JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 0076-5131
Silver Ratio and Pell Numbers
Dr. Vandana N. Purav
P.D. Karkhanis College of Arts and Commerce, Ambarnath
Email : [email protected]
Abstract
Like Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers are mathematical twins. From the Family of Fibonacci Numbers, Lucas Numbers were invented. This family give rise to Pell and Pell- Lucas Number.
Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers have properties similar to Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers. In this note we try to focus on some of these properties of Pell Numbers related with Silver Ratio
Key words : Silver Ratio , Pell Numbers, Pell-Lucas Numbers
Introduction
Pell numbers arise historically and most notably in the rational approximation of √2 . A sequence of Pell numbers starts with 0 and 1 and then each Pell number is the sum of twice the previous number and the
Pell number before . We denote this Pell Numbers by Pn , recursively it can be written as, Pn = 2Pn-1 + Pn-
2 , n≥ 3 and P1 = 1 and P2 = 2 are the initial conditions. The Pell sequence is 1, 2, 5, 12, 29, 70, 169,…..
If we change the initial conditions as P1 = 1 and P2 = 3 we get Pell-Lucas sequence, we denote it by Qn
and defined recursively as Qn = 2Qn-1 + Qn-2 , n≥ 3 and Q1 = 1 and Q2 = 3, The Pell-Lucas sequence is 1, 3, 7, 17, 41, 99,……
Thus like Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers, Pell and Pell-Lucas Numbers are mathematical twins. We characterize some of the properties.
1) Silver Ratio : The convergence of Pell sequence 1,2,5,12,29,70,169,…..gives rise to Silver Ratio i.e. as n → ∞ , γ = lim which is called Silver ratio. →
2) Binet Like Formulas for Pell Numbers : Let γ = 1+ √2 and δ = 1- √2 , then P = - and Q n n = γn + δn where γ = 1 + √2= 2.4142136... and δ = 1 - √2= - 0.4142136 are solutions of quadratic equations x2 - 2x -1 = 0
γ + δ = 2 , γ - δ = 2 √2 , γδ = -1 or γ = - 1/δ
3) Powers of Silver ratio γ : Silver ratio γ = γ = 1+ √2 = 0+ 1.γ
γ2 = (1+ √2 )2 = 1+2√2 +2 = 1+2(1+√2) = 1+2γ
Volume 5, Issue 7, July /2018 Page No:8 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 0076-5131
γ3= (1+2γ)γ= γ+ 2γ2= γ +2( 1+2γ) = 2+5γ
……
n γ = Pn-1 + Pn γ
4) Powers of δ
δ1 = δ +0 = [ 2; 2,2,2 …..]
δ2 = 2δ +1 = [5; 1, 4,1, 4,1, 4,…..]
δ3 =5δ +2 = [14; 14,14,14,….]
δ4 =12δ+5 = [31;1,32,1,32,….]
n δ = Qnδ + Qn-1
5) Algebraic formulae: As γ = 1+√2 and δ = 1-√2 then we have the following formulae
i) γ + δ = 2 and γ - δ = 2√2 and γδ=-1
ii)γ + 1 = 1+√2 + 1= 2+√2 = √2(1+√2) = √2.γ
iii)δ +1 = 1-√2 +1 = 2-√2 = -√2(1-√2) = -√2.δ
iv) (γ + 1)( δ +1) = -2γδ= -2 (-1) = 2
v)γ2 + δ2 = ( 1+ √2)2 + ( 1- √2)2 = 6
vi) γ2 - δ2 = ( 1+ √2)2 - ( 1- √2)2 = 4√2
vii) (γ2 + δ2)( γ2 - δ2) = 24√2
3 2 2 viii) γ = γ .γ = (1+√2) .(1+√2) = 7+5√2= 5+5√2+2=5(1+√2)+2 =5γ+2 =P3γ + P2
3 ix) δ = 7-5√2 = 5(1-√2)+2 = 5δ+2 = Q3δ +Q2
x) γn.δn=( γ.δ)n = (-1)n = ±1