefferson (2004) stated that, any deviation of human face from golden proportion can result in the development of facial abnormalities and disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study by Rossetti et al (2013) showed that, the ratios between 3D facial distances were not The study group consisted of 100 Indian related to attractiveness and most facial ratios American female students (with origin to northern were different from the golden ratio. In recent India) of American University of Antigua (AUA), 11 Todos los derechos reservados. Reg. Nº: 5237680 www.anatclinar.com.ar Facial anthropometric proportions Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2016, 8 (1): 10-17 ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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